NOTE PAPER, Cream or Blue, 38., 48., 58., and 68. per ream. COLOURED STAMPING (Relief), reduced to 48. 6d. per ream, or 88. 6d. per 1,000. Polished Steel Crest Dies engraved from 58. Monograms, two letters, from 58.; three letters, from 78. Business or Address Dies, from 38. SERMON PAPER, plain, 48. per ream; Ruled ditto, 4s. 6d. (ESTABLISHED 1841.) The Vellum Wove Club-House Paper, Manufactured expressly to meet a universally experienced want, i. e., a paper which shall in itself combine a perfectly smooth surface with total freedom from grease. The New Vellum Wove Club-House Paper will be found to possess these peculiarities completely, being made from the best linen rags only, possessing great tenacity and durability, and presenting a surface equally well adapted for quill or steel pen. The NEW VELLUM WOVE CLUB-HOUSE PAPER surpasses all others for smoothness of surface, delicacy of colour, firmness of texture, entire absence of any colouring matter or injurious chemicals, tending to impair its durability or in any way affecting its writing properties.-A Sample Packet, containing an Assortment of the various Sizes, post free for 24 Stamps. PARTRIDGE & COOPER, Manufacturers and Sole Vendors, Johu THE NEW AND FASHIONABLE CANE WINDOW BLINDS. In a variety of patterns, made to order. 40, H. J. CAVE & SONS, WIGMORE STREET, Illustrated Catalogues free, by Post, Two Stamps. OLLS COURT.-PIRACY.For the Protection of the Public and Myself against Injurious PIRATICAL IMITATIONS, I have again applied for and obtained a Perpetual Injunction, with Costs, against a Chemist in Manchester. Observe the GENUINE W. R PYRETIC SALINE has my Name, Trade-Mark, and Signature on a Buff-Coloured Wrapper. H. LAMPLOUGH, 113, Holborn. INDIGESTION! INDIGESTION!! MORSON'S PREPARATIONS OF PEPSINE. See Name on Label. Highly recommended by the Medical Profession. Sold in Bottles as WINE, at 3s., 5s., and 9s.; LOZENGES, 2s. 6d. and 4s. 6d.; GLOBULES, 2s., 3s. 6d., and 6s. 6d. ; and POWDER, in 1 oz. bottles, at 5s. each, by all Chemists and the Manufacturers, T. MORSON & SON, Southampton Row, Russell Square, London LONDON, SATURDAY, APRIL 8, 1876. CONTENTS.- N° 119. NOTES:—“ Will" and "Shall," 281-China, 282-"Billiards," 283-Notes taken in Kent Churches, circa 1613, 284-The Lusignans: their Castle of Fougères, 284-Gothic Architecture in the Seventeenth Century-Curious Formation of Moss-Rink: Ring: Circus, 285-Plane Trees in ScotlandLobster Soldier-Prince Albert and the Grand Mastership of the English Freemasons-Political-Satirical Poetry: George IV. in Scotland, 286. use, and will and shall seem very nearly to have overshot this line of demarcation. A meaning in the words there truly is, and a wide distinction separates the two, but they are synonymous to a mind which is not accustomed to analyze thoughts. In brief technical terms shall is objective, will subjective-that is, they both denote futurity; but shall denotes futurity which depends on circumstances external to the subject of the sentence, QUERIES:-The Autobiography of Bishop Richard Kidder will futurity which depends on the subject itself. Froissart-T. Chapman, D.D.-Minorca, 287-"The Old Pindaree," a Ballad-Whitney-Dundee Law-Portrait of Now, were this all, the matter would be pretty Stanislaus Kostka-Coins marked "M. B."-Cards-Sir J. clear, and very little obscurity would have existed Thurmond-The Wild White Cattle of England-Treaty of in their use. But, if we take our stand on à Amity and Commerce, 1588-Lord Bacon-Rev. A. C. Schomberg-Skene's "Early History of Scotland," 288-priori grounds, and consider how the case was "Welsh Decameron "-Dean of Arches-Friar Forest-certain to turn out, we shall immediately foresee the following complication. Of course, in order REPLIES:-The New Peerages: Barony of Abergavenny, &c., to make a true proposition, the speaker must know 289-The Rollright Stones, 290-Sir T. Richardson, 291 Beauchamp of Eaton-Fodon Family-" Tetters "-R. Atton Tachenius-The Prefix "Dan," 292-Rev. R. Gibson-Lord accurately whether the instance he has in hand is Southern Cross-The Conjugal State-B. de Mandeville- Notes. "WILL" AND "SHALL." or internal. But no man ever yet knew his neighbour's heart, and so this knowledge, with a few exceptions, can only exist when the speaker himself is the subject of the sentence-in other words, when the verb is in the first person singular or plural. In all other persons the futurity may be subjective, may be