militia of Connecticut, in the beginning of the war of the revolution, formed a considerable part of general Washington's army; and young Barlow, more than once, during the vacations of the college, served as a volunteer in the camp, where four of his brothers were on duty, and is said to have been present at the battle of White plains. Having passed through the usual course of study with reputation, he received, in 1778, the degree of bachelor of arts, on which occasion he appeared, for the first time, before the public in his poetical character, by reciting an original poem. It was printed at Litchfield, with some other of his minor pieces, in a collection entitled American Poems. Upon leaving college, he applied himself assiduously to the study of the law. But he continued this pursuit only a few months. The Massachusetts line of the American army was, at this time, deficient in chaplains, and Barlow was strongly urged, by some influential friends, to qualify himself for that station. It was, at the same time, intimated to him, that every indulgence should be shown him in his theological examination. Under this assurance, being well grounded in general literature, and having passed his whole life among a people, with whom almost every man has some knowledge of speculative divinity and religious controversy, he applied himself strenuously to theological studies, and, at the end of six weeks, was licensed to preach as a Congregational minister, and repaired immediately to the army. Here he is said to have been regular in the discharge of his clerical duties, and much respected as a preacher. In the camp, he preserved his fondness for the muses. The spirit of the American soldiery is supposed to have been not a little supported, through their many hardships, by numerous patriotic songs and occasional addresses, written by Mr. Barlow, doctor Dwight and colonel Humphreys. B. remained in the army until the close of the war, and, during the whole of this period, was engaged in planning, and, in part, composing the poem which he first published under the title of the Vision of Columbus, and afterwards expanded into his great work, the Columbiad. When the independence of the U. States was acknowledged, and the American forces disbanded, in 1783, Barlow was again thrown upon the world. He had never manifested much fondness for the clerical profession, and the habits of a military life contributed to unfit him still more for the regular labors and the humble duties

of a parish minister In New England, if the clerical character has been worn without disgrace, it may easily be thrown off without dishonor. Mr. Barlow, therefore, without hesitation, reverted to his original plan of pursuing the profession of the law. With this view, he removed to Hartford, where he settled himself, as he imagined, for the rest of his life. Here, as a means of temporary support, he established a weekly newspaper. He was also, at this time, engaged in preparing for the press his Vision of Columbus. The extensive acquaintance which he had formed in the army, and the zeal of his personal friends, enabled him to obtain a very large subscription for this work, which was published in 1787. Its success was very flattering. Within a few months after its publication in America, it was reprinted in London, and has since gone through a second edition in America, and one in Paris. The first edition was inscribed, in an elegant and courtly dedication, to Louis XVI. Having been employed by the clergy of Connecticut to adapt Watts's version of the Psalms to the state of the New England churches, Barlow gave up his weekly paper, and became a bookseller at Hartford. This he did chiefly with a view of aiding the sale of his poem, and of the new edition of the Psalms; and, as soon as these objects were effected, he quitted the business, and engaged in the practice of the law. During his residence at Hartford, he was concerned in several occasional publications, which issued from a club of wits and young politicians in that city and its vicinity. His various publications continued to increase and extend his reputation; but, in the meanwhile, his success at the bar was by no means flattering. He was unfortunate in an embarrassed elocution; his habits of life were grave and retired, and his manners and address were not of that familiar and conciliating cast which so often supplies the want of professional merit. Under these circumstances, he accepted an offer to engage in another employment. Some members of a land company, called the Ohio company, in connexion with a few other persons, then supposed to be men of property, by a manœuvre not then understood, but which has since been detected, appropriated to their own use a very considerable part of the funds of that company, and, under the title of the Scioto company, offered vast tracts of land for sale in Europe, to few of which they had any legal claim. As the agent of this company, but with perfect ignorance of their

real plan, Barlow embarked for England, in 1788, and, soon after, crossed the channel to France, where he disposed of some of these lands under the title of the Scioto company. While in France, he took a warm interest in the revolution then in progress, and became intimately acquainted with many leaders of the republican party, particularly with that section afterwards denominated the Girondists, or moderates, entered into all their plans, and was soon conspicuous as one of their most zealous partisans. He returned to England, in 1791, with the intention of embarking for America, after having resided for a year or two longer in London. About the end of the year 1791, he published, in London, the first part of his Advice to the Privileged Orders. This he afterwards completed by the addition of a second part; and the whole has been several times reprinted in the U. States. This publication was followed, in February, 1792, by the Conspiracy of Kings, a poem of about 400 lines. The subject was the first coalition of the continental sovereigns against France. It has little of poetical ornament, and the poet often descends into the common-place topics of the day, but many of his lines are vigorous. In the autumn of the same year, he published a Letter to the National Convention, in which he urges them to abolish the royal power, render elections more frequent and popular, and dissolve the connexion between the government and the national church. All these publications procured him some profit and much notoriety. Though France was the theme, they were doubtless intended to have their chief effect on England. Barlow consequently became acquainted with all the English politicians who were, like him, engaged in the cause of reform or revolution, and with most of the republican men of letters and science, who, about that period, were so numerous in London as almost to form a distinct class. Towards the end of 1792, the London constitutional society, of which he was a member, voted an address to the French convention, and Mr. Barlow and another member were deputed to present it. They immediately undertook and executed their commission. Barlow was received in France with great respect, and the convention soon after conferred upon him the rights of a French citizen. As the revolutionary symptoms in England had attracted the attention of government, and an official inquiry had been set on foot respecting Barlow's mission, he deemed 49

