This event, and the information that 40,000 peasants had assembled in Franconia, and plundered and burnt 150 castles of the nobles, and 23 monasteries, inflamed his zeal. He roused his adherents in Frankenhausen, the mountaineers of Mansfeld, and the peasants at Mühlhausen, Langensalza and Tennstedt, and prepared for the war, promising his followers, that he would raise them all to the rank of nobility. Leaving Pfeifer governor in Mühlhausen, he proceeded, with 300 chosen men, to Frankenhausen, broke off the negotiations which had been opened with the count of Mansfeld, and rekindled the ardor of the towns people. Frederic the Wise, elector of Saxony, was now dead, and his more energetic successor, John, associated himself with George, duke of Saxony, Philip, landgrave of Hesse, and Henry, duke of Brunswick, and sent a force against the insurgents, who amounted to about 8000 men, advantageously posted on a height near Frankenhausen, and protected by a barrier of wagons. The princes attempted to effect the peaceable submission of the revolters, but Münzer would not listen to terms, and was totally defeated, after an obstinate struggle, May 15, 1525. The insurgents lost from 5000 to 7000 killed, and the survivors threw themselves into Frankenhausen. Münzer concealed himself in bed, feigning sickness, but was accidentally discovered, and, being carried to Heldrungen, confessed his accomplices on the rack. Pfeifer, who attempted to flee from Mühlhausen, was also made prisoner. They were condemned, with twentyfour others, and executed at Mühlhausen. Münzer behaved with the greatest pusillanimity, and was unable even to pronounce the creed at the execution. After the decapitation, his body was impaled, and his head stuck upon a stake. (See Peasants' War.)

MURAL ARCH (from murus, a wall); a wall, or arched wall, placed exactly in the plane of the meridian, for fixing a large quadrant, sextant, or other instrument, to observe the meridian, altitude, &c., of the heavenly bodies.

MURAT, Joachim, the son of an innkeeper at Cahors, born in 1771, was a man of an elegant person, spirited and active, but distinguished for the most daring courage, rather than sagacity and strength of mind, and finally fell a sacrifice to his rashness. When a boy, he escaped from the college of Toulouse, where he had been placed to prepare him for the ecclesiastical profession. He was afterwards a common chasseur, and deserted; served in

the constitutional guard of Louis XVI; then entered the 12th regiment of mounted chasseurs; rose, by his zealous Jacobinism, to the rank of lieutenant-colonel; was afterwards removed as a terrorist, and remained without employment till his fate placed him in connexion with Bonaparte, whom he accompanied as an aid to Italy, in 1796. Here he distinguished himself as a cavalry officer by his impetuous courage, and followed the general to Egypt. He decided the victory over the Turks at Aboukir, and returned with Bonaparte as general of division. On the 18th Bru maire, he expelled the council of five hundred from the hall of St. Cloud, at the point of the bayonet, and in 1800 married Marie Annonciade Caroline (born in 1782), the youngest sister of the first consul. He was present at the battle of Marengo, and, in 1804, was made marshal of the empire, grand-admiral, and prince of the French empire. His services in the campaign of 1805, against Austria, in which he entered Vienna at the head of the army, were rewarded, in 1806, with the grand-duchy of Berg. The war of 1806 with Prussia, and of 1807 with Russia, where he followed up the victories of his master, with his cavalry, procured for him the distinction of occupying Madrid with a French army in 1808. Napoleon placed him on the throne of Naples, July 15, 1808. Murat, under the title of king Joachim Napoleon, governed with prudence and vigor, chiefly following the steps of Joseph. His attempt to conquer Sicily miscarried. His wife, a woman of sense and character, effected much good at home, while Murat himself was called to accompany Napoleon to Russia, at the head of all his cavalry. He was here defeated at Tarutina (October 18). Upon the retreat, Napoleon intrusted to him the command of the wreck of the army. The emperor accused him, in the Moniteur, of incapacity in this command. Murat returned to Naples full of indignation, and sought the friendship of Austria. He, however, once more fought with Napoleon, in the fatal campaign of Germany (1813). After the battle of Leipsic, he returned with his army to his kingdom, and negotiated for its preservation, with Austria and England. The former actually concluded an alliance with him (June 11, 1814), to which Russia and Prus sia acceded, in 1815; but England would only enter into a truce, since Ferdinand of Sicily, her ally, would receive no indemni fication for Naples. The situation of Murat was consequently doubtful. He advanced with his army, in February, 1814, as far as