objective, the speaker can rarely tell, and in these persons will is the legitimate auxiliary. There is one way (and there are few others) by which the speaker may make certain of the case, and that is, by resolving to impinge on his neighbour's free-will, and thus make the cause external. Under such conditions, shall may be used with the second and third persons, and the mere usage of shall with these persons nearly always implies such an impingement. From this we gather the reason why shall may not be ordinarily employed in these cases. It is a great delight with many to consider Greek and Latin, together with other less perfect synthetic languages, as gaining an immense advantage over our modern analytic modes of expression, from the number of the inflections which they possess. The truth is that these languages have their peculiar excellencies, which, if laid in the balances against the advantages of our style of diction, would be found at least no greater than our own. Auxiliary verbs, as grammarians call them, are with us the substitutes for the more ancient and cumbrous inflections which denoted the various methods of predication, and these convey such varied and subtle shades of meaning, that they may be fairly said to outshine even the much-stances in which the agent will be placed. A few vaunted Greek particles. One might reasonably suppose that some of the words and inflections, which expressed the finer distinctions of thought, would be constantly misused and confounded by the Greek or Roman populace. At any rate, two of our auxiliary verbs, will and shall, which can boast of being equally delicate engines of expression, are maltreated by multitudes of our own citizens, some of whom pride themselves on an education of no mean order. Beyond a certain point, language may proceed in expressing subtleties of thought only with an increasing risk of becoming too fine for popular In an interrogative or hypothetical sentence, or any sentence in which a positive statement is avoided, will or shall may be used, as the case may be. And even in interrogative and hypothetical sentences, will and shall may only be used in their strict meaning with the second person; because, if a third person be involved, the use of shall would require a knowledge of the circum instances will make clear what has been said. Proper usages of the words : 1. "I wol be dead, or elles thou shalt die." Chaucer, Cant. Tales, 1589. Here will, in the first clause, denotes that the cause of the speaker's death will be internal, that the futurity is subjective. In the second, clause, shall necessarily implies that the speaker will impinge on the free-will of the person he addresses; in other words, that the futurity is objective, that he will murder the man. But had the cause been any other than himself, will would have been the inevitable auxiliary. 2. "In the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die."-Gen. ii. 17. This is another clear example of the use of shall in other than the first person. 3. "But ye will say," &c.-Latimer's Sermons, passim. Latimer could scarcely have employed shall in this case, unless he had made up his mind to compel the people. Therefore will, in this instance, may or may not denote subjective futurity. 4. "I say that such man shall go to hell for so doing." -Latimer's Sermons. Improper usages of the word :— 1. "I am able to devote as much time and attention to other subjects, as I will be under the necessity of doing next winter."-Chalmers' Life, i. 73. The last clause in this quotation involves an absurdity, for the writer himself states that necessity will be the cause, and yet employs will, which denotes subjectivity. He thus unwittingly identifies will and necessity. 2. "A countryman, telling us what he had seen, remarked that, if the conflagration went on as it was doing, we would have, as our next season's employment, the Old Town of Edinburgh to rebuild."-Hugh Miller, My Schools and My School-Masters, p. 333. Would here makes the futurity of the rebuilding depend upon the wills of the men of Edinburgh, which was anything but the case. 3. "They say I will find such portraits in all the cottages of the peasants through the village."-Brace's Hungary. The error is here the same as in the last quotation. 4. "Let the British Government continue the protection of last year, and we will be all right."