Those who were near him anxiously interrogated his looks in silence, which he broke by saying,-"I thought that an officer of courage and ability, who had often shed his blood for his country, was entitled to confidence, and I gave him mine. I am convinced now, and for the rest of my life, that we should never trust those who are wanting in probity, whatever abilities they may possess. Arnold has betrayed us.' -Meanwhile, the precautions required by the occasion were every where taken. General Heath, a faithful and vigilant officer, was substituted for Arnold at West point; the commanders of the other posts were admonished to be on their guard. Greene, who had been invested with the command of the army during the absence of Washington, recalled within the forts the garrisons which the traitor had dispersed, and marched a strong division near to the lines. Hamilton lost not an instant in repairing to King's ferry, the last American post on the side of New York. He had the mortification to learn, that a very short time before his arrival, Arnold's barge had glided by with the swiftness of an arrow, and was then getting along side the Vulture, some miles lower down, opposite Teller's point, an anchorage situated at the head of the great basin of the Hudson, which is called Tappan bay. Livingston had remarked the barge that carried the fugitive, and, his suspicions being roused by the strange movements of the two or three days previous, would have stopped it, had not the sailors of his spy-boats been ashore when it passed. Messengers were sent to all the states of the Union, and to the French general, to inform them of this event. The express which bore the news to congress travelled with such rapidity, that he reached Philadelphia on the same day that the discovery was made in the camp. The magistrates were immediately directed to enter the house of Arnold, and to seize and examine his papers. They found nothing there relating to the conspiracy; but he had left memoranda which furnished ample proof that he was guilty of the extortions and peculations of which he had been accused two years before.-Jameson caused his unknown prisoner to be strictly guarded. The latter at first suppressed his true name, from consideration for Arnold; but, the day after his capture, supposing that the American general had had time to make his escape, he said to Jameson,

My name is not Anderson; I am major André." The death of André (q. v.),

though ignominious, was happiness in comparison with the life of Arnold. Upon his establishment in the army of Great Britain, he found it necessary to make some exertions to secure the attachment of his new friends. With the hope of alluring many of the discontented to his standard, he published an address to the inhabitants of America, in which he endeavored to justify his conduct. He had encountered the dangers of the field, he said, from apprehension that the rights of his country were in danger. He had acquiesced in the declaration of independence, though he thought it precipitate. But the rejection of the overtures made by Great Britain, in 1778, and the French alliance, had opened his eyes to the ambitious views of those who would sacrifice the happiness of their country to their own aggrandizement, and had made him a confirmed loyalist. He artfully mingled assertions, that the principal members of congress held the people in sovereign contempt. This was followed, in about a fortnight, by a proclamation, addressed "to the officers and soldiers of the continental army, who have the real interest of their country at heart, and who are determined to be no longer the tools and dupes of congress and of France." To induce the American officers and soldiers to desert the cause which they had embraced, he represented that the corps of cavalry and infantry, which he was authorized to raise, would be upon the same footing with the other troops in the British service; that he should with pleasure advance those whose valor he had witnessed; and that the private men, who joined him, should receive a bounty of three guineas each, besides payment at the full value for horses, arms, and accoutrements. His object was the peace, liberty and safety of America. These proclamations did not produce the effect designed, and in all the hardships, sufferings and irritations of the war, Arnold remains the solitary instance of an American officer who abandoned the side first embraced in the contest, and turned his sword upon his former companions in arms. He was soon despatched, by sir Henry Clinton, to make a diversion in Virginia. With about 1700 men, he arrived in the Chesapeake in January, 1781, and, being supported by such a naval force as was suited to the nature of the service, he committed extensive ravages on the rivers, and along the unprotected coasts. It is said, that, while on this expedition, Arnold inquired of an American