the Po; but his hesitation in attacking the French excited the mistrust of England, as much as the hesitation of England to acknowledge him as an ally had excited his own suspicions. At the congress at Vienna, the Bourbons solicited for his dethronement, and England accused him of treachery. He took up arms, in 1815, for Napoleon, as was then thought, while he was yet negotiating at Vienna, and formed a plan to make himself master of Italy as far as the Po. Towards the end of March, after Napoleon had entered France, he advanced with his army, partly by Rimini, partly by Rome, Florence and Modena, attacked the Austrians, and called the Italians to independence, at the very tine that Austria and the allies, upon his repeated assurances in March, that he would remain true to them against Napoleon, had determined to recognise him as king of Naples. It was too late. Austria therefore took the field against him. Forced to retreat at Ferrara by Bianchi (April 12), surrounded by Nugent, defeated by Bianchi at Macerata (or Tolentino) (May 2 and 3), Murat was deserted by the greater part of his army. May 19, he entered Naples as a fugitive. The country had now declared against him. He fled in disguise to the island of Ischia, from whence he sailed for France, and landed at Cannes, May 25. His family went on board the English fleet, and found in Austria protection and a home. Napoleon would not permit him to come to Paris. But he kept up a correspondence from Toulon with his adherents in Italy. After the overthrow of Napoleon, he escaped, in the midst of continual dangers, to Corsica, while his agent, Macirone, treated with the allies for a place of refuge for him. But, pursued as a rebel in Corsica, invited to return to Naples by his adherents and by traitors (see Medici), and encouraged to do so by several brave officers, who were devoted to him, he determined to sail, with 250 of his adherents, to Naples, to recover his lost throne. Every thing was prepared, when his aid, Macirone, brought an Austrian passport, and the permission to reside in Austria. It was too late. Murat set sail that very night (September 28), with six barks. A gale, on the 6th October, off the coast of Calabria, dispersed his fleet. Only two of the vessels entered the road of S. Lucido. Murat now wished to sail for Trieste, but the captain of his vessel declared that he must land for provisions. Murat then determined to go on shore. General Franceschetti and 26 soldiers attended him

(October 8). But his declaration, "I am Joachim, your king," produced no effect. He was pursued. He forced his way back to the water, and leaped into a boat to go to his ship, but was seized and carried in chains to Pizzo, where he was brought before a court-martial, and condemned to be shot. The sentence was executed October 13. He met his fate with courage.See the Histoire des six derniers Mois de la Vie de Joachim Murat (from the Italian of general Colletta, Neapolitan minister of war during the constitutional government, Paris, 1821); and general Franceschetti's Mém. sur les Evenemens qui ont précédé la Mort de Joachim I(Paris, 1826). Murat's widow (see Bonaparte) is now called countess of Lipano, and lives under the protection of Austria, near Trieste, where she has carefully educated her four children. Her second daughter was married (1825) to count Rusponi of Ravenna. His eldest son, Achille, who resided in Florida, author of Lettres sur les États-Unis, has returned France.

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MURATORI, Lewis Anthony; a distinguished Italian antiquarian and historian. He was born at Vignola, in the Modenese territories, in 1672. Having adopted the ecclesiastical profession, and received the order of priesthood, he obtained some preferment in the church. In 1684, he was made keeper of the Ambrosian library at Milan, and, subsequently, librarian and archivist to the duke of Modena. His literary productions are voluminous and valuable; but his fame principally depends on his labors as an editor of the works of others. His works fill forty-six folio, thirty-four quarto, and thirteen_octavo, volumes.

Among them are Della perfetta Poesia Italiana (1706, 2 vols., 4to.); Antiquitates Italica Medii Evi (1638, 6 vols., folio); Novus Thesaurus Veterum Inscriptionum (1739, 4 vols., folio); Anecdota La tina (4 vols., 4to.); Anecdota Græca (4to.); his great collection Rerum Italicarum Scriptores ab Anno 500 ad 1500 (27 vols., folio), of which the two supplementary volumes appeared after his death. He was also the author of Annali d'Italia (1744-1749, 12 vols., 4to., repeatedly republished in 18 vols., 8vo.); Dissertazioni sopra Antichità Italiane (1751, 3 vols., 4to.). Muratori died in 1750.

