into the hands of the old French family of Longueville, which became extinct in 1707, by the death of Mary of Orleans, duchess of Nemours. The king of Prussia, as heir of the house of Orange, whose claims to the principality were acknowledged, was then called to the sovereignty, by the states of Neufchateau, and his title was confirmed by the peace of Utrecht, In 1806, Prussia ceded it to France, and the emperor conferred it on marshal Berthier, afterwards prince of NeufchatelWa Vagram. By the peace of Paris, it was restored, with additions, to Prussia. The king granted it a constitutional charter, dated from London (Jan. 18, 1814), with the privilege of forming a separate state. In 1822, the principality was received into the Swiss confederacy, as the 22d canton, and is the only one which has a monarchical government. Several ridges of the Jura run through the country. The lake of Neufchatel (Neuenburgersee), 28 miles long by 8 broad, is plentifully supplied with fish, and communicates with the Rhine. Grazing is extensively attended to; wine, fruits, hemp and flax are produced; the corn raised is not sufficient to supply the wants of the inhabitants. The manufactures are more important; the principal are lace, cotton and clocks; a considerable trade is also carried on in cutlery, mathematical and philosophical instruments, chintz and other cotton stuffs. The freedom and mildness of the government attract many foreigners. There are about 12,000 watch-makers here, whose instruments are used over all Europe and in America. (See Chaux-la-Fonds.) The religion is Protestant (Reformed); there are two Catholic societies. The language is French; but German is also spoken. Half of the revenue (150,000 livres) is applied to the improvement of the condition of the country and to the expenses of the government. The capital, Neufchatel, lies at the foot of the Jura, in a beautiful country, where the noisy Seyon empties itself into the lake of Neufchatel. The town is not badly built, and contains 5600 inhabitants. It is the centre of the trade of the principality. Its institutions for instruction, and other institutions, have been carried to a high degree of perfection, by means of a legacy of 3,000,000 guilders, left by Pury, a merchant, who was a native of Neufchatel, but settled at Lisbon. Pourtales, another merchant, founded an hospital by a legacy of 700,000 francs, which was much increased by his heirs. Neufchatel fur

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nishes 1000 men to the army of the Swiss confederacy.__(See Switzerland.)

NEUHOF, Theodore, baron of, king of Corsica, was descended from a noble family in Westphalia. His father, a captain in the guards of the bishop of Münster, died in 1695. Theodore studied in the college of Jesuits, at Münster, at a later period at Cologne, whence he fled to the Hague, after having killed a young man of a distinguished family in a duel. Through the mediation of the Spanish minister, he received a lieutenancy in a Spanish regiment of cavalry, destined to march against the Moors, in Africa. On account of his good behavior, he was promoted to a captaincy. In a sally from the fortress of Oran, he was made prisoner, and was sent to the dey of Algiers, where he is said to have served, for 18 years, as an interpreter, and to have been employed in the most secret transactions. When the Corsicans, after several unsuccessful attempts to free themselves from the oppressions of Genoa, resolved, in 1735, to form a government of their own, they applied to the deys of Algiers and Tunis for assistance, who actually sent two regiments of cavalry, under the command of baron Neuhof, with such military stores as the islanders needed. Neuhof was received with great joy, and, in 1736, was crowned king of Corsica with a wreath of laurel. He had silver and copper coins struck, and established an order of knighthood, under the name of the Order of Deliverance. In November, 1736, he left Corsica in order to obtain foreign assistance, and returned, in 1737, with military stores, purchased with the advances which some Dutch houses had made in consideration of the promise of an advantageous commerce, in olive oil, with the island. In 1738, however, French troops again reduced Corsica under the dominion of the Genoese. Theodore had been obliged to flee. In 1741, when the French retired, new troubles arose; but Theodore could not maintain himself against the Genoese and a Corsican oppesition. He fled to England. Here his Dutch creditors pursued him, and he was arrested for debt. In 1756, Horace Walpole caused a subscription to be made for him, and thus enabled him to make a set tlement with his creditors. But he died of grief, in December of the same year At the back of St. Anne's, Soho, in London, is a stone, erected by the earl of Or ford (Walpole), in 1758, with the follow ing inscription:

Near this place is interred
THEODORE, KING OF CORSICA,
Who died in this Parish
December XI., MDCCLVI.,
Immediately after leaving
The King's Bench Prison,
By the Benefit of the Act of Insolvency;
In consequence of which
He registered his Kingdom of Corsica
For the Use of his Creditors!

