A clever satire, "Verses upon the order for making Knights of such persons who had 461. per annum in King James I.'s time," from Addit. MS. No. 5,832, fol. 205, Brit. Museum, will be found complete in the Appendix of Notes to Choyce Drollery, p. 295, now printed and almost ready for publication. Here is one verse, the third :"Knighthood in old time was counted an honour, Which the best spiritts did not disdayne; But now it is us'd in so base a manner, : That it's noe creditt, but rather a staine : Tush it's noe matter what people doe say, The name of a knight a whole village will sway." In the Lady of the Lake Roderick taunts Fitzjames as being perhaps a carpet knight," canto v. stanza 14. J. W. E. Molash, by Ashford, Kent. LEASES FOR 99 OR 999 YEARS (5th S. iv. 289, 472.)—I venture on a conjecture that these have originated in leases granted under the powers of family settlements. Such powers, if intended to apply to mere agricultural leases, would be limited to the usual term of 21 years. If intended for building purposes, on terms which would give the builder security for the possession by himself and his children, with a prospect of reversion to the lessor's family at a period not too remote to be contemplated as a reality, 100 years would be the natural limit. And if the leasing power was intended to be practically unlimited, it would be simpler to substitute 1000 for 100 in the "common form," than to express the intention in other words. When the conveyancer came to act on these powers, nice questions might occur to lawyers, such as whether a lease to commence from a future day, CANON LAW (5th S. iv. 512.)-MR. RUST will fixed upon as the usual rent-day, would or would find an answer to most of his queries in part i. of not be a lease for a longer period than was au- | Fasting_Communion, by the Rev. H. T. Kingdon, thorized by the power, and might induce him, ex abundante cautela, to reduce the term to 999 years, rightly considering that in a 1000 years' term a year more or less was of no practical importance. The same considerations in a less degree would account for the substitution of a 99 years' term for 100; but in preparing the agricultural lease the termination of it would be too much in the immediate contemplation of the parties to admit of the term being curtailed by a single year. Terms are created for all sorts of purposes in settlements; and when they are for the purpose of securing jointures or life annuities, they are usually for 100 years, and if for securing sums of money in gross they are for terms of 500 or 1000, 2000 or 3000 years, arbitrarily chosen for no other purpose than to distinguish them from one another when several terms are created by the same deed or subsist in the same family title. They are never for 99 or 999 years, such terms being invariably confined to building leases. J. F. M. M.A., Longmans, 1875, and also references to canonists, which will enable him to get an answer to the remainder. Mr. Kingdon heads the inquiry thus, How Canon Law Binds, and proceeds to show, first that there is a difference between canons; next, how canons are binding; and lastly, that disuser abrogates canon law. WILLIAM COOKE, F.S.A. The Hill House, Wimbledon. THE HUMMING-TOP (5th S. iv. 209, 254, 457, 490.)-Though the reason of the top sleeping is, to some extent, understood, yet that phenomenon has processes. The equations of motion applicable to never been accounted for by strict mathematical the case have not been found to yield that limiting case in which the oscillation of the axis is approxiwhile this subject is on the tapis, that the problem mately nil. It surely deserves to be recorded, of the sleeping top was set in the examination for the Smith's prizes at Cambridge in 1845. On this occasion it is said Sir William Thomson (who "CARPET KNIGHT" (5th S. iv. 428; v. 15.)blem, but pointed out to one of the examiners that obtained the first prize) did not attempt the proThe distinction is quite clear, knighthood of the the thing could not be done in the manner required better sort being bestowed on the field of battle, by them. It is believed that Sir William thus but civic knighthood-an empty compliment to obtained marks for leaving the problem alone, or wealth, fussiness, or political servility-being given (what amounts to the same thing) his opponent, with tap of pointless sword on the courtier's Dr. Parkinson, lost all he had obtained for a solushoulder as he kneeled on the carpet. W. M. tion, which thus proved to be delusive. JABEZ. Praed devotes one of his sparkling charades or enigmas to Knighthood, and preserves the contrast, ending thus: "Such things have vanished like a dream; And everything is done by steam, I [i. e. Knighthood] feel, alas! my fame decay; And rot in paltry state away (Poems, 1864, ii. 395.) Athenæum Club. HERALDIC (5th S. v. 9.)