where he founded the village of Economy. The Harmonists are frugal and industrious, and hold their property in common. (See Rapp.-2. A village in Indiana, on the Wabash, about 25 miles from its mouth, founded by Rapp. Mr. Owen's society afterwards attempted to carry the new social system into execution here, but it is now broken up. (See Owen.)

HARMONY (from the Greek); the agreement or consonance of two or more united sounds. Harmony is either natural or artificial. Natural harmony, properly so called, consists of the harmonic triad, or common chord. Artificial harmony is a mixture of concords and discords, bearing relation to the harmonic triad of the fundamental note. The word harmony being originally a proper name, it is not easy to determine the exact sense in which it was used by the Greeks; but from the treatises they have left us on the subject, we have great reason to conclude that they limited its signification to that agreeable succession of sounds which we call air, or melody. The moderns, however, do not dignify a mere succession of single sounds with the appellation of harmony: for the formation of harmony, they require a union of melodies, a succession of combined sounds, composed of consonant intervals, and moving according to the stated laws of modulation.

HARMONY, OF EVANGELICAL HARMONY, is the title of various books, composed to show the uniformity and agreement of the accounts given by the four evangelists, by reducing the events recorded in the different evangelists to the order of time in which they happened.

HARMONY, FIGURED. Figured harmony is that in which, for the purpose of melody, one or more of the parts of a composition move, during the continuance of a chord, through certain notes which do not form any of the constituent parts of that chord. These intermediate notes not being reckoned in the harmony, considerable judgment and skill are necessary so to dispose them that, while the ear is gratified with their succession, it may not be offended at their dissonance with respect to the

harmonic notes.

HARMONY OF THE SPHERES; a hypothesis of Pythagoras and his school, according to which the motions of the heavenly bodies produced a music imperceptible by the ears of mortals. He supposed these motions to conform to certain fixed laws, which could be expressed in numbers, corresponding to the numbers which give the harmony of sounds. The im

mortal Kepler, in his Harmonices Mundi, endeavors to apply the Pythagorean ideas on numbers and musical intervals to astronomy, and in this work, as also in his Prodromus, sets forth eternal laws respecting the distances of the planets, which were not fully appreciated, until Newton, a long time after, showed their importance and connexion. It is in the Harmonices Mundi, proëmium to the 5th book, De Motibus Planetarum, that Kepler, in his enthusiasm, pronounces these bold words concerning his discovery: "Eighteen months ago, I saw the first ray of light; three months since, I saw the day; a few days ago, I saw the sun himself, of most admirable beauty. Nothing can restrain me; I yield to the sacred frenzy. I dare ingenuously to confess, that I have stolen the golden vessels of the Egyptians (alluding to the ideas of Ptolemy on the same subject), and will build of them a tabernacle to my God. If you pardon me, I rejoice; if you reproach me, I can endure it; the die is thrown. I write a book to be read; whether by the present or future ages, it matters not. It can wait for a reader a century, if God himself waited six thousand years for an observer of his works."* To understand this enthusiasm fully, we must recollect the erroneous ideas with which the world had teemed from the time of Ptolemy.

HARMONY, PREESTABLISHED. (See Leibnitz.)

HARMOTOME, or CROSS-STONE; the name of a substance curious in mineralogy, on account of the cruciform figure of its crystals, and the peculiarity of its composition. It sometimes occurs in right rectangular prisms terminated by four rhombic planes, corresponding to the solid angles of the prisms; but more frequently in twin-crystals formed by the intersection of two flattened prisms at right angles to each other, and in such a manner that a common axis and acumination is formed. The crystals yield to cleavage parallel to the planes and both diagonals of a right rectangular prism, which is their primary form. Its prevailing color is white; it is translucent or semi-transparent, with a somewhat pearly lustre, and hard enough to scratch glass. Specific gravity 2.392. It consists of silex 49.00, alumine 16.00,

*Si ignoscitis, gaudebo; si succensetis, feram; jacio en aleam, librumque scribo, seu presentibus seu posteris legendum, nihil interest; expectet ille suum lectorem per annos centum ; si Deus ipse per annorum sena millia contemplatorem præstolatus est. Joannis, Kepleri Harmonices Mundi, Libri v. Linci, Austriæ, MDCXIX.

barytes 18.00, and water 15.00. It chiefly occurs in metalliferous veins, as at Andreasberg, in the Hartz, and at Strontian in Scotland. It has also been found in amygdaloid at Oberstein.

