officers devoted to him. Emissaries were sent to gain over the troops stationed in the other parts of the kingdom. Some influential individuals, among whom were the counts Hermanson and Scheffer, had also joined the royal party. A new plan was devised, and the parts so distributed, that the king's brothers were to begin the revolution in the country, while the king himself should commence operations in the capital. Agreeably to this plan, the commandant of Christianstadt, captain Hellichius, one of the truest and boldest adherents of the king, August 12, 1772, caused the city gates to be shut, and all the entrances to be guarded, and published a manifesto against the states general. Prince Charles then appeared before Christianstadt, and commenced a pretended siege, wherein no one was injured. The king, in the mean time, played his part so perfectly, as to dissipate the suspicions of the secret committee of the states. The committee ordered patrols of the citizens in the capital, which the king always attended, and, by his insinuating address, gained over to his cause the principal part of the soldiery and many of the officers. While he was thus preparing for the decisive moment, he apred serene and composed; and, on the evening preceding the accomplishment of the project, he held a splendid court, which he enlivened by his affability and gayety. On the following day, August 19, 1772, after taking a ride, the king went to the council of the estates, at the castle, where, for the first time, he entered into a warm dispute with some of the counsellors. He then went to the arsenal, on horseback, where he exercised the guard. In the mean time, the officers, upon whom he thought he could depend, assembled, in consequence of a secret order to that effect, and accompanied him to the castle, where, at that time, they were changing guard, so that those who were retiring, and those who were mounting guard, met. With the entrance of the king into the castle, the revolution began. The king then collected the officers about him, in the guard room, unfolded to them his plan, and demanded their support. Most of them were young men, and were immediately gained over by the thought of delivering their country. Three older officers, who refused, had their swords taken from them by the king. The rest swore fidelity to his The king's address to the soldiers was received with loud acclamations. He then set a guard over the entrances to the

cause.

to

hall of the council, and commanded them to remain quiet, after which he returned to the arsenal, amidst the acclamations of the people, and secured the adherence of the regiments of artillery. A public proclamation exhorted the inhabitants of Stockholm to remain tranquil, and obey no orders but those of the king. Cannon were planted, guards distributed, and several persons arrested, by way of precaution. Thus was the decisive blow struck without bloodshed, and the king returned to the castle, where he received the congratulations of foreign ambassadors, whom he had invited to his table. On the following day, the magistrates of the city took the oath of allegiance in the great market-place, amid the acclamations of the people. But it was necessary for the estates also to approve of the revolution, and to accept the new constitution, by which the royal power was enlarged, not so much at the expense of the estates as of the council. The next day, they were summoned to meet at the castle, where they found themselves without any attendants. The court of the castle was guarded by soldiers, cannon were planted before the hall of assembly, and a cannoneer stationed at each piece with a lighted match. The king appeared with a numerous retinue of officers and unusual pomp, depicted, in a forcible manner, the situation of the kingdom and the necessity of a reform, declared the moderation of his views, and caused the new constitution to be read, which was immediately approved and confirmed by subscription and oath. Almost all the public officers retained their stations; those persons who had been arrested were set at liberty, and the revolution was completed. The king now exerted himself to promote the prosperity of his country. In 1783, he went through Germany to Italy, to use the baths of Pisa, and returned to Sweden the following year through France. During his absence, a famine had destroyed thousands of his subjects; the people murmured; the nobility rose against the king's despotic policy, and the estates of the kingdom, in 1786, rejected almost all his propositions, and compelled him to make great sacrifices. A war having broke out between Russia and the Porte, in 1787, Gustavus, in compliance with former treaties, determined to attack the empress of Russia, who had promoted the dissensions of Sweden. War was declared in 1788; but, when the king attempted to commence operations by an attack on Friedrichsham, he was deserted