captain, whom he had taken prisoner, what the Americans would do with him, if he should fall into their hands. The officer replied, that they would cut off his lame leg, and bury it with the honors of war, and hang the remainder of his body in gibbets.-After his recall from Virginia, he conducted an expedition against New London in his native state of Connecticut. He took fort Trumbull, Sept. 6, with inconsiderable loss. On the other side of the harbor, lieutenant-colonel Eayre, who commanded another detachment, made an assault on fort Griswold, and, with the greatest difficulty, entered the works. An officer of the conquering troops asked who commanded. "I did," answered colonel Ledyard, "but you do now," and presented him his sword, which was immediately plunged into his own bosom. A merciless slaughter now commenced of the brave garrison, who had ceased to resist, and the greater part were either killed or wounded. After burning the town, and the stores which were in it, Arnold returned to New York in eight days. He survived the war but to drag on, in perpetual banishment from his native country, a dishonorable life amid a nation that imputed to him the loss of one of the brightest ornaments of its army-the lamented André. He transmitted to his children a name of hateful celebrity. He obtained only a part of the debasing stipend of an abortive treason. His complaints soon caused it to be known, that all the promises by which he had been inveigled were not fulfilled. But baffled treason appears always to be overpaid, and the felon is the only one who thinks that he experiences injustice. He enjoyed, however, the rank of brigadiergeneral; but the officers of the British army manifested a strong repugnance to serve with him. He possessed their esteem while he fought against them; they loaded him with contempt when treason brought him over to their side. He resided principally in England after the conclusion of the war, was in Nova Scotia, and afterwards in the West Indies, where he was taken prisoner by the French, from whom he escaped, and, returning to England, died in Gloucester place, London, June 14, 1801.

ARNOLD, Christopher; a peasant of Sommerfeld, near Leipsic, celebrated as an astronomer. He was born in this village in 1646, died in 1695, and accomplished so much by his own exertions, that he corresponded with the most celebrated literati of his age, whose original 34

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letters are preserved at Leipsic, in the library of the council, where may also be seen A.'s picture. He erected an observatory at his dwelling-house, which preserved the memory of this remarkable man till 1794, when it was pulled down, on account of its decay. Unwearied in his observations, he discovered many phenomena sooner than other astronomers; as, for instance, the two comets of 1683 and 1686, to which he directed the attention of the astronomers of Leipsic. He acquired yet more celebrity by his observation of the transit of Mercury, in 1690. The magistracy of Leipsic made him, on this occasion, a present of money, and remitted his taxes for life. A.'s observations were so accurate, that they were received by a learned periodical journal that appeared at that time-the Acta Eruditorum. (q. v.) A. himself published Signs of divine Grace exhibited in a solar Miracle, in 1692, 4to., with plates. In the churchyard at Sommerfeld is the monument of this astronomical peasant, by whose name the celebrated astronomer Schröter distinguished three valleys in the moon.

ARNOLD, John; a miller, known by a law-suit in which he was engaged during the reign of Frederic II (the Great), king of Prussia. The king believed that the miller had suffered great injustice by a decision in favor of his territorial lord, and deposed the minister of justice, and several other officers, on their refusal to change the judgment. He then undertook the office of judge himself, and reversed the sentence. By this act, one of the best monarchs was made to resemble one of the worst, Ferdinand VII, who reversed, in a similar way, the judg ment in the case of Arguelles. The case became notorious throughout Europe, and added to the fame of Frederic as a general that of a lover of justice. It afterwards, however, became evident that the monarch had been seduced into injustice by his zeal for equity; and those of the judges who had been imprisoned were set at liberty. This case affords an instance of the danger to which the cause of justice is exposed under an arbitrary government, even when the sovereign is well disposed. The memoirs of Nettelbeck, captain of a Prussian vessel, exhibit a proof of the general admiration excited by this act of supposed justice. Nettelbeck came to Lisbon, and, when the people learned that he was a Prussian, a mob assembled, and accompanied him, for a long time, with loud shouts. The same

man was afterwards captured by the Algerines; but, when the dey learned that he was a subject of the great king, he set him immediately at liberty, to show his respect for Frederic.

ARNOLD, Samuel, doctor, a distinguished composer, born in 1739 or 1740, received his musical education in the chapel royal, in London. In his 23d year, he was the author of a dramatic composition, and was afterwards appointed a composer at the Covent garden theatre. Here he set to music the Maid of the Mill. He distinguished himself still more by his oratorios of the Cure of Saul (poetry by Brown) and Abimelech. To these succeeded the oratorios of the Prodigal Son and the Resurrection, of which the former, in particular, is highly distinguished. He composed, also, many vocal and instrumental pieces for the garden concerts. He was made doctor of music at Oxford, and, in 1783, organist of the royal chapel. He prepared an edition of all the works of Handel, in 36 vols., folio. In 1789, he was made director of the academy of ancient music; 4 years afterwards, organist at Westminster abbey, and, in 1796, conductor of the annual performances in the church of St. Paul, for the benefit of the sons of clergymen. In 1798, he composed his oratorio of Elijah, or the Shunamite Woman, in which Madame Mara sang. He died in 1802, and was buried on the northern side of the choir of Westminster abbey. Various as were his compositions, his inventive talent was but limited.