-The arms inquired after by A. E. L. L. are those of Ayala ; but it is strange that they should be quarterly 1 and 4, with Blount 2 and 3. Sancha, or Sancia de Ayala, daughter of Don Diego Gomez, of the house of Toledo, often described as "Duke" of Toledo, married Sir John Blount, K.G. Croke's great work on the Blount family, and the Spanish pedigree in the Heralds' College, give different accounts of the Toledo family. I have failed myself to discover the grounds upon which the numerous and distinguished descendants of Sir John Blount quarter the arms of Castile. Is A. E. L. L. quite certain that "Mountjoy" ought not to be read instead of "Mountfort" in the account of the arms in Middleton Church? C. G. H. The arms in question, viz., Or, a tower azure, are one of the quarterings of the ancient Spanish family of Ayala, and were brought into the Blount coat by the marriage of Sir Walter Blount with Doña Sancha de Ayala (see Croke's History of the Blounts, ii. p. 173). The shield in Coleshill Church must be turned the wrong way, as the Blount arms, Barry nebulée of six, or and sable, should no doubt be in the 1st and 4th quarters. Č. J. E. LOUISE LATEAU (5th S. iv. 513.)—Whether Louise Lateau (not Latour) still continues to exhibit the same symptoms I cannot say, but until October of last year (1875) her state remained unaltered. The last account I have seen of her in England was in the British Medical Journal for Oct., 1875 (quoted in the Times, Oct. 22), in which extracts are given from a letter of Dr. H. Boëns of Charleroi, which inform us that Anderer in ihrer Haltlosigkeit dargelegt von Dr. B. 5. tisée de Bois d'Haine, fait à l'académie royale de médecine 6. "Louise Lateau." Discours prononcés à l'académie 8. "Maladies et facultés diverses des Mystiques." Par 9. "Science et Miracle. Louise Lateau, ou la stigma- dévoilés." Par Hubert Boens, &c. Bruxelles, 1875. 11. "Fin de la comédie de Bois d'Haine." Par This list brings the publications concerning Louise Lateau down to the present moment. I other contributor to "N. & Q." may perhaps be doubt, however, whether it is complete. Some able to make it perfect. APIS. "DO UNTO OTHERS," &c. (5th S. iv. 349.)-The [The passage runs thus:-"A Catholic inquisitor yields THE OBLIGATIONS OF EXECUTORS (5th S. iv. 349.)-I do not think "it is Walker, the author of The Original, who raises the odd question whether a man's executors are not bound to give a dinnerparty for him if he dies between the invitation and date of the banquet." "During an illness which lasted about a month, the 66 pole's Anecdotes of Painting and Pinkerton's paper bearing this signature came into my posMedallic History of England contain several brief notices of medallists. The Numismatic Chronicle contains some valuable articles on Thomas Simon, the Roettiers, and Croker (see the general index to the old series). Consult also the Rev. R. Ruding's Annals of the Coinage, 3rd edit., 3 vols. 4to., 1840. HENRY W. HENFREY. EDMUND S. PERY (NOT PERRY), M.P. (5th S. iv. 450), was Speaker of the Irish House of Commons from 1771 to 1785, when he was raised to the Peerage as Viscount Pery of Newtown Pery, co. Limerick. Though twice married, he left no male issue, and the title became extinct. His younger brother, who became Bishop of Limerick in 1784, was created Baron Glentworth of Mallow in 1790, and was great-great-grandfather of the present Earl of Limerick. ABHBA. Edmund Sexton Pery was descended from Edmund Pery of Stackpole Court, co. Clare, by the daughter and heiress of Edmond Sexton of St. Mary's Abbey, who died in 1671. Edmund S. Pery was born in 1719, Speaker in Ireland from 1771 to 1785, elevated to the Peerage Dec. 30, 1785, as Viscount Pery of Newtown, co. Limerick. He married twice, but, leaving only two daughters, his honours expired at his death in 1806 (Lodge's Peerage of Ireland; Burke's Peerage). H. M. VANE. 74, Eaton Place, S.W. SKIKELTHORPE (5th S. iv. 450.)