by the greatest part of his army, who refused to engage in an offensive war. The king retired to Haga, and thence to Dalecarlia, in search of recruits. He soon collected an army of determined defenders of their country, and delivered Gothenburg, which was hard pressed by the Danes. Meanwhile, however, the insurrection of the Finnish army, which had concluded an armistice with the Russians, still continued. The critical situation of the kingdom required the convocation of the estates. To overcome the opposition of the nobility, he constituted a secret committee, of which the nobility chose 12 members from their own number, and each of the estates, who were devoted to the king, six. The nobility, however, continued their opposition to the king, who, being encouraged by the other estates to avail himself of every measure he might think advisable, finally took a decisive step, arrested the chiefs of the opposition, and exacted the adoption of the new act of union and safety, April 3, 1789, which conferred on him more extensive powers. The war was now prosecuted with great energy and with various success. Bloody battles, especially by sea, were gained and lost; but although Gustavus valiantly opposed superior forces, yet the desperate state of his kingdom, and the proceedings of the congress at Reichenbach (q. v.), inclined him to peace, which was concluded on the plain of Werelæ, August 14, 1790. Untaught by the warnings of adversity, he now determined to take part in the French revolution, and to restore Louis XVI to his throne. He wished to unite Sweden, Russia, Prussia and Austria, and to place himself at the head of the coalition. For this purpose, in the spring of 1791, he went to Spa and Aix-la-Chapelle, concluded a peace with Catharine, and convened a meeting of the estates at Gefle, in January, 1792, which was dissolved, in four weeks, to the satisfaction of the king. Here his assassination was agreed upon.. The counts Horn and Ribbing, the barons Bielke and Pechlin, colonel Liliehorn, and many others, had conspired to murder him, and restore the old aristocracy. Ankarstrom (q. v.), who personally hated the king, begged that the execution might be intrusted to him. A masquerade at Stockholm, on the night of March 15, 1792, was chosen for the perpetration of the crime. Just before the beginning of the ball, the king received a warning note, but he went, at about 11 o'clock, with count Essen, stepped into a box, and, as

all was quiet, into the hall. Here a crowd of maskers surrounded him, and, while one of them (count Horn) struck him upon the shoulder, with the words, "Good night, mask," the king was mortally wounded, by Ankarstrom, with a shot in the back. With remarkable presence of mind, he immediately took all the necessary measures. He expired March 29, after having arranged the most important affairs with serenity (see Armfelt), and signed an order for proclaiming his son king.

GUSTAVUS IV, Adolphus, the deposed king of Sweden, was born Nov. 1, 1778, and, on the death of his father, Gustavus III (March 29, 1792), was proclaimed king. He remained 43 years under the guardianship of his uncle, Charles, duke of Sudermannland, then regent (afterwards king Charles XIII), and ascended the throne Nov. 1, 1796. In his 18th year, he was betrothed to a princess of Mecklenburg, when the empress Catharine invited him to St. Petersburg, with the design of marrying him to her granddaughter Alexandra Paulowna. Every thing was ready for the marriage, and the assembled court waited for the young king, when he refused to sign the marriage contract, because it embraced some articles which he would not concede to the empress; among others, one securing to the young queen the free exercise of the Greek religion in her palace, which was contrary to the fundamental laws of the Swedish kingdom. Nothing could change the determination of Gustavus; he retired, and shut himself up in his chamber, so that a stop was put to the whole ceremony. Soon after (October, 1797), he married Frederica, princess of Baden, sisterin-law of the emperor Alexander and the king of Bavaria. As a striking example of his folly, it is related, that he was once on the point of commencing a bloody war with Russia, because he insisted on painting a boundary bridge, with the Swedish color on the Russian side. When the northern powers were negotiating the renewal of the armed neutrality, directed especially against England, he went to St. Petersburg,in 1801, to hasten the conclusion of the treaty; he was well received by Paul I, who bestowed on him the cross of St. John of Jerusalem. In July, 1803, he visited the court of his fatherin-law at Carlsruhe, in order to gain over the emperor and the princes of the empire to the project, which then seemed impracticable, of again placing the Bourbons at the head of the French government. He was in Carlsruhe when (March