ARNOLDISTS. (See Arnold of Brescia.) ARNOULT, Sophie; a Parisian actress, famed in the annals of gallantry and wit, born at Paris, Feb. 14, 1740. Her father kept a hôtel garni, and gave her a good education. Nature endowed this favorite of the Parisian public with sprightly wit, a tender heart, a charming voice, and the most beautiful eyes. Chance brought her upon the stage, where she delighted the public from Dec. 15, 1757 to 1778. The princess of Modena happened to be in retirement at the Val de Grâce. It was the custom, at that time, for ladies of rank to confess, in Passion week, the sins committed during Lent. The princess was struck with a very fine voice, that sang at the evening mass. The songstress was Sophie Arnoult. The superintendent of the royal choir was informed by the princess of the discovery which she had made, and, against her mother's will, Sophie was obliged to join the choir, where madame de Pompadour heard her sing, and ex

claimed sentimentally, "Such talents are enough to make a princess." This paved the way for Sophie to the Parisian opera, where she soon became queen, and shone particularly as Thealire in Castor and Pollux, as Ephise in Dardanus, as Iphigenia in Iphigenia in Aulis. By her beauty, her exquisite performance and her vivacity, she enchanted every one. All persons of rank and all the literati sought her society: among the latter were d'Alembert, Diderot, Helvétius, Mably, Duclos and Rousseau. She was compared to Ninon de l'Enclos and Aspasia; she was sung by Dorat, Bernard, Rhulières, Marmontel and Favart. Her wit was so successful at the time, that her bons mots were collected. It was sometimes severe, when she wished to make her superiority felt, and yet she had no enemies. When she saw Sully and Choiseul's images on a small box, in the time of the revolution, she ridiculed the circumstance with the words, "C'est la recette et la dépense." When, in 1802, the priest of St. Germain l'Auxerrois gave her the extreme unction, she suddenly said to him, "Je suis comme Magdeleine, beaucoup de péchés me seront remis, car j'ai beaucoup aimé." She died in 1802, in the very chamber in which the admira Coligny was murdered; and in the same year with her, the actresses Clairon and Dumesnil. In the beginning of the revolution, she bought the parsonage-house at Luzarche, and transformed it into a country house, with this inscription over the door-Ite missa est. Her third son, Constant Dioville de Brancas, colonel of cuirassiers, was killed at the battle of Wagram.

AROBA, or AROBE (by some spelled and pronounced arrobe; in Spanish, arroba; in the dialect of Peru, arrou). 1. A weight used in Spain, Portugal, Goa, Brazil, and in all Spanish America. The weight of these arobas differs much. The aroba of Madrid, and almost all over Spain, weighs 25 pounds avoirdupois.2. A measure for wine, brandy and honey: 1 = 8 azumbras, 32 quartillos,= 805.5 arrobas menores, used for measuring oil, 626.8 cubic inches of Paris measure. At Malaga, the aroba is equal to 794 cubic inches, Paris measure.

ARPINO, Josephino d'; born 1560, at Rome. The precocity of his talent for painting caused him to be employed, at a very early age, in ornamenting the Vatican, as assistant to the artists engaged in that design; when, luckily attracting the attention of pope Gregory XIII, that pontiff took him under his protection, and gave

him every opportunity to improve himself. In France, to which he went with cardinal Aldobrandini, he was knighted. His death took place at Rome, 1640.

ARRACAN, OF RAKHANG; a large province in the empire of Burmah or Ava, extending along the eastern side of the bay of Bengal. The Anoupectoumiou mountains bound it to the east. A. is about 500 miles long, but its breadth, in many places, does not exceed 10, nowhere 100, miles. The sea-coast of A. is studded with islands and clusters of rocks. The country is very fertile, but much oppressed by the Burmans. The name of the capital is also Arracan. Lon. 93° 6 E.; lat. 20° 47' N.