The grave great teacher-to a level brings
Heroes and beggars, galley-slaves and kings!
But THEODORE this moral learned, ere dead
Fate poured its lessons on his living head,
Bestowed a kingdom, and denied him bread.

NEUKOMM, Sigismund, a distinguished German composer, was born July 10, 1778, in Salzburg, and showed, as early as his sixth year, much talent for music. In his 15th year, he was appointed organist of the university in Salzburg, where he continued his studies with great zeal. His father, teacher of calligraphy in the university, took great care of the scientific and musical education of his son. Michael Haydn instructed Neukomm in composition, and often caused him to act for him as first organist to the court. In his 18th year, he was appointed correpetitor of the opera, at the theatre in Salzburg, on which he resolved to make music his exclusive profession. In 1789, he went to Vienna, where Joseph Haydn received him among his pupils, and treated him like a son. Until 1804, he remained in this situation, after which he was appointed chapel-master and director to the German opera in St. Petersburg. A severe disease obliged him to give up this place. In 1807, he was elected a member of the academy of music at Stockholm, and, in 1808, member of the philharmonic society at Petersburg. During his residence in that city, he brought forward several of his compositions, with great applause; but he could not be prevailed upon by his friends, and his master, Jos. Haydn, to publish any of them until 1808. He then went to Paris, in order to study more attentively the higher style of dramatic music, and thence to Rio Janeiro, as composer to the prince of Brazil. In 1824, he returned to Europe, and lived with prince Talleyrand. In 1826, he went to Italy. Among his chief works is his grand fantasia, for the whole orchestra, a work equally bold in conception and perfect in execution, by which he struck out a new path. Three others followed this. Of his church compositions, some of the most distinguished are his Requiem, his Stabat Mater, and the cancata Der Ostermorgen, by Tiedge. He

has, besides, composed many pieces, great and small, among which is the grand opera Alexander; also psalms, cantatas, &c. All his compositions are distinguished by their thoroughness and purity.

NEUROLOGY. (See Anatomy.)

NEUROSES. (See Nervous Diseases.) NEUSTRIA, in the geography of the middle ages; the western kingdom of the Franks, in the north of France, so called in opposition to Austrasia (Austria, Oestreich), the eastern kingdom of the same. The term is derived from the negative particle ne (not), and Austria. On the death of Clovis (511), his sons divided his territories into two parts, which received these names. Neustria lay between the Meuse, the Loire, and the ocean. (See France, and Merovingians.)

NEUTERS. (See Bees.)

NEUTRALITY (from the Latin neuter, neither) means, in the law of nations, that state of a nation in which it does not take part, directly or indirectly, in a war between other nations. To maintain itself in this state, a nation is often obliged to assume a threatening position, to be able to repel, in case of necessity, every aggression on the part of either of the belligerents. Such neutrality is termed an armed neutrality. From the state of neutrality arise certain rights and obligations towards the belligerents. A neutral nation is allowed to render any services to either of the belligerents, which do not necessarily tend to assist him in carrying on hostilities. It must not send him troops, arms or ammunition. It cannot refuse to one what it has allowed the other; for instance, the right of marching through its territory, supplies of provisions, &c. With either of the belligerents the neutral nation has the right to conclude treaties, if they are not intended to aid the belligerent in the war, or do not necessarily presuppose a war. As, however, in war, force is the main arbiter, it is most advisable for a neutral power to conclude special treaties of neutrality, in which the rights and duties of the neutral power are settled, as it may be easily imagined that there will be always many disputed points between it and the belligerents. These doubtful points are chiefly the following: Whether the neutral state canallow the belligerents loans, commerce, and even the right of enlisting troops; what goods are to be considered prohibited; whether they can be seized; whether a passage through its territory is to be permitted to the troops of the belligerents; how the unlawful requisitions of one of the belligerents are to be