-Speech in the Assembly of a British Colony. "All will be right" would have been correct, on account of the difficulty in connexion with the second and third persons mentioned above. 5. Some time during the last century, in the United States, one Abner Rogers murdered a man named Charles Lincoln; and in his trial Warren B. Parke, who was sent to search Rogers after the murder, gave evidence that he had heard the prisoner say, "I have fixed the warder, and I'll have a rope round my neck to-night." Supposing that the prisoner used will in its proper sense, Parke deprived Rogers of his braces; but Mr. Parker, counsel for the commonwealth, thought that the use of the word indicated an intention to commit suicide. Had he used shall there would have been little doubt as to his meaning.* Of course, I might multiply instances indefinitely. I have many curious ones before me, besides the most interesting of all-those drawn from the language of daily life. Let me conclude by saying that the misuse of these words is well Scotch and Irish dialects, and that I know no known to be a pre-eminent peculiarity of the other instance so striking of Lord Bacon's dictum, "You may imagine that you master words, but words really master you." W. H., Univ. Dunelm. CHINA. Perhaps, at the present time, when China is being more and more brought into intercourse with the great community of nations, the following list of works, of various descriptions, relating to that long shut up empire, will not be thought inopportune in "N. & Q." The list was found inserted (in MS.) in a copy of Neumann's "History of the Pirates who infested the China Sea, from 1807 to 1810, printed for the Oriental Translation Fund, 8vo., London, 1831"; and the book was picked up at Munich, last September, by a wayfaring English bookworm, in whose library I found it. BIBLIOTHECA SINICA. 1. Arte China constante de Alphabeto e Grammatica comprehendendo modelos das differentes Composiçoens. Composta por J. A. Gonçalves, Sacerdote da Congregaçao da Missao. Macao, 1829. 60f. 2. Considérations sur la Nature Monosyllabique attribuée communément à la Langue Chinoise. If. 50c. 3. De l'Etude des Langues Etrangères chez les Chinois. Par Abel Rémusat. lf. 50c. 4. Dernier Mot sur le Dictionnaire Chinois du Docteur Robert Morrison. Par J. Klaproth. 3f. 5. Notice de l'Encyclopédie Littéraire de Ma-touanlin, intitulée Wen-hian-Thoung-Khao. Par Klaproth. 5f. 6. Notice de l'Ouvrage intitulé Lettre à M. Abel Rémusat sur la Nature des Formes Grammaticales. Par M. Sylvestre de Sacy. 1f. 50c. 7. Notice d'une Mappe-Monde et d'une Cosmographie Chinoises. Par Klaproth. 5f. 8. Recherches sur l'Origine et la Formation de l'Ecriture Chinoise. Par Rémusat. 6f. 9. Dictionnaire Chinois. Par Deguignes. 45f. 10. Supplément au Dictionnaire Chinois. Par Klaproth. 15f. 11. Dictionary of the Chinese Language. Par R. Morrison. 6 vols. 4to. 360f. 12. Callery, Systema Phoneticum. TRANSLATIONS, &c. 1. Chinese Courtship, in Verse. By Peter Pening Thoms. London, 1824. 15f. 2. Chinese Novels, translated from the Originals, to which are added Proverbs and Moral Maxims, col *For all, I think-at any rate, for the majority--of these instances, I am indebted to the interesting pamphlet on Will and Shall, by Sir Francis Head. lected from their Classical Books and other Sources. By Davis. London, 1822. 11f. 50c. 3. Chinese Miscellany, consisting of Original Extracts from Chinese Authors in the Native Character, with Translations and Philological Remarks. By R. Morri son. London, 1829. 10f. 50c. 4. Confusii Chi-King, sive liber Carminum, ex Latinâ P. Lacharme Interpretatione; Edidit Julius Mohl. Stuttg., 1830. 7f. 5. Hoeï-lan-ki, ou Histoire du Cercle de Craie. Drame en Prose et en Vers, traduit du Chinois, et accompagné de Notes. Par M. Julien. London, 1832. 9f. 15f. 6. Hora Sinica: Translations from the Popular Literature of the Chinese. By R. Morrison. London, 1812. 7. Invariable Milieu, ou Ouvrage Moral de Tsin-ssêe, en Chinois et en Mandchou. Par M. Abel Rémusat, 1817. 25f. 8. Lettre à M. le Baron A. de Humboldt, sur l'Invention de la Boussole. Par M. Klaproth, 1834. 8f. 9. Litteræ Patentes Imperatoris Sinarum Kanghi, Sinice et Latine. Edidit C. T. de Murr. 4f. 50c. 10. Mémoire sur la Vie et les Opinions de Lao-Tsen, Philosophe Chinois. Par Abel Rémusat. 15f. 11. Mémoire sur l'Origine et la Propagation de la Doctrine du Tao, fondée par Lao-tsen, traduit du Chinois par M. G. Pauthier. 