-W. N. had better consult (he will find it in the University Libraries at Oxford and Cambridge, and at the British Museum) a work on genealogy, with a history of British family names, by the learned Rev. W. R. Flett, D.D., of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. He will almost certainly there find information relative to the above-mentioned family name. session, I have to inform him that it was one of a large and valuable series of papers (principally cheques upon Sir Francis Child, the well-known banker, which were stored in the upper room over Temple Bar), which I have had the pleasure of looking through and sorting. I shall be happy to show them to THUS. F. G. HILTON PRICE. Temple Bar. THE CHARTERHOUSE (5th S. v. 27.)—Beavor is obviously a variant spelling of Bever, drink, which is still in use at Eton as the name of an afternoon provision of bread and beer, set out in Hall during the greater part of the summer half. The day on which this begins is called Bever Day. F. P. WILL-O'-THE-WISP (5th S. iv. 209, 235.) — On the night before the day on which I read MR. PEACOCK'S communication on this subject I saw at Kiyoto, the ancient capital of Japan, six or seven corpse lights over an old cemetery on a hill. They flickered, but did not change place. 66 D. The "NESS" (5th S. iv. 265): TO LAMM = TO BEAT (5th S. iii. 384, 416; iv. 276.)-These words are Irish, i. e., Ness, Lamm. Ness signifies death; and the word As signifies a waterfall or cascade, and is met in many combinations of Irish names of places. For instance, Askeaton (a town in the county of Limerick, formerly of some importance as having returned a member to the Irish House of Commons, and as having been in more remote times one of the principal seats and castles of the Geraldines, in the province of Munster) represents three words: As, a waterfall or cascade; caed, a hundred; teinid, fire the waterfall of the hundred fires. river Deel here falls over a series of limestone rocks; and there is a very fine salmon leap. The tradition as to the hundred fires is lost in remote obscurity. Lamm is no other than the Irish word La'mh, a hand. Luchd Làmhaigh were the bowmen and slingers of ancient and medieval times, and the phrase is now applied to shooters or fowlers, &c. La'mhach is a casting with the hand, and, according to O'Brien (Dict., fo., Paris ed., p. 316), "it is now the word used by the Irish for shooting." Lamm-pye is simply a rough handling, sometimes called Lamm-basting or hand-beating. Lamm-pye is composed of two Irish words: La'mhthe hand, and pighe= a pie. "He has got lamb and salad" is a phrase that is sometimes heard among persons who describe an individual that has got severe chastisement. The word La'mh=hand, gives force and meaning to these phrases. The act indicated is done by or with the hand, hence Lamm. The English word lavish comes from La'mh, the hand, as does clutch from the Irish ARABELLA FITZJAMES (5th S. iv. 488; v. 14.)-word Cluthughadh, to grasp. In the last line of In reply to THUS, who desires to know how the the following passage from Shakspeare we have an A friend of mine, who says he has heard of the name of Skikelthorpe once, many years ago, thinks that it is of Saxon and German origin combined, and that at some former time it was spelt and pronounced Skuttle-thorpe. COUSINS. Cambridge. WILLIAM, THIRD EARL OF PEMBROKE, OF THE HERBERT FAMILY (5th S. iv. 487; v. 18.)-May I ask permission to append a correction to my former paper on this subject? Colonel Chester has been so kind as to inform me that Anne Talbot, Countess of Pembroke, was buried at Erith, Aug. 8, 1588. My authority was Harl. MS. 597, and I did not know that there was reason to suspect any error; but I hope TYRO will pardon me for having unwittingly misled him. HERMENTRUDE. Irish word, which is common to this day in the Istoria Civile di Napoli quoted along with Sismouths of the people of this country : "The elements Of whom your sword is tempered may as well "Dowle" is none other than dual, a "strike" of flax, or such portion of flax as may be taken between the fingers. It may have been applied to the band or tie of the plume, or to a portion of the plume itself. With regard to the word As, I may add that Dunas, or, in English, the waterfall by the fort, is one of the most remarkable and beautiful of the cascades or falls on the river Shannon. The name is derived from Dun=a fort; as a waterfall it has been illustrated in several works on Ireland (see Hall's Ireland, Brewer's Beauties of Ireland, Bartlett's Pictorial Ireland, &c.). There is the ruin of a massive fort or dun towering high above the falls, as the waters tumble and roar, in mimic Niagara-fashion, over rocks, &c., at this place. I congratulate Dr. Charles Mackay on his labours in the Athenæum in the good work in which he is engaged-of pointing out the many British and Irish words in the English language as they were written by Shakspeare and some of his contemporaries, and of which even Dr. Johnson was ignorant. A knowledge of international etymology would prove of use in every way. Limerick. MAURICE LENIHAN, M.R.I.A. HORNGARTH (5th S. iv. 207, 378.)