MURET, or MURETUS, Mark Antony a learned French grammarian, so calle.! from a village of the same name, in the neighborhood of Limoges, where he was born in April, 1526. In his eighteenth year, he taught the languages nt Ville

neuve, and afterwards at Poictiers, Bourdeaux, and Paris. In the latter place, an accusation of an infamous nature caused him to be thrown into prison. At Toulouse, where he had settled, after obtaining his liberation, he taught jurisprudence for some time, when a second charge, of a similar nature, was brought against him, and, in 1554, he was condemned to be burnt in effigy. He escaped to Padua, where, as well as at Venice, he continued to give public lectures till 1560, when he accepted an invitation given him by cardinal Ippolito d'Este to Rome. In 1563, he began to teach Greek and Latin, with philosophy and civil law, at Rome. In 1576, he took the vows, became a member of the college of Jesuits, and died in 1785. His works, consisting of orations, letters, poems, sacred hymns, &c.; Varia Lectiones; four Disputations on the Pandects; On the Origin of Laws; Carmina Juvenilia, &c., all written with much purity and elegance, were collected in 1727 (Verona, 5 vols., 8vo.). Another edition appeared at Leyden, in 1789 (4 vols.).

MURFREESBOrough; a post-town in Rutherford county, Tennessee, 32 miles south-east of Nashville. It was formerly the seat of the state government; population, in 1820, about 1200. It was established about the year 1811. The town has a healthy situation, and the district in which it is situated is one of the most fertile in the state. The road is good to Nashville, at which place steam-boat navigation

commences.

MURIATE OF BARYTES. (See Barytes.) MURIATES, in chemistry; a genus of salts, formed from the muriatic acid with certain bases.

MURIATIC ACID. The name of this acid is derived from muria, the Latin name of sea salt, from which it is commonly extracted. It is also called, in commerce, the marine acid, and the spirit of salt. It is denominated the hydro-chlore acid by the French, in allusion to its composition. It is said to have been known as early as the time of Basil Valentine, though, as a gas, it was unknown till 1772, when it was obtained by Priestley, by heating the liquid acid, and receiving it in glass vessels filled with mercury. It is now procured in the gaseous form, from the decomposition of common salt by sulphuric acid, and may be collected without the use of a mercurial cistern, simply by delivering it from the gas-bottle through a narrow tube, at the hottom of a vial or jar: the gas, being of a

specific gravity of 1.259, displaces the air, and completely occupies the vessel. If an inflamed taper be immersed in it, it is immediately extinguished. It is destructive of animal life; but the irritation produced by it on the epiglottis scarcely permits its descent into the lungs. It is merely changed in bulk by alterations of temperature, but experiences no change of state. It is composed of hydrogen and chlorine, in the ratio, by weight, of thirty-six of the latter to one of the former. It is absorbed with great rapidity by water. A bottle full of the gas, if opened in water, is almost instantaneously filled. Water absorbs about 500 volumes of this gas; and the solution, when cold, has the density of 1.1958, and consists of 40.39 real acid, and 59.61 water. The common process for obtaining liquid muriatic acid is the following: common salt, sulphuric acid and water, equal weights; the acid being mingled with one third of water, and, when cold, poured on the salt; the gas evolved is conducted through reservoirs of water, and subjected to pressure in contact with it. The specific gravity of the acid thus obtained is 1.17. It is always slightly tinged with yellow, from the presence of muriate of iron, derived from the vessels employed in the process. At the specific gravity of 1.203, it boils at 1070. It combines, like the other powerful acids, with the alkalies, earths and metallic oxides, forming a very peculiar class of salts. Muriatic acid is a valuable article of the materia medica. It is particularly used in cases of dyspepsia that are attended with morbid secretions, also in hepatic derangements and cutaneous diseases. It is also of considerable value as a disinfect ing agent.

