CHANGES

CHAPTER II

CONSCIOUSNESS

ACCOMPANIMENTS OF CERTAIN ORGANIC

II. THE EARLY STAGES OF MENTAL Development

III. LATER PHASES IN MENTAL Development

IV. THE EVOLUTION OF CONSCIOUSNESS

CHAPTER III

INSTINCTIVE BEHAVIOUR

I. DEFINITION OF INSTINCTIVE BEHAVIOUR.

II. INSTINCTIVE Behaviour in InSECTS

III. THE INSTINCTIVE BEHAVIOUR OF YOUNG BIRDS

IV. THE CONSCIOUS ASPECT OF INSTINCTIVE BEHAVIOUR

V. THE EVOLUTION OF INSTINCTIVE BEHAVIOUR

CHAPTER IV

INTELLIGENT BEHAVIOUR

I. THE NATURE OF INTELLIGENT BEHAVIOUR

INTELLIGENT BEHAVIOUR IN INSECTS

II.

III.

SOME RESULTS OF EXPERIMENT

IV. THE EVOLUTION OF INTELLIGENT BEHAVIOUR

V. THE INFLUENCE OF INTELLIGENCE ON INSTINCT

CHAPTER V

SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR

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117

123

134

155

168

FIG.

ILLUSTRATIONS

1. Paramecium. (From "Animal Biology." Longmans).

2. Behaviour of Paramecia.

of Psychology)

(After Jennings, American Journal

3. Cell-division. (From "Animal Biology." Longmans)

4. Wapiti with antlers in velvet. (Drawing by Mr. Charles Whymper, after photograph by Miss Reynolds)

5. Wapiti with velvet shredding off. (Drawing by Mr. Charles Whymper, after photograph by Miss Reynolds)

6. Sun-dew leaf and tentacles. (From Darwin's "Insectivorous Plants." Murray. By kind permission of Mr. Francis Darwin, F.R.S.)

7. Venus's Fly-trap. (From Darwin's "Insectivorous Plants.” Murray. By kind permission of Mr. Francis Darwin, F.R.S.)

8. Flower of Valisneria

9. Flower of Catasetum

10. Flower of Catasetum dissected. (From Darwin's "Fertilization of Orchids." Murray. By kind permission of Mr. Francis Darwin, F.R.S.)

PAGE

8

.

11. Solitary Wasp stinging Caterpillar. (After Plate III. in Dr. and Mrs. Peckham's "Solitary Wasps")

75

12. Solitary Wasp dragging a Caterpillar to its Nest. (After Plate IV. in Dr. Peckham's "Solitary Wasps").

13. Insect Larvæ: Sitaris, Argyromoba, and Leucopsis. (After Fabre "Souvenirs") .

14. Yucca Flower and Moth

FIG.

PAGE

15. Newly-hatched Chick swimming.

(Drawn by Mr. Charles Whymper, after instantaneous photographs and a sketch by the author).

16. Nestling Megapode. (From Dr. R. Bowdler Sharpe's "Wonders of the Bird World." Wells Gardner)

17. Cuckoo ejecting Meadow Pipit. (From Mrs. Hugh Blackburn's sketch in "Birds from Moidart." David Douglas)

18. Leaf-case of Birch-weevil

19. Solitary Wasp using a stone as a tool. (After Plate V. in Dr. Peckham's "Solitary Wasps").

20. Spiders placed by Solitary Wasps in crotches of branching stems. (After Plate X. in Dr. Peckham's "Solitary Wasps") 133

21. Fox-terrier lifting the latch of a gate. (Drawn by Mr. Charles Whymper, after a photograph by Miss Alice Worsley) . 145 22. Cage used by Dr. Thorndike. (After figure in "Animal Intelligence," Psychological Review, 1898)

148

23. Diagram illustrating Dr. Thorndike's Experiments. (Based on data given in his monograph on “Animal Intelligence") 150 24. Wood ant. (From Shipley's "Invertebrates." A. & C. Black) 207 25. Beetle soliciting food from Ant. (After Wasmann. Enlarged) 213 26. Honey-pot Ant. (Enlarged)

215