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it unsafe to return to England, and fixed his residence, for a time, in France. In the latter part of this year, he accompanied his friend Gregoire, and a deputation of the national convention, who were sent to organize the newly-acquired territory of Savoy, as a department of the republic. He passed the winter at Chamberry, the capital of Savoy, where, at the request of his legislative friends, he wrote an address to the people of Piedmont, inciting them to throw off their allegiance "to the man of Turin, who called himself their king." This was immediately translated into French and Italian, and circulated widely through the whole of Piedmont, but without producing much popular effect. The rest of the winter was passed in the more peaceable employment of composing a mock heroic poem in three cantos, entitled Hasty Pudding, one of the happiest and most popular of his productions. From Savoy he returned to Paris, where he continued to reside for about three years. During this, as well as his subsequent residence in Paris, with the exception of a translation of Volney's Ruins, his literary labors appear to have been nearly suspended, and he engaged in several plans of commercial speculation. His connexion with public men, and knowledge of political affairs, together with the great advantages of credit and of personal safety, which he derived from his character of a friendly neutral, enabled him to profit by those great and sudden fluctuations in the value of every species of property, which arose from the disjointed state of public affairs, the rapid depreciation of the assignats, and the frequent sales of confiscated estates. About the year 1795, Barlow was sent as an agent on private legal and commercial business to the north of Europe, and, soon after his return, was appointed American consul at Algiers, with powers to negotiate a treaty of peace with the dey, and to redeem all American citizens held in slavery on the coast of Barbary. He immediately proceeded on this mission, through Spain, to Algiers. Here he soon concluded a treaty with the dey, in spite of numerous obstacles thrown in his way by the agents of several of the European powers. In the beginning of the next year, he negotiated a similar treaty with Tripoli, and redeemed and sent home all the American prisoners whom he could discover among the captives of the Barbary powers. These humane exertions were made with great hazard and danger, sometimes, it is said, even at the

risk of his life. In 1797, he resigned his consulship, and returned to Paris, where he engaged in some very successful commercial speculations, and acquired a considerable fortune. As long as France retained the forms of a free constitution, he regarded it as his adopted country, and invested a large portion of his property in landed estates. Among other purchases which he made was that of the splendid hotel of the count Clermont de Tonnere, in Paris, in which he lived for some years, in an elegant and even sumptuous manner. On the rupture between his native country and France, occasioned by the maritime spoliations of the latter, Barlow exerted all his influence and abilities to bring about an adjustment of differences. To assist in attaining this end, he published a Letter to the people of the U. States, on the measures of Mr. Adams's administration. At the same period, he drew up and presented a memoir to the French government, in which he boldly denounces the whole system of privateering as mere sea robbery. After an absence of nearly 17 years, Barlow returned to his native country in the spring of 1805. After visiting several parts of the U. States, he purchased a beautiful situation in the neighborhood of Georgetown, but within the limits of the city of Washington, where he built a handsome house, and lived in an elegant and hospitable manner. Early in 1806, he drew up a prospectus of a great national academy, to be established under the immediate protection of the government, printed it at his own expense, and circulated it widely. In March of the same year, the plan was laid before congress, and referred to a committee, who never reported, and the project failed. In 1808, the Columbiad, which had been the labor of half his life, and had been gradually expanded from the Vision of Columbus to the bulk of a quarto, made its appearance in the most magnificent volume which had ever issued from the American press, adorned by a number of fine engravings, executed in London, by the first artists. It was inscribed, in an elegant and affectionate dedication, to Robert Fulton, the celebrated engineer. The high price at which the Columbiad was sold was by no means suited to the condition of the literary market in the U. States. Only a few copies were purchased. It was reprinted in 1809, in 2 vols., 12mo. In the same year, it was republished in London, by Philips, in an elegant royal 8vo. In spite of these aids, the Columbiad never acquired the