15, 1804), the duke D'Enghien was seized in the territories of Baden. Gustavus immediately sent his aid-de-camp to Paris, with a letter to Bonaparte, for the purpose of saving the duke, who, however, was shot before the letter was received. Gustavus sent a remonstrance to Ratisbon, on this subject, and was, excepting Alexander I, the only sovereign who openly expressed his indignation at this deed. His rupture with France, his alliance with Great Britain and Russia, and his coolness towards the king of Prussia, to whom he sent back the black eagle, because it had been bestowed on Napoleon, were the consequence of his hatred of the new emperor of France. It having been calculated that the number 666 was contained in the name of Napoleon Bonaparte, Gustavus believed him to be the beast described in the Revelations, whose reign was to be short, and for whose destruction he was called! His ambassador delivered to the German diet of 1806 a declaration of the king, that he would take no part in its transactions, so long as its acts were under the influence of usurpation; he also rejected the offers of peace made by Napoleon a short time before the peace of Tilsit; and, July 3, 1807, broke the truce with France, and even refused the mediation of Russia and Prussia, after the peace of Tilsit. He returned the Russian order of St. Andrew, as he had formerly the Prussian order of the eagle, and, by his adherence to England, plunged his people into a disadvantageous war with Russia, and became anew the enemy of Prussia, and then of Denmark. Finland was lost, and a Danish army threatened the frontiers of Sweden. Deaf to all solicitations to conclude a peace, he alienated the nobility and the army by his caprices, and exasperated the nation by the weight of the taxes. Having finally provoked the enmity of England, by seizing the English ships in the Swedish ports, when that power endeavored to bring him to reason, it appeared plain to every one, that he was ready to sacrifice the welfare of his people to his passions. A plot was secretly formed against him; the western army, assured that the Danes would not pass the frontiers, took up its line of march to Stockholm, where the principal conspirators were plotting in the immediate presence of Gustavus. It was only 70 miles from the capital when Gustavus heard of its approach. He hastened from Haga, where he was residing with his family, to Stockholm, to defend his capital against the rebels. But he altered his

plan, and determined to go to Linkioping with the troops which were in Stockholm. He was about to remove the bank from the capital, but first required it to advance him $2,000,000, or the greatest sum which could be raised. The commissaries refused to comply; Gustavus showed an intention to use force; upon which it was resolved to anticipate him. Such was the situation of affairs on the evening of March 12, 1809. The king spent that night in preparing every thing for his departure, and the moment arrived when he was to take the money from the bank. Three doors of the palace were already secured, and all the officers were assembled, as it was the usual day of parade. Field-marshal Klingspor and general Adlerkreuz, however, once more attempted the effect of conciliatory propositions, when Gustavus highly offended them by his insulting manner. Adlerkreuz then called the marshal Silbersparre and five adjutants, demanded of the king his sword, and declared him a prisoner in the name of the nation. Gustavus attempted to strike him with his sword, but it was wrested from him. Upon his cry for help, some of his faithful followers forced the doors; but they were overpowered by 30 of the conspirators, who rushed in upon them. During this struggle, Gustavus escaped, but was seized upon the stairs and brought back to his chamber by one of his servants, where he broke out into an ungovernable fit of rage. All the entrances of the castle were closely guarded. noon, Charles, duke of Sudermannland, published a proclamation, declaring that he had taken the government into his own hands. The revolution was completed in a few hours. Gustavus now submitted quietly. Perhaps his religious enthusiasm was the cause of his present state of mind. At one o'clock at night, he was carried to Drotningholm. His wife and children were obliged to remain in Haga. March 24, he was removed to Gripsholm, his favorite place of residence. Here he published (March 29) an act of abdication, expecting the final sentence of the diet, which, on its first session (May 10), solemnly renounced their allegiance to him, and declared the heirs of his body for ever incapable of succeeding to the Swedish throne. Thereupon a formal act was prepared. The dethroned king occupied himself at Gripsholm, principally in studying the Revelation of John. He wished to leave Sweden. The estates, on the proposition of the new king, Charles XIII, settled on him an annual pension for