7f. 12. Mengtsen, vel Mencium inter Sinenses Philosophos, ingenio, doctrina, nominisque claritate Confusio proximum. Ed. Stanislaus Julien. Lutet. Paris. 4 parties formant 2 vol. 24f. 13. Ta-hio, traduit par Pauthier. Paris, 1837. 15f. 14. Tao te King (1er livre), traduit en Français par Pauthier. 1838.10f. 15. Ta-tsing-len-lée, ou Lois Fondamentales du Code Pénal de la Chine. Traduit du Chinois par G. T. Staunton, mis en Français par Félix Renouard de Sainte-Croix, avec des Notes. Paris, 1812. 15f. 16. Tchun-tsieou, le Printemps et l'Automne, ou Annales de la Principauté de Lou, depuis 722 jusqu'en 481, avant l'Ere Chrétienne. Traduites par Leroux Deshauterayes. 1750. 36f. 17. Werke des chinesischen Weisen Khung fu dsou und seiner Schüler. Von Dr. Wilhelm Schott. Berlin, Stan. 1831. 4f. 18. Vindiciae Philologica in Linguam Sinicam. Julien. Paris, 1830. 2f. "BILLIARDS." Etymologists seem to have been much puzzled as to the derivation of the name of this popular game. Johnson derives it from "balyards, yards or sticks with which a ball is driven along a table." In support of this he quotes Spenser (Hubbard's Tale): "With dice, with balyards, much unfit, And shuttlecocks misseeming manly wit." Nares objects to this etymology, and says, "It is really from billard, Fr." Webster agrees with Johnson, whilst Walker takes the view of Nares, which is confirmed by Ogilvie. Mr. Hensleigh Wedgwood derives it through French billard, from billot, a stick or log of wood. nation, and in this process the first requisite is to The question is worthy of a little closer examitrace the history of the word. It does not appear to be found in English before the time of Spenser, Shakspeare, and Ben Jonson. Since it is found much earlier in France, the English origin ascribed to it by Johnson is at once disposed of. In the Middle Ages, Latin boula, bouleta, and billa, French boule and bille, were used almost indifferently for games with balls. In a visitation "Invenimus dom. Laurentium curatum ecclesiæ, of Odo, Archbishop of Rouen, A.D. 1245, we read: de ludo talorum et bouletæ, de potu tabernarum graviter diffamatum." In the statutes of an ecclesiastical synod of the fifteenth century it is enacted, "Nullus etiam laicus teneat in domo sua boulam seu ludum taxillorum." In A.D. 1353 it is stated in a French inquisition quoted by Dụcange, "Cùm idem Jaquetus post prandium ad billas ivisset spaciatum seu lusum, accidit quod cùm dictus Jaquetus billam cum quodam billardo, percutere vellet, dictus billardus à manibus ejus evasit." In another document, bearing date 1389, in old French, it is stated, "Quant Felix voulut biller son coup, il prit sa bille, et la cuidant ferir elle echeut à terre. Et ainsi comme il estendit son bras cuidant ferir sa bille, ledit billouer lui eschappa et encontra ledit Picard par la teste près de la temple." 19. Y King, Antiquissimus Sinarum liber quem ex Latinâ Interp. P. Regis, Edidit Mohl. Stuttg., 1834. 10f. From the prices being marked in French money, the list was probably made by a Frenchman; and the most of the works quoted are also by eminent scholars and professors of the Chinese language, who were Frenchmen, the study of that From these quotations, and others which might language having been for a long time endowed be made, it is evident that bille was a ball, and and patronized by many successive governments—billard a stick with which the ball was struck. royal, imperial, &c. The writer of this remembers seeing M. Klaproth on many occasions in London, when it was understood that he had written a description of China, which was announced to be in two vols. 4to., and for which many subscribers were obtained, in the list of whom the East India Company was inserted. The work, however, never appeared, and I remember hearing it stated that M. Klaproth had, in some mysterious way, lost the MS. J. MACRAY. (To be continued.) From the description given, the game must have At what particular time the rougher play out of doors was converted into the elegant baize-covered plane with ivory balls does not appear. It must have been not later than the sixteenth century. The French ascribe the introduction to Henrique 2. "In the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt suicide. Had he used shall there would have been surely die."-Gen. ii. 17. little doubt as to his meaning.* This is another clear example of the use of shall in other than the first person. 3. "But ye will say," &c.