opposed; what security is to be given on this account; the compensation to be rendered if hostilities are committed inthe neutral territory, &c. In maritime wars, the treatment of effects of the enemy on board neutral vessels, or neutral effects on board a hostile vessel, give rise to very important questions. (See Contraband.) In former times, the principle was pretty generally admitted, that the ownership of the goods on board of the vessels was the only point to be considered, and not the property of the vessels themselves. The belligerents, therefore, seized merchandise belonging to the enemy on board of neutral vessels; but they restored neutral property seized under the enemy's flag. But the endless investigations which this system caused, as a consequence of it was the searching of neutral vessels, produced, by degrees, a new and totally contrary principle, that the flag protects the cargo (le navire neutre couvre la cargaison ennemie, or le pavillon couvre la marchandise), so that merchandise of the enemy under a neutral flag was safe, but neutral merchandise under a hostile flag was good prize. This principle, since the middle of the seventeenth century, was adopted in several treaties, particularly between France and other governments. Great Britain, however, wished to enforce the former principle in the war with her colonies in North America. The empress Catharine of Russia, on the other hand, declared in 1780, that she was willing, if necessary, to enforce by arms the new principle, "free ships, free goods." This principle formed the basis of the system of the armed neutrality, in which France and Spain joined with Russia, and to which also Denmark, Sweden, Holland, Prussia, Austria, Portugal and Naples acceded by separate conventions with Russia. England opposed it; yet she was obliged, several times, tacitly to admit the principle. In the French revolutionary war, and the hostilities between England and Napoleon, the former returned entirely to the old principle. (See Continental System.) Since the peace of Paris, this point has remained unsettled. It came up again in the privateer wars of Colombia and the Greeks.-Respecting the armed neutrality of 1780, of which count Bernstorff probably suggested the first idea, see Mémoire sur le Neutralité armée, &c., par le Comte de Görtz (Basle, 1821); Tooke's Life of Catharine II (vol. ii); Dohm's Materialien für Statistik (6 vols., 1782), and Denkwürdigkeiten meiner Zeit (1815, 2 vols.).-During the recent struggle between Poland and Russia, when

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Prussia was obliged to make an explanation respecting the assistance which she gave to the Russians, by allowing them to retreat to her territory, without disarming them, and to obtain provision, &c., from the same quarter, the Prussian government declared that it was not in a state of neutrality as to the two belligerents, but in a state of non-activity. This state of non-activity, however, allowed her to prevent the passage of money sent from England to the Poles through her territory; also to stop the couriers of other powers, and to disarm the Poles who had entered her limits. (For the principle of armed intervention, see Intervention.)

NEUTRALIZATION, in chemistry, may be thus explained: if we take a given quantity of sulphuric acid diluted with water, and add it slowly to the solution of soda by little at a time, and examine the mixture after every addition, we shall find that, for a considerable time, it will exhibit the properties of an acid, reddening vegetable blues, and having a taste perceptibly sour; but these acid properties gradually diminish after every addition of the alkaline solution, and at last disappear altogether. If we still continue to add the soda, the mixture gradually acquires alkaline properties, converting vegetable blues to green, and manifesting a urinous taste. These properties become stronger and stronger, the greater the quantity of the soda is which is added. Thus it appears, that when sulphuric acid and soda are mixed together, the properties either of the one or the other preponderate, according to the proportions of each; but there are certain proportions, according to which, when they are combined, they mutually destroy or disguise the properties of each other, so that neither predominates, or rather so that both disappear. When substances thus mutually disguise each other's properties, they are said to neutralize one another. This property is common to a great number of bodies; but it manifests itself most strongly, and was first observed, in the acids, alkalies and earths. Hence the salts which are combinations of these different bodies, received long ago the name of neutral salts.

NEUTRAL SALTS. (See Salts.)