At

himself and family. His private property, as well as that of his wife and son, was also left him. He did not occupy the place of residence assigned to him in the island of Wisings-Oe, but (Dec. 6, 1809) went from Gripsholm to Germany and Switzerland, where he lived under the title of count of Gottorp. He has since separated from his wife and children; and his marriage was, on the 17th of February, 1812, at his own request, annulled. The same year, he also desired to be admitted among the Moravian Brothers at Herrnhut. Since his separation from his wife, he has been accustomed to wear the mystical religious badge of the order of St. John. He afterwards made several tours without any definite object, visited St. Petersburg, and, in 1811, London. In December, 1814, he was making preparations at Båle for a visit to Jerusalem. In 1815, he presented a declaration to the congress of Vienna, asserting the claims of his son to the Swedish throne. He finally assumed the name of Gustavson, and visited Leipsic, in 1827, as a private individual. His son Gustavus, who was born in 1799, studied in Lausanne and Edinburgh, was present at Vienna and Verona at the time of the congress in 1822, and in 1825 entered the Austrian service, as lieutenant-colonel of the imperial Hulans. He lives at Vienna, and enjoys the title of royal highness. He has three sisters, carefully educated by their excellent mother (who died in 1826). The eldest was married, in 1819, to Leopold of Hochberg, margrave of Baden.

GUSTO; an Italian word signifying taste. It often occurs in music; as, con gusto, with taste.

GUT, in the West India islands, particularly in the island of St. Christopher's, or St. Kitt's, is a term for the opening of a river or brook, such river or brook also being often so called.

GUTS-MUTHS, John Christian Frederic, born in Quedlinburg, 1760, was the first German author who wrote extensively on the various exercises included in the modern gymnastics. Guts-Muths was, for a long time, a teacher in the institution of Salzmann, at Schnepfenthal. He wrote several works on gymnastics. His latest is the Turnbuch (Frankfort on the Maine, 1818), in which he adopted many exercises, as also the name of the book, from that of Jahn (q. v.), as the latter had also adopted many things from him. He wrote, too, a Geography (2 vols., 18101813), and edited a Bibliothek der pädagogischen Literatur-Library of Works on Education (1800-1820, 55 vols.) Guts

Muths lives, at present, near Schnepfenthal.

GUTTA SERENA. (See Cataract.) GUTTENBERG, more properly GUTENBERG, John, or Henne Gänsefleisch von Sorgenloch (Sulgeloch), usually called the inventor of printing, was born at Mentz, about 1400. The family of Gutenberg called itself noble. In 1424, Gutenberg was living in Strasburg, and, in 1436, entered into a contract with one Andrew Dryzehn (Dritzehn) and others, binding himself to teach them all his secret and wonderful arts, and to employ them for their common advantage. The death of Dryzehn, which happened soon after, frustrated the undertaking of the company, who had probably intended to commence the art of printing; especially as George Dryzehn, a brother of the deceased, engaged in a lawsuit with Gutenberg, which turned out to the disadvantage of the latter. When and where the first attempts were made at printing cannot be fully decided, as Gutenberg never attached either name or date to the works he printed. This, however, is certain, that, about 1438, Gutenberg made use of movable types of wood. In 1443, he returned from Strasburg, where he had hitherto lived, to Mentz, and, in 1450, formed a copartnership with John Faust, or Fust, a rich goldsmith of this city (who must not be confounded with the famous magician Faust), who furnished money to establish a press, in which the Latin Bible was first printed. But, after some years, this connexion was dissolved. Faust had made large advances, which Gutenberg ought to have repaid; and, as he either could not or would not do it, the subject was carried before the tribunals. The result was, that Faust retained the press, which he improved and continued to use in company with Peter Schöffer of Gernsheim. By the patronage of a counsellor of Mentz, Conrad Hummer, Gutenberg was again enabled to establish a press the following year, when he probably printed Hermanni de Saldis Speculum Sacerdotum (in quarto), without the date or the printer's name. Here, likewise, as some maintain, appeared four editions of the Donat (Latin grammar of Donatus), which others, however, ascribe to the office of Faust and Schöffer. In 1457, the Psalter was printed with a typographical elegance which sufficiently proves the rapid advances of the new art, and the diligence with which it was cultivated. Gutenberg's printing-office remained in Mentz ull 1465. About this time, he was ennobled by Adolphus of

Nassau, and died Feb. 24, 1468. Little is known of his life and works, or of the early progress of the art of printing, and the introduction of movable types. Valuable statements and suggestions on this subject are to be found in Fischer's Versuch zur erklärung alter typographischen Merkwürdigkeiten (Hamburg, 1740); Oberlin's Beiträge zur Geschichte Gutenberg (Strasburg, 1801); and in the works of Denis, Lichtenberger, Panzer, and many other writers.