popularity which the Vision of Columbus enjoyed. It aspires to the dignity of a philosophical poem, and the narrative part is nearly overwhelmed by political declamation and philosophical discussions, and is deformed by pedantic and uncouth words of the author's own coinage. There are, besides, other faults, both of plan and execution, of a more serious character. After the appearance of the Columbiad, Barlow employed himself in making large collections of historical documents, and preparing the plan of a general history of the U. States, a work which he had long meditated. In the midst of these pursuits, he was, in 1811, nominated by the president minister plenipotentiary to the French government, and soon after sailed for France. He applied himself with great diligence to the duties of his new station, and to negotiating a treaty of commerce and indemnification for former spoliations. In October, 1812, he was invited, by the duke de Bassano, to a conference with the emperor Napoleon, at Wilna. He immediately set off on his mission, travelling day and night. The weather was unusually severe, and the whole country through which he passed, after leaving France, was so wasted by contending armies as scarcely to afford him a comfortable meal. In a state of exhaustion, from want of food and sleep, the sudden changes from extreme cold to the excessive heat of the small and crowded cottages of the Jews, the only taverns in Poland, produced a violent inflammation in the lungs. He rapidly sunk into a state of extreme debility and torpor, from which he never recovered. He died, Dec. 22d, 1812, at Zarnawica, an obscure village of Poland, in the neighborhood of Cracow.-Mr. Bar ow was of an amiable disposition: his manners were grave and dignified. In mixed company, he was generally silent, and often absent. He had no facility or sprightliness of general conversation; but on subjects which happened to excite him, he talked with interest and animation, and, among his intimate acquaintance, is said to have sometimes displayed a talent for pleasantry and humor.-All of his prose writings bear the stamp of an active, acute and nervous mind, confident in its own strength, and accustomed to great intrepidity of opinion. His political and moral speculations are often original, always ingenious, but deficient in those comprehensive views and that ripeness of judgment which are required by the complex nature of the subjects he examines.

BARMEN; a town on the Wupper, in the Prussian duchy of Cleve-Berg, with 19,472 inhabitants. B. contains the principal ribbon manufactories on the continent, comprising linen, woollen, cotton and silk ribbons of every quality. They are sent into all parts of the world.

BARNABITES; regular priests of the congregation of St. Paul, thus called from the church of St. Barnabas, which was granted to them. They were established in Milan, in 1536, and are dressed in black, like the secular clergy. They devoted themselves to missions, preaching, and the instruction of youth, and had, in Italy, where they taught theology in the academies of Milan and Pavia, in France, Austria and Spain, houses which they called colleges. In France and Austria, this order was employed in the conversion of the Protestants. It only exists, at present, in Spain and some places in Italy. BARNACLE; a multivalve, molluscous, hermaphrodite and viviparous animal, belonging to Cuvier's sixth class-mollusca cirrhopoda (lepas, L.)-The various species of barnacle resemble each other in being enveloped by a mantle and shell, composed of five principal valves, and several smaller pieces, joined together by a membrane attached to their circumference. The mouth, which is oval, has lateral jaws, and along the belly, arranged in pairs, are 12 articulated and fringed cirri or tentacula. The heart is situated under the dorsal part of the animal, and the nervous system is composed of a series of small knots, or ganglia, under the belly the gills are on the sides. The head of the barnacle is placed downwards in the shell, and the tentacula towards the superior part or orifice. Between the last pair of tentacula is a long, fleshy tube, sometimes mistaken for a trunk, at the base of which, towards the back, the anus opens. The stomach has a number of small cavities, formed by its wall, which appear to perform the functions of a liver. The intestine is simple: the ovary is double, and there is a double serpentine canal through which the ova must pass; the surfaces of this canal secrete the fecundating fluid, and they are prolonged into the fleshy tube, and open at its extremity. Cuvier was the first to give an accurate account of the curious structure of these animals.-The barnacles are always found attached to solid bodies, and especially to rocks, timber, &c., exposed to the dashing of the waves. They feed on small marine animals, brought within their reach by the motion of the waters,

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and secure them by their tentacula, which are expanded and rolled up again with great celerity. They attain a very considerable size, in situations where they are left unmolested, and are occasionally used as food by men. They are, in some countries, supposed to possess aphrodisiac qualities; perhaps on account of their hermaphrodite nature.-We have no knowledge of the cause that originated the fable of barnacles being changed into geese; though such a fable is still in existence, and naturalists have perpetuated it by bestowing the name of anas bernicla on a goose, and of anseriferus on a species of barnacle.