ARRAGON, the realm of, constituted, formerly, the second chief division of Spain, and was composed of the kingdoms of Arragon, Valencia and Mallorca, and the principality of Catalonia. Down to the time of the marriage of king Ferdinand the Catholic with Isabella, heiress of Castile, A. formed a kingdom separate from Castile, and comprised not only the 4 countries above named, but also Sicily and Sardinia. After the death of Ferdinand, in 1516, it was united forever with Castile; but the Arragonian provinces retained their privileges, liberties and laws, which they lost, almost entirely, after the Spanish war of succession, because they had attached themselves firmly to Austria; and the Bourbons, on ascending the throne, could not forgive the fidelity of the subjects of an enemy. The present province of A. still preserves the title of a kingdom. It is bounded N. by the Pyrenees, N. W. by Navarre, W. by Castile, S. by Valencia, and E. by Catalonia. It contains 70 towns, only 8 of which are considerable, viz., Saragossa, Albarazin, Balbastro, Calataiud, Darocca, Jaca, Taraçona and Teruel. Pop., in 1800, 658,630; square miles, 15,503. A part of the country is mountainous, and the soil generally productive, but, in some parts, stony or sandy. The characteristics of the inhabitants are industry, activity, national pride and courage.

ARRAIGN, ARRAIGNMENT. To arraign, is to call the prisoner to the bar of the court, to answer the matter charged upon him in the indictment. It is from the Latin ad rationem ponere; in French, ad reson, or a resn. (See Blackstone's Com. v. 4, p. 322 and note.)

ARRAN (the ancient Brandinos); an island on the W. coast of Scotland, in the Frith of Clyde, of an oval form, 20 miles in length, and, where broadest, 12 wide,

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containing several villages; pop., 6754; square miles, 165. The centre of the island is mountainous, on a part of which, called Goatfield, exceedingly steep, have been found topazes, and pebbles capable of receiving a polish. The summit of Goatfield is 2865 feet above the level of the sea. There are several lochs and rivers where salmon are caught, and many sorts of fish abound on the coasts. The inhabitants are employed in raising cattle, sheep and goats. The climate is severe, but healthy. Lon. 5° 4′ W.; lat. 55° 27′ N.

Arran Islands, or South Arran ISLANDS; 3 islands near the western coast of Ireland, in the Atlantic, at the mouth of Galway bay, extending about 10 miles in length, from N. W. to S. E. Lon. 9° 30′ to 9° 42′ W.; lat. 53° 2 to 53° 8 N.

ARRAS, capital of the department Pas de Calais, on the navigable river Scarp, contains 20,000 inhabitants, an academy of the fine arts, and many manufactories of tapestry, battiste, laces, &c. A. is the seat of a bishop. The fortifications consist of an irregular wall, guarded by 10 partly detached bastions, several ravelins and lunettes, two horn-works, and a citadel, which forms a regular pentagon, with casemates, bomb-proof. These fortifications were improved or laid out by Vauban. Here he first employed his tenaillons. The citè, or old town, is separated from the ville, or new town, by a wall and ditch. In 1640, the French, under the marshals Chaume, Chatillon and Melleraye conquered A. In 1654, the Spaniards, under Condé, attempted to regain it from them; but Turenne attacked the Spanish lines, took them by storm, and rescued the fortress.

ARREST (from the French arrêter, to stop) is the apprehending or restraining one's person, which, in civil cases, can take place legally only by process in execution of the command of some court or officers of justice; but, in criminal cases, any man may arrest without warrant or precept. Some persons are privileged from arrest-ambassadors and their domestic servants, officers of courts of justice, witnesses, and all other persons necessarily attending any court of record upon business, members of the legislature, and, in England, peers and bishops likewise.

ARRHIDEUS, or ARIDEUS; son of Philip of Macedon and the dancer Philina, consequently a half-brother of Alexander, whom he also nominally succeeded in the government. When he was deprived of his reason by poison administered by

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Olympias, Perdiccas, and, after him, Antipater, governed in his place. After a nominal reign of 64 years, he was put to death, with his wife, Eurydice, by Olympias.