--I think this word is quite distinct from Horn-geldt. As the latter means horn money, and is an abbreviation of tax or money payable on horned animals, so Horn-garth means horn enclosure, a guarded or enclosed place in which horned animals are kept. Garth is an old North-country word, which in law dictionaries, such as those of Blount and Cowel, is defined as a fenced yard, backside, or close. The word garth was also used to describe a water fence or enclosure which retained fish; thus a weir was termed a water-garth, and the man in charge of a weir is called in statutes of Ric. II. a Garths-man. EDWARD SOLLY. THE ORIGIN AND SYMBOLISM OF THE CARDINAL'S RED HAT (5th S. iii. 64, 233, 278, 456; iv. 337.)-I can hardly hope to alter the present attitude (p. 337) of MR. TEw towards the work of Pietro Giannone, but I shall venture to offer the readers of "N. & Q." both some means of testing his value as an historian, and some independent testimonies to the accuracy of his statement respecting the origin and symbolism of the colour of the Cardinal's hat. First, as to Giannone's authority; it may be sufficient to refer MR. TEW to Hallam's Middle Ages, where he will find the mondi's Histoire des Républiques Italiennes. Mr. Stubbs also quotes Giannone in the new volume of his Constitutional History. Secondly, as to the attribution of the red hat to Pope Innocent IV., and the precise date and significance of the gift, I will offer MR. TEW concurrent lines of testimony from English and foreign writers of the present day, based upon mediæval authority. tory of Frederick II., Emperor of the Romans, Mr. T. L. Kington (now Oliphant), in his Hisfirst Council of Lyons (1245), says: "At this council vol. ii. p. 358 (Macmillan, 1862), in describing the it was first decreed that the members of the college should wear red hats, in token of their willingness to shed their blood for the Church." For the authority on which this statement is based Mr. Nicholas of Corby, an English friar, chaplain and Kington-Oliphant refers to "De Curbio," i. e. biographer of Innocent IV. This is absolutely based the similar account given by M. De Cherrier, contemporary evidence, and upon it, no doubt, is the learned French historian of the struggle between the Popes and the Emperors of the House of Hohenstaufen (Histoire de la Lutte des Papes et des Empereurs de la Maison de Souabe, par C. De Cherrier, Paris, 4 vols., 1841), vol. iii. pp. 138-9: "A droite, dans la nef, les cardinaux-évêques occupaient le premier rang; puis venaient les prêtres et les diacres: tous portaient la barrette rouge, qu'on leur avait donnée tout récemment comme un attribut de leur dignité éminente. On avait fait choix de cette couleur, afin de témoigner que chacun d'eux était prêt à verser son sang pour la défense de l'Église." It will be observed that while Mr. Kington-Oliphant's words imply that the red hat was decreed by the Council, of which MR. TEW cannot find any trace in Harduin, the language of M. De Cherrier only asserts that a hat or cap (Barrette, Biretta) of that colour was then first publicly worn, while the symbolism is explained in the same manner by both writers. C. H. E. CARMICHAEL. "LUNCHEON" (5th S. iv. 366, 398, 434, 524.)— Very often have I taken "las once (5th S. iv. 398) in Spain, and heard it spoken of there and elsewhere; but never did I hear the second word pronounced on-che. Once, whether it means the number eleven, or, as las once, eleven o'clock, and the luncheon taken at that hour, is pronounced on-the in Castilian, or on-se in Southern and American Spanish. Sometimes, by way of jest, las once is said to take its name from the eleven letters of aguardiente (= brandy), and to mean a dram. St. Dunstan's, Regent's Park. HENRY H. GIBBS. LORD LYTTON'S "KING ARTHUR" (5th S. iv. 148, 192.)