ralists have not given any satisfactory explanation of this singularity in the migration of fish. It may, in some instances, be occasioned by the close pursuit of an unusual number of predatory fish, to avoid the voracity of which, they may be driven upon shores that they were formerly unaccustomed to frequent; or a deficiency of their usual food may force them to abandon a residence where they could no longer be supported.

manuscript papers of Hakluyt were used by Purchas. (q. v.)

HALBARD, or HALBERT, in the art of war, a well known weapon carried by the sergeants of foot, is a sort of spear, the shaft of which is about six feet long. Its head is armed with a steel point, edged on both sides; but, besides this sharp point, which is in a line with the shaft, there is a cross piece of steel, flat, and pointed at both ends, but generally with a cutting

HAKLUYT, Richard, one of the earliest English collectors of voyages and maritime journals, was born in 1553. He entered Christ-church college, Oxford, and became so eminent for his acquaintance with cosmography, that he was appointed public lecturer on that science. In 1582, he published a small Collection of Voyages and Discoveries, which formed the basis of a subsequent work, on a larger scale. About 1584, he went to Paris, and staid there five years. After his return home, he was chosen, by sir Walter Raleigh, a member of the corporation of counsellors, assistants and adventurers, to whom he assigned his patent for the pros ecution of discoveries in America. In consequence of this appointment, he prepared for the press his collection of The principal Navigations, Voyages and Discoveries of the English Nation, made by Sea, or over Land, within the Compass of these 1500 Years. The first volume, in folio, was published in 1589, and the third and last in 1600. Besides narratives of nearly 220 voyages, these volumes comprise patents, letters, instructions and other documents, not readily to be found elsewhere. He died in 1616, and was interred in Westminster abbey. He published several other geographical works; among them is Virginia richly valued, by the Description of Florida (London 1609, 4to.). An edition of his works was published in London, 1809-1812, 5 vols. 4to.

The

HALBERSTADT, a Prussian city, in the province of Saxony and government of Magdeburg, has 14,700 inhabitants, and manufactures cloth, linen and leather. It was the capital of the ci-devant principality of Halberstadt. It has 10 churches, besides the cathedral of St. Stephen. It is a place of great antiquity, and is supposed to have been built by the Cherusci. The buildings are in the Gothic style, and of antique appearance. A remarkable diet of the German empire was held here in 1134. It is a walled city. Lat. 51° 53′ 55" N.; lon. 11° 4' E.

HALDE, John Baptiste du, a learned Jesuit, was born at Paris in 1674. He was intrusted by his order with the care of collecting and arranging the letters sent by the society's missionaries from the various parts of the world. He was also secretary to father Le Tellier, confessor to Louis XIV. He died in 1743, much esteemed for his mildness, piety and patient industry. He is chiefly known as the editor of the Lettres édifiantes et curieuses, from the 9th to the 26th collection, to which he wrote useful prefaces; and also for his compilation entitled Description historique, géographique, et physique, de l'Empire de la Chine, et de la Tartarie Chinoise (4 vols. folio, Paris, 1735). The latter work, which, with some retrenchments, has been translated into English, is deemed the most complete general account of that vast empire which has appeared in Europe.

HALDENWANG, Christian; born May 14, 1770; one of the most distinguished living engravers of Germany. He was obliged, when a boy, to labor in the vineyards and on the fields of his father, a surgeon at Durlach. After he was admitted to the drawing school of his native place, he made great exertions to improve himself. In 1796, he received an invitation to Dessau, from the chalcographic society, where he remained eight years, devoting himself to aquatinta; but, at a later period, he was recalled, by his sovereign, to

Carlsruhe. Since that time, he has resigned aquatinta, and now works only with the burin and the etching-needle. In the Musée Napoléon are two landscapes of Ruisdael and Poussin, one after Claude Lorraine, and one after Elsheimer, engraved by him.

HALE, in the sea language, signifies pull. HALE, Sir Matthew, an eminent English judge, was born at Alderley, in Gloucestershire, in 1609. He received his early education under a Puritanical clergyman, and afterwards became a student at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, whence he removed, in his 21st year, to Lincoln's Inn. He is said to have studied 16 hours daily, extending his researches to natural philosophy, mathematics, history and divinity, as well as the sciences more immediately connected with his profession. He was called to the bar previously to the commencement of the civil war; and, in the conflict of parties which took place, his moderation, accompanied, as it was, by personal integrity, and skill in his profession, secured him the esteem of both royalists and parliamentarians in his own time. Imitating Atticus rather than Cato, he adhered to the triumphant party, and scrupled not to take the covenant, and become a lay-member of the famous ecclesiastical assembly at Westminster; yet he acted as counsel for the accused on the trials of the earl of Strafford, archbishop Laud, and even of the king himself. In 1652, he was placed on the committee appointed to consider of the propriety of reforming the law. In 1654, he became a judge of the common bench (the former king's bench), in which station he displayed firmness of principle sufficient to give offence to the protector; and, finding he could not retain his office with honor, he refused to preside again on criminal trials. After the death of Oliver Cromwell, he refused a new commission from his son and successor. He was a member of the parliament which restored Charles II, and he was one of the members most active in passing the act of indemnity. In November, 1660, he was knighted, and made chief baron of the court of exchequer. He presided at the condemnation of some persons arraigned for witchcraft, at Bury St. Edmund's, in 1664, and was the last English judge who sanctioned the conviction of culprits for that imaginary crime. He was raised to the chief-justiceship of the king's bench in 1671, where he sat till 1676, towards the end of which year he died. After his death appeared his History of the Pleas of the Crown, The Ju

risdiction of the Lords' House, and The History of the Common Law of England; of which there have been repeated editions, with comments. His valuable collection of manuscripts relating to history and jurisprudence, is preserved in the library of Lincoln's Inn. Sir Matthew Hale also wrote several works on scientific and religious subjects.