HARMS, Klaus, archdeacon of Kiel, celebrated as a preacher and author, born May 25, 1778, at Fahrstedt, a village in Holstein, was the son of a miller. Till his twelfth year, he studied in the village school, after which he learned the rudiments of the Latin and Greek languages, from the preacher of the village. He was then obliged to attend to the mill and to the farm. From his seventeenth year, when his father died, he assumed the duties of the head of the family. In his nineteenth year, his mother having sold the mill, he entered the school at Meldorf, in Ditmarsh, studied, 1799, at Kiel, and became a tutor. In 1806, he was chosen by the society at Lunden, in North Ditmarsh, deacon, and, in 1816, was elected archdeacon at Kiel. As a pulpit orator, he is eminent; his words flow with ease and facility, often rushing, powerful and energetic, as a torrent, and his style is simple, original and perspicuous. All classes of hearers, the learned as well as the rustic, listen with edification to his preaching. He has published Summer and Winter Sermons, and The 95 Theses of Doctor Martin Luther, with 95 other Positions accompanying them, by Kl. Harms (Kiel, 1817), in which he exposes many defects of the Protestant church. He is also the author of many other works.

HARNESS. (See Mail.)

HAROLD I, Harfagar (fair-haired); king of Norway, son of Hafdan the Black; one of the greatest monarchs of that country. At the time of his father's death (863), he was in the Dofrefield mountains, and had already evinced great talent and personal prowess in several battles. Love made him a conqueror. He had offered his hand to Gida, the daughter of a neighboring king; but the proud beauty replied to Harold's ambassadors, that she would only consent to become his wife when he had subjected all Norway. Harold swore he would not cut his hair till he had accomplished Gida's desire, and, in ten years, succeeded in obtaining sole possession of Norway. In the mean time, his hair had grown long and beautiful, from which circumstance he derived his surname. While he reduced the lesser kings, he left them, with the title jarl, the administration of their territories, and the third part of their in

come; but many of them emigrated and founded Norwegian colonies. Hrolf, or Rollo, emigrated to Neustria (France). Others, with their followers, established themselves in Iceland, the Shetland Isles, Faroe and the Orcades, all which were then uninhabited. When Harold found that the emigrants often extended their incursions into his dominions, he embarked, with a naval force, to subdue them. After a bloody war, he conquered Scotland, the Orcades, &c., and returned home. He fixed his residence at Drontheim, and died there in 930, after having raised his country to a prosperous state, by wise laws and the encouragement of

commerce.

HAROLD I, surnamed Harefoot, king of England, succeeded his father, Canute, in 1035, notwithstanding a previous agreement, that the sovereignty of England should descend to the issue of Canute by his second wife, the Norman princess Emma. His countrymen, the Danes, maintained him upon the throne against the efforts of earl Godwin, in favor of Hardicanute; but, Harold gaining over that leader by the promise of marrying his daughter, a compromise was effected, and they united to effect the murder of prince Alfred, son to Etheldred II. After a reign of four years, in which nothing memorable occurred, Harold died, in 1039.

HAROLD II, king of England, was the second son of Godwin, earl of Kent. He succeeded his father in his government and great offices, and, upon the death of Edward the Confessor, in 1066, stepped without opposition into the vacant throne, without attending to the more legal claim of Edgar Atheling, or the asserted bequest of Edward in favor of the duke of Normandy. The latter immediately called upon him to resign the crown, and, upon his refusal, prepared for invasion. He also instigated Harold's brother, Tosti, who had retired in disgust to Flanders, to infest the northern coasts of England, in conjunction with the king of Norway. The united fleet of these chiefs sailed up the Humber, and landed a numerous body of men, who defeated the opposing forces of the earls of Northumberland and Mercia, but were totally routed by Harold, whose brother, Tosti, fell in the battle. He had scarcely time to breathe after this victory, before he heard of the landing of the duke of Normandy at Pevensey, in Sussex. Hastening thither, with all the troops he could muster, a general engagement ensued at Hastings, Oct. 14, 1066, in which this spirited prince, after exerting every effort of