-MR. CHAS. KENT has alluded to some of the clever sketches of contemporaries contained in this work as "not unwisely eliminated from the later editions." I cannot see the wisdom of such elimination. The portraits are in themselves strikingly clever; and in my poor judgment are quite defensible. It is true that the satire con- | tained in some of them is pungent enough; but then it is polished, and refers not to private character, but to the characters of the personages as they appeared to the public, and, in most cases, may be taken to imply a justifiable moral rebuke. I trust, therefore, that they will be preserved. It may not be uninteresting, looking at this same process of elimination, if a list of the portraits contained in the early edition which I read be given in "N. & Q." Those which I easily recognized were Louis Philippe, Guizot, the late Earl of Durham, Earl Russell (then Lord John), the Bishop of Exeter (Philpotts), Duke of Wellington, Lord Palmerston, Macaulay, and Disraeli. One other rather puzzled me at the time, and I be wrong now in fancying it to be the "Rupert of debate," the late Earl of Derby. But perhaps MR. KENT will give his valuable opinion on this (I have not seen the eliminated editions) : may But, like the vigour of a Celtic stream, ILFRACOMBE (5th S. iii. 449; iv. 31, 213, 258.) -Perhaps the epitaph of the wife of Rev. Leonard Prince would be acceptable in connexion with this place. The tablet from which I copied it is now in the north chancel aisle of 'Combe Church : "In memoriam Elizabethæ filiæ Johannis Gough e comitatu Somersettensis Armigeri conjugis Leonardi Prince hujus ecclesiæ pastoris quæ obiit 25° 7bra Año Domini 1655. tatis suæ 37. Qualis erat quæras? Kpivov cognoscito Lector T. F. R. TREENWARE (5th S. iv. 308, 331.)-The following quotation clearly shows the meaning in the sixteenth century :— "Whan he toucheth an erthen vessell, it shall be broken; but the treen vessell shall be rensed with water."-Coverdale's translation of Leviticus xv. 12. Coverdale also uses tre where our Authorized Version uses "wood"; in Gen. vi. 14, "Make the an Arke of Pyne tre." So, in Exod. xxv. 10, 26, "Make an Arke of Fyrre tre"; "foure pilers of Fyrre tre"; and in ch. xxvii. 1," an Altare of Firre tre." But the word terrene was used for terrestrial, earthly, as in Hooker's Ecclesiastical Polity, bk. v. ch. xxxiv., “terrene powers." This might have been pronounced treen. Puttenham, in his Arte of English Poesie, also speaks of "terrene and base gods," i. xii., and "terrene justice," ii. xi. (Arber's ed.). In the Homily on the Sacrament we read of "terrene and earthly creatures." W. P. Forest Hill. MONUMENTAL INSCRIPTIONS IN NORMANFRENCH (5th S. iv. 449.)-MR. BOASE will find many instances of Norman-French inscriptions in Haines's Manual of Monumental Brasses, Cutts's Incised Slabs, and Boutell's Christian Monuments. It is surely very exceptional to find, not only Norman-French, but any inscriptions on monuments, earlier than the thirteenth century. A considerable number of the thirteenth century, but still more I fancy of the fourteenth century, inscriptions were in Norman-French, which was the language of the Court. This tongue was chiefly affected by knights and ladies, whilst priests were, for the most part, held in memory in canonical Latin. I have looked through the pages of Weever's Funereal Monuments, and find the following number of inscriptions in Norman-French: diocese of Canterbury, two without date, and four of the years 1375, 1376, 1400, 1407, respectively; diocese of Rochester, four without date, and one of each of the years 1354, 1360, 1367, 1369, 1375, 1385, 1392, 1427; diocese of London, eight without date, two of 1375, two of 1400, and one of each of the years 1221, 1350, 1362, 1371, 1389, 1396, 1399, 1414; diocese of Norwich, four without date, and one of the year 1373. There is only one monument, to my knowledge, in the hundred of Scarsdale, in this county, having a Norman-French inscription, and that is in the church of Barlow. It is to the memory of Julia, the wife of Adam Fraunceis, but the inscription is imperfect and without a date. I take it, however, to be of the third quarter of the thirteenth century. J. CHARLES Cox. Chevin House, Belper. The Rev. Samuel Hayman, in his published account of the antiquities of Youghal, co. Cork, gives three of these inscriptions from ancient monuments there. They are all rather incomplete, owing to the monuments being defaced. One, which commences "Mathev: le mercer: git yci :" commemorates Matthew Le Mercer, who was collector of customs at Youghal, and appears to have died there about the close of the thirteenth or beginning |