GUTTURAL (from the Latin guttur, the throat) signifies, in grammar, a sound produced chiefly by the back parts of the cavity of the mouth. The palatals g and k are nearly related to them. The Greek x, the German ch after a, and ch after i, and the Dutch g, are gutturals. The Arabian language is full of gutturals, and many of them are unknown in most other languages. (See the article H, for the relation between g and the guttural sound of the German ch or the Greek x.) The modern Greek gives to x a very strong guttural sound, like that of the German ch after e and after a. The Irish ris a true guttural. The French nasal sound, as in long, is a true guttural; the English sound in long not so much, as it is less nasal. The Spanish has been called, by some, a nasalguttural. The roughness of the dialect of Switzerland is owing to its strong and numerous gutturals; for it not only pronounces all the gutturals of the German language very forcibly, but also gives to g, in many cases, the harsh guttural sound of ch after a.

GUY; a rope used to keep steady any weighty body from bearing or falling against the ship's side while it is hoisting or lowering, particularly when the ship is shaken by a tempestuous sea.-Guy is also the name of a tackle, used to confine a boom forward when a vessel is going large, and to prevent the sail from shifting by any accidental change of the wind or course, which would endanger the springing of the boom, or perhaps the upsetting of the vessel.-Guy is likewise a large slack rope, extending from the head of the main-mast to the head of the fore-mast, and having two or three large blocks fastened to it. It is used to sustain a tackle to load or unload a ship with, and is accordingly removed as soon as that operation is finished.

GUY, Thomas, the founder of Guy's hospital, was the son of a lighterman in Southwark, and born in 1644. He was brought up a bookseller. He dealt largely in the importation of Bibles from Holland,

and afterwards contracted with Oxford for those printed at that university; but his principal gains arose from the disreputable purchase of seamen's prize tickets, in queen Anne's war, and from his dealings in South sea stock, in 1720. By these speculations and practices, aided by the most penurious habits, he amassed a fortune of nearly half a million sterling, of which he spent about £200,000 in the building and endowing his hospital in Southwark. He also erected almshouses at Tamworth, and benefited Christ's hospital and various other charities, leaving £80,000 to be divided among those who could prove any degree of relationship to him. He died in December, 1724, in his 81st year, after having dedicated more to charitable purposes than any private man in English record.

GUY DE CHAULIAC (Guido de Cauliaco), a native of Chauliac, on the frontier of Auvergne, France, lived in the middle of the 14th century, and was the physician of three popes. He is to be considered as the reformer of surgery in his time. His Chirurgia magna contains most of the opinions of his predecessors. It was long considered as a classical text book; was finished at Avignon in 1363; and was printed at Bergamo (1498, folio). older edition is mentioned (Venice, 1470, folio). It has been often reprinted, commented on, and translated into modern languages.

An

GUY FAWKES. (See Gunpowder Plot.) GUY'S HOSPITAL, in the borough of London. (See Guy.) The hospital was established for 400 sick persons, besides 20 incurable lunatics. It contains 13 wards, and upwards of 400 beds. There are three physicians, three surgeons, and an apothecary. The average number of patients admitted annually is about 2250, besides whom there are 20,000 out-patients. This hospital has a collection of anatomical preparations, and a theatre for the delivery of chemical, medical and anatomical lectures. On one evening in the week, medical subjects are debated.

GUYON, Madame. (See Quietism.)

GUYS, Pierre Augustin; born at Marseilles, 1721; a merchant in Constantinople, and afterwards in Smyrna; known for his travels and his accounts of them. He subsequently became a member of the institute, and of the academy of Arcadians in Rome. His first work appeared in 1744, and contained an account of his journey from Constantinople to Sophia, the capital of Bulgaria, in a series of letters. In 1748, he published, in the form of let