valor and military skill, was slain with an arrow; and the crown of England was the immediate fruit of William's victory. HAROUN, or AARON AL RASHID, a celebrated caliph of the Saracens, was the second son of the caliph Mahadi. He succeeded his elder brother, Hadi, in the caliphate A. D. 786, and was the most potent prince of his race, ruling over territories extending from Egypt to Korasan. He obtained the name of Al Rashid, or the Just, but his claim to the title must be regarded with considerable allowance for Eastern notions of despotic justice. One of his noblest qualities was his love of learning and science. He caused many Greek and Latin authors to be translated and dispersed throughout his empire, and made his subjects acquainted with the Iliad and the Odyssey. He eight times invaded the Greek empire, and, on the refusal of the emperor Nicephorus, in 802, to pay tribute, addressed to him a singularly arrogant epistle, and followed it up by an irruption into Greece, which terminated in the defeat of Nicephorus, who was obliged to pay an augmented tribute, and agree not to rebuild Heraclea and the other pillaged and dilapidated frontier towns. During these transactions, the ruin of the family of the Barmecides exemplified the despotic rigor of Haroun's character. Yahia, the head of it, had superintended his education; and of his four sons, the eldest was a successful general; the second, the caliph's prime vizier, Giaffer; and the third and fourth in dignified stations. The generosity, munificence and affability of the Barmecides, rendered them the delight of all ranks of people; and Giaffer was so much in his master's graces, that the caliph, in order to enjoy his company in the presence of his sister Abassa, to whom he was equally attached, formed a marriage between the princess and vizier, but with the capricious restriction of their forbearing the privileges of such an union. Passion broke through this unjust prohibition, and the caliph, in his revenge, publicly executed Giaffer, and confiscated the property of the whole family. Haroun attained the summit of worldly power and prosperity, and the French historians mention a splendid embassy which he sent to Charlemagne, which, among other presents, brought a magnificent tent, a water-clock, an elephant, and the keys of the holy sepulchre at Jerusalem, implying a permission for European pilgrims to visit it. Haroun was seized with a mortal distemper, while on the point of march

ing to put down a rebellion in the provinces beyond the Oxus; and, retiring to Tous, in Korasan, expired in the 47th year of his age, and 23d of his reign. The popular fame of this caliph is evinc ed by the Arabian Nights' Entertainments, in which Haroun, his wife Zobeide, his vizier Giaffer, and his chief eunuch Mesrour, are frequent and conspicuous characters.

HARP; a stringed instrument, consisting of a triangular frame, and the chords of which are distended in parallel directions from the upper part to one of its sides. Its scale extends through the common compass, and the strings are tuned by semitonic intervals. It stands erect, and, when used, is placed at the feet of the performer, who produces its tones by the action of the thumb and fingers of both hands on the strings. The ancients had a triangular instrument, called trigonum, corresponding somewhat to our harp. Some authors say that it came originally from the Syrians, from whom the Greeks borrowed it. The ancient sambuca is believed by some to correspond to the harp. Some writers say that the harp came to us from the nations of the north of Europe, in whose languages they trace its etymology. Papias and Du Cange assert that the harp derives its name from the Arpi, a people of Italy, who invented it; but Galileo maintains that the Italians received it from the Irish. Whatever may have been its origin, its invention is very ancient. It was known to the Egyptians, as appears from the travels of Bruce and Denon. The four harps, of which the latter traveller has given drawings, are almost the same in shape as ours. The two first have 21 strings, the third 18, and the fourth only 4. The designs are from the paintings found in the tombs of the kings, in the mountain west of Thebes. The Hebrews, the Greeks and the Romans appear to have made particular use of this instrument. The ivory harp, with seven strings, belonged to the Greeks, who, however, neglected it. The Romans preserved the use of it a long time in sacrifices. The harp was much played in France in the time of chivalry. The Anglo-Saxons excelled in playing on the harp, which they generally accompanied with the violin and the cornicinus. The ancient Irish, Scotch and Welsh also made much use of this instrument, and the harp figures conspicuously in the arms of Ireland. The Anglo-Normans also were skilful performers on this instrument. Strutt, in his England, Ancient

and Modern, has given drawings of the harps used by the people of the North about the 9th century. They are triangular, like ours, but have only 10 or 12 strings. In the 13th century, the harp had only 17 strings, as appears from a manuscript of the time, cited and analysed by Lebeuf (Mem. de l'Academie des Inscript, tom. xx, page 377). No instrument has received greater improvement from modern artists than this. In its present state, while it forms one of the most elegant objects to the eye, it produces some of the most agreeable effects to the ear, of any instrument in practice.