MURILLO, Bartolomeo Esteban, the greatest of all the Spanish painters, was born at Seville, Jan. 1, 1618. He received his first instructions in the art from his relation, Juan del Castillo; but the latter having gone to settle at Cadiz, Murillo was obliged, for subsistence, to paint banners and small pictures for exportation to America. In that business, he obtained full employment, and began to distinguish himself as an able colorist. He was still very young, when he happened to see some works of Pedro de Moya, who was passing through Seville, on his way to Cadiz, which, being painted in the style of Vandyke, inspired him with the desire of imitating that great artist, under whom De Moya had studied shortly before his decease. The time he was able to avail himself of Moya's instruction was very

short, and he resolved afterwards to repair to Italy for improvement. But his means were totally inadequate to meet the expenses of such a journey. Collecting, however, all his resources, he bought a quantity of canvass, divided it into a number of squares, upon which he painted subjects of devotion and flowers, and, with the produce of the sale of these, set out upon his journey, unknown to his relations and friends. On his arrival at Madrid, he waited upon Velasquez, his countryman, and communicated his plans to him. Struck with the zeal and talents of the young artist, Velasquez treated him with the greatest kindness, and diverted him from his project of the journey to Rome, by procuring him full employment at the Escurial, and in the different palaces of Madrid. Murillo returned to Seville in 1645, after an absence of three years. The following year, he finished painting the little cloister of St. Francis; and the manner in which he executed it produced the greatest astonishment among his countrymen. His picture of the Death of Santa Clara, and that of St. James distributing Alms, crowned his reputation. In the first, he showed himself a colorist equal to Vandyke, and, in the second, a rival of Velasquez. They obtained him a multitude of commissions, which procured him an independent fortune. His success, however, never led him to be careless. He gradually perfected his manner, by giving more boldness to his pencil, without abandoning that sweetness of coloring which distinguished him from all his rivals, increasing its strength, and giving greater freedom to his touch. He enriched the churches and convents of Seville, and other cities, with numerous works. Having been invited to Cadiz, to paint the grand altar of the Capuchins, he there executed his celebrated picture of the Marriage of St. Catharine. As he was about to finish it, he wounded himself so dreadfully on the scaffolding, that he continued to feel the effects of the injury until his death, at Seville, in April, 1682. To the greatest merit as an historical painter, Murillo joined equal excellence in flowers and landscape. His works afford proofs of the perfection to which the Spanish school had attained, and the real character of its artists; for, as Murillo never quitted his native country, he could not be influenced by any foreign style; and his originality of talent places him in the first rank among the painters of every school. He has neither the charming dignity of Raffaelle, the grandeur of Caracci, nor the 9

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grace of Correggio; but, as a faithful imttator of nature, if he is sometimes vulgar and incorrect, he is always true and natural; and the sweetness, brilliancy, freshness and harmony of his coloring, make us forget all his defects.

MURPHY, Arthur, a dramatic writer, born in Ireland, 1727, was sent, at the age of ten, to the college of St. Omer, where he remained six years, and, on his return, was employed in the counting-house of his uncle, who intended to make him superintendent of an estate in Jamaica; but his inclination being averse to this destination, he repaired to his mother, then resident in London. At first, he accepted a situation in a banking-house, but was soon altogether engrossed by literature. In October, 1752, he published the first number of the Gray's Inn Journal, a literary periodical, and first essayed his dramatic powers in the farce of the Apprentice, which was followed by the Upholsterer. He soon after made an attempt as an actor, in the character of Othello, and held an engagement with Foote for a single season, and then retired. On quitting the stage, he determined to study the law, and was admitted a barrister by the society of Lincoln's Inn, in 1757. In 1759, he produced the Orphan of China, from the tragedy of Voltaire, and a variety of other pieces, of tragedy, comedy and farce, for the groundwork of which he was generally indebted to some foreign original. Of these, the Grecian Daughter, the Way to keep him, All in the Wrong, and Know your own Mind, still keep the stage. In 1788, he retired altogether from the bar, and occupied himself entirely for the press. In 1792, appeared his Essay on the Life and Genius of Doctor Johnson and, in 1793, he published his translation of Tacitus, with historical supplements. In 1798, appeared his tragedy of Arminius; and his warmth in favor of the then pending war obtained him a pension of £200 per annum. He died in June, 1805, in his seventy-eighth year. One of his latest works was a Life of Garrick; and a translation of Sallust has appeared since his death.