BARNAVE, Antoine Pierre Joseph Marie, deputy to the states general of France, a distinguished orator, and a zealous adherent and early victim of the revolution, was born at Grenoble, 1761. He was the son of a rich procureur. He was of the Protestant religion, became a lawyer, was chosen a deputy of the tiers-état to the assembly of the states general, and showed himself an open enemy to the court. The constituent assembly appointed him their secretary, member of the committee for the colonies, also of the diplomatic committee, and, in January, 1791, their president. After the flight of the king, he was almost the only one who remained calm. He defended Lafayette against the charge of being privy to this step, and, after the arrest of the royal family, was sent, with Petion and Latour-Maubourg, to meet them, and to conduct them to Paris. The sight of their misfortunes, and the profanation of the royal dignity, seemed to have made a profound impression on his mind. He treated his captives with the respect due to their rank and misfortunes, and his reports were unaccompanied with remarks. From this moment a visible change in his principles was observed. He defended the inviolability of the royal person, and painted the fatal disasters which threatened the state. He opposed the ordinance which enjoined strong measures against the refractory priests; and succeeded, though with difficulty, in obtaining the repeal of the severe decree relating to the colonies. His influence continually declined, and he was entirely given up by the revolutionary party. When the correspondence of the court fell into the hands of the victorious party, Aug. 10, 1792, they pretended to have found documents which showed him to have been secretly connected with it, and he was guillotined Nov. 29, 1793.

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BARNEVELDT, John van Olden; grand pensionary of Holland; a man of eminent talents and the simplest manners; a martyr to duty and republican principle; an example of virtue, such as history seldom presents us. He was born in 1549, and early showed himself zealous for the independence of the United Provinces, which had thrown off the yoke of Spain. As advocate-general of the province of Holland, he displayed profound views and great skill in business. The services of 30 years established his high reputation. He preserved his country against the ambition of Leicester; penetrated the secret plans of Maurice of Nassau, whom his fellow-citizens had elevated to the post of stadtholder; and his marked distrust of this prince placed him at the head of the republican party, which aimed to make the stadtholder subordinate to the legislative power. Spain, at that time, made proposals for peace through the archduke, governor of the Netherlands. B. was appointed plenipotentiary on this occasion, and evinced alike the skill of a statesman and the firmness of a republican. Maurice of Nassau, whose interest led him to prefer war, labored to prevent the establishment of peace; and B., perceiving this, was induced only by the most urgent solicitations of the states, to retain the office which had been assigned to him, and at last concluded, in 1609, an armistice with Spain for the term of 12 years, in which the independence of Holland was acknowledged. His influence now became still greater, and he was more and more an object of jealousy to the house of Nassau. The hostile spirit of the opposite parties in the state was further increased by theological difficulties. In order to prevent a civil war, B. proposed an ecclesiastical council, which resolved upon a general toleration in respect to the points in question. The states acceded, at first, to this wise measure; but, at a later period, the machinations of the Nassau party persuaded them to adopt other views. This party represented the Arminians (q. v.) as secret friends of Spain. B. was now attacked in pamphlets, and, even in the assembly of the states, was insulted by the people, of whom Maurice had become the idol. As he could not hope any longer to stay the torrent, and foresaw the fate which awaited him, he again determined to resign his office; but the solicitations of his friends, and his love for his country, prevailed anew over all other considerations. Maurice insisted

upon a general synod, with a view, as he pretended, of putting an end to all religious quarrels; but B. persuaded the states to oppose this measure, the consequences of which were evident. Troops were now levied, without the consent of Maurice, to reëstablish order in the cities where the Gomarists (see Arminians) had excited disturbances. On the other side, the Nassau party redoubled its attacks upon B., who, in answer to them, published that celebrated memorial, in which he warns the United Provinces of the danger which threatened them from the other party. Maurice, however, procured the assembling of a synod at Dort, in 1618, to which almost all the Calvinistic churches of Europe sent deputies. They condemned the Arminians with the most unjust severity, and Maurice was encouraged by their sentence to adopt violent measures. Against the wishes of the states, he caused B., and other leading men of the Arminians, to be arrested; and 26 bribed judges condemned to death, as a traitor, the man to whom his country owed its political existence, and who disdained to implore mercy. Vain were the remonstrances of the widowed princess of Orange and of the French ambassador; in vain did the friends and relations of the patriot exclaim against the sentence; Maurice remained firm in his evil purpose. On the 13th of May, 1619, the old man of 72 ascended the scaffold, with the words of Horace, iii. 3,—

Justum ac tenacem propositi virum,
Non vultus instantis tyranni,
Non civium ardor prava jubentium
Mente quatit solida,-

and suffered death with the same firmness which he had evinced under all the circumstances of his life. His two sons formed a conspiracy against the tyrant. William, the principal agitator, escaped; but Reinier was taken and executed. His mother, after his condemnation, threw herself at the feet of Maurice to beg for mercy, and to his question, why she humbled herself thus for the sake of her son, when she had not done it for her husband, made this memorable reply:"I did not ask pardon for my husband, because he was innocent: I ask it for my son, because he is guilty."

BARNEY, Joshua, a distinguished naval commander in the service of the U. States, was born in Baltimore, Maryland, July 6, 1759. His parents lived on a farm between the town and North point, where he was sent to school until 10 years of age. He was then put into a retail shop