HALE, Nathan, an officer in the revolutionary army, was born in Coventry, Connecticut, and was graduated at Yale college, in 1773. As the contest between the mother country and the colonies was then waging, he offered his services to the latter, and obtained a captain's commission in colonel Knowlton's regiment of light infantry, which formed the van of the American army. After the retreat of general Washington from Long Island, by which it was left in the possession of the British, that commander applied to colonel Knowlton to adopt some means of gaining information concerning the strength, situation and future movements of the enemy. The colonel communicated this request to captain Hale, who immediately volunteered his services; and, conquering his repugnance to assume a character foreign to his nature, in the hope of being useful to his country, passed in disguise to Long Island, examined every part of the British army, and obtained all the requisite information. In attempting to return, however, he was apprehended, and brought before sir William Howe, who ordered him to be executed, the next morning, on his acknowledging who he was, and what was his object, when he found the proof against him too strong to be gainsayed. This sentence (conformable, it is true, to the laws of war) was carried into effect in the most unfeeling manner. He was refused the attendance of a clergyman; and the letters which he wrote, a short time before his death, to his mother and others, were destroyed, in order, as was said by the provost marshal, “ that the rebels should not know they had a man in their army who could die with so much firmness." The untimely end of this promising but unfortunate young man resembled that of major Andre, in the circumstances which led to it; but the celebrity of the two has been widely different. The memory of the Englishman has received every honor, not only in his own country, but likewise in this; while that of the martyr to the cause of American liberty hardly survives even here. The monument of the former stands in Westminster abbey, amongst those of sages and he

roes, whilst the grave of the patriot is not even marked by a stone or an inscription. HALEN, don Juan van, a Spaniard of Dutch extraction, was born in the Isle of Leon, Feb. 16, 1790. As some interest is attached to the name of this man from his having been for a time at the head of the military forces of the insurgents in the late revolution in Brussels (1830), we give the following account of him, extracted from the Narrative of Don Juan van Halen's Imprisonment in the Dungeons of the Inquisition at Madrid, and his Escape in 1817 and 1818; to which are added his Journey to Russia, his Campaign with the Army of the Caucasus, and his Return to Spain in 1821, edited from the original Spanish Manuscript, by the Author of Don Esteban and Sandoval (London, 1828.) For the entire authenticity of the account we do not vouch, as the book has in many parts the air of a fiction. His father was employed in the Spanish navy; and before the subject of the present article had attained his 16th year, he had served in two naval expeditions, the last of which terminated in the battle of Trafalgar. Halen was made lieutenant, and wounded on board the flotilla of Malaga. May 2, 1807, he was wounded again, having taken part with the people of Madrid against the French. He then served against the French, was made prisoner when Soult captured Ferrol, and took the oath of submission to king Joseph, with whom he went to France, but was, after some time, dismissed. In 1813, when all the afrancesados (q. v.) were invited back to Spain, he returned; but, anxious to perform some service for his country, he dressed himself as a French officer, and, having fraudulently obtained a copy of the seal of marshal Suchet, presented himself successively before the fortresses of Lerida, Mequinenza and Monzon, as an aid-de-camp of the marshal, with forged orders to their commandants to evacuate their posts immediately. The artifice, strange to say, succeeded completely, and Spain recovered three important places without losing a drop of blood. The French troops were afterwards taken prisoners on their march. The Spanish regency appointed van Halen captain, for having "reconquered the strong places," &c. Van Halen served, in his new rank, in the Catalonian army, until the return of Ferdinand VII. When this perjured king violated his solemn promises to the nation, secret societies were formed, in order to induce or compel the king to keep his word. Van Halen became a member of one of them, but not until he

had been causelessly suspected and imprisoned. In September, 1817, he was imprisoned a second time, in Murcia, in the dungeons of the inquisition, to the prisons of which society, in Madrid, he was removed in October. After having had an audience of the king, he was put to the torture (which he describes in his Narrative, mentioned above), escaped from the dungeons of the holy office through the kindness and ingenuity of the daughter of the turnkey, went to France and England, and, in 1818, entered the Russian service as major, in a regiment of dragoons, which formed part of general Yermelow's army, in Georgia, and was employed to repress the turbulent mountaineers on the northern side of the Caucasus. But the new revolution having broken out in Spain, the emperor gave orders for Halen's immediate dismission; he returned to Spain, and, on the entrance of the French army, fled to the U. States. In the late revolution of Belgium, he received a command in the independent troops; but, for reasons unknown to us, he was afterwards arrested.

HALES, Alexander de; surnamed the irrefragable doctor; an English ecclesiastic, celebrated among the controversialists of the 13th century. He studied at the universities of Oxford and Paris, in which latter city he died in 1245.

HALF MARK; a noble, or six shillings and eight pence.

HALF MOON, in fortification; an outwork composed of two faces, forming a salient angle, whose gorge is in form of a half moon.

HALF PIKE; a defensive weapon, composed of an iron spike, fixed on an ashen staff. Its use is to repel the assault of boarders in a manner similar to the defence of the charged bayonet among infantry; hence it is frequently termed a boarding pike. It takes the epithet of half from its having a much shorter staff than the whole pike.

HALIBUT. (See Holibut.)

HALICARNASSUS; the capital of Caria, in Asia Minor, and the residence of the Carian kings. It was once an important commercial city. The present name is Bodrun or Budron. It lies opposite the island of Stanchio. Queen Artemisia erected here the celebrated mausoleum in honor of her husband, king Mausolus. Halicarnassus was the native place of Herodotus, Dionysius the historian, and Dionysius the musician (who wrote on music in the time of Adrian); also of the poets Hecateus and Callimachus. For a