ARRIA; the heroic wife of Cæcina Pætus, who, being suspected of a conspiracy against the emperor Claudius, was ordered to destroy himself. Perceiving him hesitate, she plunged a dagger into her breast, and presented it to her husband with these words: "Pate, non dolet" (Pætus, it is not painful).

ARRIAN, a Greek historian, native of Nicomedia, flourished in the 2d century, under the emperors Adrian and the Antonines. He was first a priest of Ceres; but, at Rome, he became a disciple of Epictetus. He was honored with the citizenship of Rome, and appointed prefect of Cappadocia by the emperor Adrian, who patronised him on account of his learning. In this capacity, he distinguished himself in the war against the Massagetæ, and was afterwards advanced to the senatorial, and even consular dignities. Like Xenophon, he united the literary with the military character. No less than seven of the epistles of Pliny the younger are addressed to A. His historical writings are numerous; but of these, with the exception of some fragments in Photius, only 2 remain. The first is composed of 7 books on the expedition of Alexander, which, being principally compiled from the memoirs of Ptolemy Lagus and Aristobulus, who both served under that king, are deemed proportionably valuable. To this work is added a book on the affairs of India, which pursues the history of Alexander, but is not deemed of equal authority with the former. An epistle from A. to Adrian is also extant, entitled, Periplus Ponti Euxini, probably written while he was prefect of Cappadocia. There are, besides, under the name of A., a Treatise on Tactics; a Periplus of the Red Sea, of which the authority is doubtful; and his Enchiridion, an excellent moral treatise, containing the discourses of Epictetus. The best editions of A. are that of Gronovius, Greek and Latin, 1704, folio; of Raphelius, Greek and Latin, Amsterdam, 1750, 8vo.; and of Schneider, Leipsic, 1798. Of his Enchiridion, the most valuable edition is that of Upton, London, 2 vols., 4to., 1739. The Expedition of Alexander has been translated into English by Rooke, in 2 vols., 8vo., London, 1729. ARRIGHI, duke of Padua; one of those who were banished from France, by the

royal decree of July 24, 1815. He was a native of Corsica, and related to the family of Bonaparte. He distinguished himself as colonel at Austerlitz and Wagram, and, after 1812, as general of division in many battles; e. g., at Leipsic, in 1813, and at the defence of the pass of Nogent, in 1814. After the return of Napoleon from Elba, 1815, he was sent to Corsica, as commissioner extraordinary, to restore every thing to its former condition, and received the dignity of peer. He was one of the most devoted partisans of the emperor, and executed his severe commands in the harshest manner. In the beginning of the campaign of 1813, he declared Leipsic in a state of siege, and compelled all the citizens to arm themselves a measure as useless as it was burdensome. Fournier's attack on the corps of Lützow, at Kitzen, June 17, 1813, was also the work of A. He lived in Lombardy until recalled from exile by the ordinance of Nov. 19, 1820.

ARROBA. (See Aroba.)

ARROWROOT is a kind of starch manufactured from the roots of a plant, the maranta arundinacea, which is cultivated in gardens both in the East and West Indies. It is about 2 feet in height; has broad, pointed, and somewhat hairy leaves; bears small, white flowers in clusters, and globular fruit of the size of currants. The starch or powder of the arrowroot is obtained by the following process:-The roots are dug when a year old, and well washed, and beaten in deep wooden mortars till they are reduced to a milky pulp. This is well washed again in clear water, and the fibrous parts, which are found among it, are carefully separated, and thrown away. It is next passed through a sieve or coarse cloth, and suffered to stand for some time, till the starch has settled to the bottom. The water is then drawn off, and the white residue is again washed; after which the water is entirely drained off, and the pulp, when dried in the sun, is found to be an extremely pure starch, which, when reduced to powder, is the arrowroot of commerce. There is no vegetable, if we except, perhaps, the salep or orchis root, which yields so large a proportion of nutritious mucilage as this. As an article of diet for children and invalids, it is invaluable, more especially in all forms of bowel complaints. Owing to the great demand for it, it has been much adulterated, and care is required in the selection of it. The purest is the Jamaica or Bermuda arrowroot. A very cheap and tol