NEUWIED, prince Maximilian Alexander Philip, born Sept. 23, 1782, brother to the reigning prince Augustus of WiedNeuwied. Alexander von Humboldt's fame inspired him to distinguish himself likewise by the observation of nature. He went, in 1813, to England, and thence t

Brazil. In 1815, he left Rio Janeiro, with two other Germans, Fellow and Freyreiss, and some armed companions, and went to Cabo Frio, thence to Villa St. Salvador dos Campos dos Goaytacasas, nearer the sea. On the Rio-Doce he became acquainted with the warlike Botocudes, of whom he is the first who has given accurate information. In 1816, he proceeded to Villa Vicoza. On his way to Sta. Cruz and Villa Belmonte, he touched upon Jauassema, where traces of an extinct race of men are to be found. His desire to visit less known countries induced him to go as far as the frontiers of Minas Geraes. Through almost impenetrable woods, his company made their way with the axe to Villa de S. Pedro d'Alcantara, and proceeded again through woods which they left not until they had reached Barra da Vareda. The state of his health induced him to return straight through Sertam to Bahia, where he embarked, May 10, 1817, for Lisbon. The description of his journey (2 vols., 4to., with many engravings and maps, Frankfort on the Maine, 1819) shows with what knowledge and courage he has examined the country along the eastern shore of Brazil, from 13° to 23° S. latitude. He has also published treatises on subjects of natural science in the transactions of the academy of naturalists at Bonn. Of his Abbildungen zur Naturgeschichte Brasiliens (Weimar, fol.), the 11th number appeared in 1827. His collections are very numerous and valuable.

NEUWIED; capital and residence of the mediatized prince of Neuwied, in Prussia, on the Rhine, three leagues distant from Coblentz, in a beautiful plain. It contains 4800 inhabitants, and manufactures of various kinds of goods. It is not quite a century old. Its prosperity has been greatly promoted by the free exercise of religion, permitted to all denominations; so that it contains at present Protestants, Catholics, Moravians, Mennonites, Quakers, Jews, &c.

NEVA; a river of Russia, which issues from lake Ladoga, and, after a westerly course of about thirty-five miles, flows into the gulf of Finland, below Petersburg, by three mouths. It is from 300 to 400 yards wide, and 10 or 15 feet deep,. and, of course, navigable for vessels of considerable size. It is generally frozen over from October to April. The water is pure, and is used for drinking and cooking, in Petersburg.

NEVADOS DE ILLIMANI, Or ILLIMANI; a nigh mountain belonging to the Andes, in oper Peru, about fifteen leagues from

La Paz. It is one of the richest gold mountains of South America. A little silver has also been discovered there.

NEVIS, or NIEVIS; an island of the West Indies. It is a beautiful spot, and little more than a single mountain, whose base is about 23 miles in circumference. That the island was the production of a volcano, is very evident, a crater being visible on the summit, and sulphur frequently discovered in the cavities of the earth. It is well watered, and in general fertile, producing much sugar. The exports are estimated at 877,400 dollars. It belongs to the English, and is divided into five parishes, containing 15,750 inhabitants; 500 white, 250 free people of color, and 15,000 slaves. It contains one town, Charlestown, which is fortified.

NEW. For names beginning with this adjective not given here, see the articles under the name which follow it. Thus, for New Britain, New Castile, New Caledonia, New Grenada, New Holland, &c., see Britain, Castile, &c.

NEW ALBION. (See Albion, also California, New and Old.)

NEW AMSTERDAM. (See New York.)

NEW ARCHANGEL, or SITKA; a port and town on the island of Baranov, in King George the Third's Archipelago, on the north-west coast of North America; lat. 57° 30′ N.; chief place of the Russian settlements there. From this place an intercourse is kept up with China and the Marquesas. The commerce is a monopoly in the hands of the Russian North American company, the directors of which are in Petersburg. (See Russia.)

NEWARK; a post-town and capital of Essex county, New Jersey, nine miles west of New York city; population, in 1820, 6507; in 1830, 10,953. It is finely situated on the west side of Passaic river, six or seven miles, by the course of the river, above its mouth, and only two or three in a direct line. It is handsomely built: many of the houses are elegant, and it is one of the most beautiful towns in the U. States. It contains a court-house, a jail, two banks, an academy, and five houses of public worship, two for Presbyterians, and for Episcopalians, Baptists and Methodists, one each. It has extensive manufactures of shoes, leather, coaches, fancy chairs, and cabinet work. The Passaic is navigable to this town for sloops of 80 tons. The cider, so well known by the name of Newark cider, is chiefly made in the township of Orange, on the west side of Newark. Morris canal passes through Newark.