-Latimer's Sermons, passim. Latimer could scarcely have employed shall in this case, unless he had made up his mind to compel the people. Therefore will, in this instance, may or may not denote subjective futurity. 4. "I say that such man shall go to hell for so doing." -Latimer's Sermons. Improper usages of the word : 1. "I am able to devote as much time and attention to other subjects, as I will be under the necessity of doing next winter."-Chalmers' Life, i. 73. The last clause in this quotation involves an absurdity, for the writer himself states that necessity will be the cause, and yet employs will, which denotes subjectivity. He thus unwittingly identifies will and necessity. 2. "A countryman, telling us what he had seen, remarked that, if the conflagration went on as it was doing, we would have, as our next season's employment, the Old Town of Edinburgh to rebuild."-Hugh Miller, My Schools and My School-Masters, p. 333. Would here makes the futurity of the rebuilding depend upon the wills of the men of Edinburgh, which was anything but the case. 3. "They say I will find such portraits in all the cottages of the peasants through the village."- Brace's Hungary. The error is here the same as in the last quotation. 4. "Let the British Government continue the protection of last year, and we will be all right."-Speech in the Assembly of a British Colony. "All will be right" would have been correct, on account of the difficulty in connexion with the second and third persons mentioned above. 5. Some time during the last century, in the United States, one Abner Rogers murdered a man named Charles Lincoln; and in his trial Warren B. Parke, who was sent to search Rogers after the murder, gave evidence that he had heard the prisoner say, "I have fixed the warder, and I'll have a rope round my neck to-night." Supposing that the prisoner used will in its proper sense, Parke deprived Rogers of his braces; but Mr. Parker, counsel for the commonwealth, thought that the use of the word indicated an intention to commit Of course, I might multiply instances indefinitely. I have many curious ones before me, besides the most interesting of all-those drawn from the language of daily life. Let me conclude by saying that the misuse of these words is well Scotch and Irish dialects, and that I know no known to be a pre-eminent peculiarity of the other instance so striking of Lord Bacon's dictum, "You may imagine that you master words, but words really master you." W. H., Univ. Dunelm. CHINA. Perhaps, at the present time, when China is being niore and more brought into intercourse with the great community of nations, the following list of works, of various descriptions, relating to that long shut up empire, will not be thought inopportune in "N. & Q." The list was found inserted (in MS.) in a copy of Neumann's "History of the Pirates who infested the China Sea, from 1807 to 1810, printed for the Oriental Translation Fund, 8vo., London, 1831"; and the book was picked up at Munich, last September, by a wayfaring English bookworm, in whose library I found it. BIBLIOTHECA SINICA. 1. Arte China constante de Alphabeto e Grammatica comprehendendo modelos das differentes Composiçoens. Composta por J. A. Gonçalves, Sacerdote da Congregaçao da Missao. Macao, 1829. 60f. 2. Considérations sur la Nature Monosyllabique at tribuée communément à la Langue Chinoise. lf. 50c. 3. De l'Etude des Langues Etrangères chez les Chinois. Par Abel Rémusat. 1f. 50c. 4. Dernier Mot sur le Dictionnaire Chinois du Docteur Robert Morrison. Par J. Klaproth. 3f. 5. Notice de l'Encyclopédie Littéraire de Ma-touanlin, intitulée Wen-hian-Thoung-Khao. Par Klaproth. 5f. 6. Notice de l'Ouvrage intitulé Lettre à M. Abel Rémusat sur la Nature des Formes Grammaticales. Par M. Sylvestre de Sacy. 1f. 50c. 7. Notice d'une Mappe-Monde et d'une Cosmographie Chinoises. Par Klaproth. 5f. 8. Recherches sur l'Origine et la Formation de l'Ecriture Chinoise. Par Rémusat. 6f. 9. Dictionnaire Chinois. Par Deguignes. 45f. 10. Supplément au Dictionnaire Chinois. Par Klaproth. 15f. 11. Dictionary of the Chinese Language. Par R. Morrison. 6 vols. 4to. 360f. 12. Callery, Systema Phoneticum. TRANSLATIONS, &c. 1. Chinese Courtship, in Verse. By Peter Pening Thoms. London, 1824. 15f. 2. Chinese Novels, translated from the Originals, to which are added Proverbs and Moral Maxims, col these instances, I am indebted to the interesting * For all, I think-at any rate, for the majority-of pamphlet on Will and Shall, by Sir Francis Head. |