MURRAIN, or GARGLE; a contagious disease among cattle, principally caused by a hot, dry season, or general putrefac tion of the air, which begets an inflamma tion of the blood, and a swelling in the throat, that soon proves mortal. The symptoms are a hanging down and swelling of the head, abundance of gum in the eyes, rattling in the throat, a short breath, palpitation of the heart, staggering, a hoi breath, and a shining tongue.

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MURRAY, Alexander, a distinguished commodore in the navy of the U. States, was born in Chestertown, Maryland, in the year 1755. He went early to sea, and, at the age of eighteen, commanded a merchant vessel in the European trade. At twenty-one, he was appointed a lieutenant in the navy; but no vessel being in readi,ness to receive him, he solicited and obtained a correspondent rank in the first Maryland regiment, under the command of colonel Smallwood. His conduct in the battles of Whiteplains, Flatbush and New York was marked by the greatest gallantry. He was promoted to a captaincy, and served unremittingly and bravely to the close of the campaign of 1777. Sickness obliged him to withdraw, for a time, to his father's house. As soon as he recovered, he took command, at different periods, of several well-appointed letters of marque. In these, he fought various desperate battles, that showed him an intrepid and skilful officer. After he had taken an English letter of marque of his own force, and had prisoners on board equal in number to his own crew, he was captured by an English fleet. Before long, he was regularly exchanged. He then volunteered his services as a lieutenant, on board the American frigate Trumbull, which had scarcely cleared the capes of Delaware, when, in the night, and during a terrible storm, she was attacked and taken by two British vessels of war. Lieutenant Murray was severely wounded in this sanguinary engagement. On his recovery and exchange, he was selected as the first lieutenant of the Alliance frigate, commanded by commodore Barry. In this ship he remained until the termination of the revolutionary war. He had shared in thirteen battles in the army and navy. When the new American government organized a navy, captain Murray was one of the first officers recalled into service. The U. States corvette Moutezuma was assigned to him for the proection of the American trade in the American seas. On his return from the ruise, public thanks for his conduct were given him by the president of the U. States. He was promoted to the command of the frigate Insurgent, and soon afterwards transferred to that of the frigate Constellation. His next sphere of exertion was in the Mediterranean sea, to which he was despatched with a squadron, to defend the American trade against the Barbary powers. Being attacked in nis ship when alone, near the bay of Tripoli, by a squadron of Tripoline gun-boats,

he dashed in among them, and, after a spirited action of more than an hour, drove them into their own harbor. Commodore Murray's last appointment was that of commander of the navy-yard in Philadelphia,—a post in which he rendered important services, and gave universal satisfaction. He held it during the rest of his life. He died Oct. 6, 1821, at his seat, near Philadelphia. He united to the highest firmness and resolution a remarkable mildness and serenity of temper. Few men were personally more beloved. His remains were interred with the highest honors.

MURRAY, Lindley, author of the most useful and popular grammar of the English language, was born in the year 1745, at Swatara, near Lancaster, in the state of Pennsylvania, of Quaker parents in the middle station of life. He received the rudiments of his education at Philadelphia, in the academy of the society of Friends. In 1753, his father removed, with his family, to New York, where Lindley was placed at a good school. At an early age he entered a counting-house, being destined for the mercantile profession; but, having been severely chastised for a breach of domestic discipline, he privately left his father's house, took up his abode in a seminary at Burlington, New Jersey, and there contracted a love of books and study. When brought back. after some time, he prevailed upon his father to procure a classical tutor for him, under whom he applied himself with diligence and success. From the precepts and example of his parents, he imbibed lasting sentiments of morality and religion. He now undertook the study of the law in the office of an eminem counsellor, the celebrated John Jay being his fellow-student. At the age of 21 or 22. he was called to the bar, and soon obtained practice. Within two years, he married a lady, with whom he lived in the tenderest union for more than half a century. He was very successful and sedulous in his business as a lawyer, until the war broke out between Great Britain and the colonies. About that time, the decline of his health induced him to remove into the country, about 40 miles from New York. In this retreat he passed four years; and, at the expiration of this time, he was driven back to the city (then in possession of the British) by the necessity of procuring funds for the subsistence of his family. The profession of the law being no longer lucrative, he turned merchant again, and accumulated property enough to enable him to retire from business, about the