NEW BEDFORD; a post-town and port of entry, Bristol county, Massachusetts, 52 miles south of Boston; lon. 70° 56′ W.; lat. 41° 38' N. It is separated by Accushnet river from Fairhaven, which formed a part of this town till 1812. It contained, in 1820, 3947 inhabitants, and in 1830, 7592. Its population is now (November, 1831) estimated at 8000. The town stands on an arm of Buzzard's bay, and is laid out upon ground sloping to the water, in streets intersecting each other at right angles. The situation is very pleasant, and the appearance of the town indicates, what is really true, that its inhabitants possess great enterprise and wealth. The rapid increase of its trade and population shows that it is one of the most flourishing towns in the U. States. The whale fishery constitutes the principal business of the people. They have at present 144 ships and 15 brigs engaged in this business; and many vessels engaged in other branches of commerce. The town contains a court-house, a jail, an alms-house, three banks, two insurance offices, an academy, a flourishing lyceum, four printing-offices (one of which issues a daily paper, and the others weekly papers), eleven churches, viz. three for Congregationalists, three for Baptists, two for Methodists, one for Africans, one for Friends, and a Catholic chapel. A chapel for seamen is now being erected.

NEWBERN; a post-town, port of entry, and capital of Craven county, North Carolina, on the south-west bank of the Neuse, at the junction of the Trent, 119 miles south-west of Raleigh; lon. 77° 5 W.; lat. 35° 20 N.; population, in 1820, 3363; in 1830, 3776. It contains a courthouse, a jail, a theatre, two banks, an academy, a public library, and houses of public worship for Episcopalians, Baptists and Methodists. The town is very pleasantly situated, handsomely built, and mostly of brick, and is the largest and most improved town in North Carolina. It is considered healthy, and has considerable commerce. The exports consist principally of grain, pork, lumber, and naval stores. A steam-boat plies between Newbern and Elizabeth City, and thus connects it with the great routes to the northward, and to Charleston (South Carolina).

NEW BRUNSWICK; a city of New Jersey, partly in Middlesex, and partly in Somerset county, on the south-west side of Raritan river, 17 miles by the course of the river above Raritan bay, 12 miles west of Amboy, 33 miles south-west of New York, 56 miles north-east of Philadelphia; lon.

74° 23′ W.; lat. 40° 30' N.; population, in 1820, including the township, 6764; in 1830, 7831. It contains a college, a theological seminary, a jail, two banks, a courthouse, and houses of worship for Presbyterians, Episcopalians, Dutch Reformed church, Baptists and Methodists. A considerable part of the town is situated rather low, but is accounted healthy, and has considerable trade. The exports consist chiefly in grain. The Raritan is navigable to this place for sloops of 80 tons. Here is a bridge across the river. Rutgers' college was founded in this place by the ministers of the Dutch Reformed church in 1770. The building is a spacious stone edifice, three stories high. It has a president, nine instructers, and seventy students. A theological seminary was established here in 1811, by the Dutch Reformed church. It has three professors and twenty-four students. The mode of instruction is by lectures, and the course lasts three years.

NEW BRUNSWICK; a British province of North America, bounded north by Lower Canada and Chaleur bay, east by the gulf of St. Lawrence, south by Nova Scotia and the bay of Fundy, and west by Maine. It is divided into 8 counties and 59 parishes. The population, in 1824, was 73,626. We have not been able to obtain an authentic account of the present statistics of this province, and must give only an imperfect description of it. The bay of Fundy, on the south, nearly divides New Brunswick from Nova Scotia. Passamaquoddy bay forms its south-western boundary, the bay of Chaleur its northwestern, and the bay of Miramichi indents it on the east. The principal river is the St. John's, which is navigable for boats to the Great falls, near the border of Maine, and a further distance of 200 miles above the falls. The other chief rivers are the St. Croix, which forms a part of the western boundary, and the Miramichi, which is a considerable river flowing into Miramichi bay. The country is neither mountainous nor level. On the borders of the rivers, and in the interior of the country, there are forests of excellent timber. Great quantities of lumber, and especially of pine timber for ships, are carried down the Miramichi. Much of the land is gool for tillage; but only a small portion of it is well cultivated. Lumber and fish are the principal articles of export; and the trade is mostly with Great Britain and the West Indies. The capital of the province is Frederickton. It stands on St. John's river, and had, in