HARP, EOLIAN. (See Eolian Harp.) HARPAGUS; a Mede, minister of king Astyages, who ordered him to put Cyrus to death. As he did not obey this command, Astyages invited him to a banquet, at which the body of his own son was served up before him; at least, so Herodotus tells us. (See Cyrus, and Astyages.) HARPE, Jean François de la. (See Laharpe, J. Fr. de.)

HARPE, Frederic Cæsar la. karpe, Fr. Cæsar.)

(See La

HARPER, Robert Goodloe, was born near Fredericksburg, Virginia, of poor, out respectable parents, who, while he was very young, emigrated to Granville, in North Carolina. He displayed, in his boyhood, vivacity of spirit and versatility of talent, and, before the age of 15, possessed the rudiments of a liberal education, a various fund of profitable ideas, and an expertness in the use of tools, which would have made him a successful mechanic. The ardor and gallantry of his character prompted him, at that age, to join a troop of horse, composed of the young men of the neighborhood, to which he acted as quarter-master, and with them he participated in Greene's campaign; but his thirst for learning and intellectual culture soon induced him to withdraw from the military career, and seek some situation in which he could complete his studies. He procured admission into Princeton college, where he taught one or two of the inferior classes, while he gained instruction and distinction in the upper. About the age of 19 or 20, he accompanied a fellow student to Philadelphia, on a visit, and here formed the resolution to embark, at once, for England, and make the tour of Europe on foot. He intended to begin with giving lessons in London, and to work simultaneously at the trade of a joiner, for which he was qualified by his early practice. This romantic project was frustrat

ed by ice in the Delaware, that prevented the departure of any vessel during many weeks, in the course of which the youthful adventurer nearly exhausted his purse, and had leisure to reflect upon the difficulties of the enterprise. As soon as the river became navigable, he resolved to sail for Charleston, and try his fortune there, his new scheme being to study the law. He arrived, after a short passage, at that city, and found himself on the wharf, a stranger to every one, with but a dollar or two in his pockets. As he stood ruminating on his condition, he was accosted by a man of respectable appearance, who asked him whether he had not taught a class at Princeton college, in which there was a youth of a certain name; and, being answered affirmatively, he proceeded to say that the youth was his son, who had rendered him familiar with the name of his tutor by the affectionate testimony often repeated in his letters. He professed a strong desire to serve his new acquaintance, mentioned that he kept a tavern, and offered him any assistance which he might require. The welcome kindness was accepted: the generous friend introduced him to a lawyer, under whom he prepared himself for the same profession; and, in less than a twelvemonth, he undertook causes on his own account. The hope of speedier success in his profession induced him to retire from Charleston to an interior district; and in this residence he first acquired some political consideration by a series of essays, in a newspaper, on a proposed change of the constitution of the state; and he was soon elected into the legislature. The reputation which he gained, as a speaker and man of business, soon placed him in congress. It is unnecessary to follow him, in his legislative course of eight or nine years, from the commencement of the French revolution to the year 1802, when the democratic party had succeeded to the national governinent. In the importance of events and discussions. the excitement of parties, the talents of leaders, the difficulties of action, the period just mentioned may be termed the most remarkable in our independent annals. Such men as Marshal, Madison, Giles, Nicholas, Tracy, Ames, Griswold, Bayard, Gallatin, exerted their various powers to the utmost, in congress; and among them Mr. Harper was constantly seen the equal adversary or coadjutor of the ablest. He sided with the federalists, and zealously supported the policy and measures of Washington, of whom he was the per

sonal friend, as he was also of Hamilton, and others of the principal federal statesmen. Many years afterwards, he collected into an octavo volume a portion of his circulars and addresses to his constituents, and a few of his speeches, as they were printed while he was a representative. These attest the vigor of his faculties, the depth of his views, and the extent of his knowledge. No member of the national councils was better acquainted with the foreign relations of his country, and the affairs of Europe, or could discuss them in a more instructive, argumentative and fluent strain. His pamphlet, published in 1797, and entitled Observations on the Dispute between the United States and France, acquired great celebrity at home, passed rapidly through several editions in England, and was esteemed, over Europe, one of the ablest productions of the crisis. The speeches which he delivered in his capacity of manager of the impeachment against Blount, on the question whether a senator of the U. States be liable to impeachment, and his argument on the constitutional powers of the president and senate relative to the appointment of foreign ministers, are specimens of his capacity in the examination of constitutional points. Soon after the downfall of the federal party, he retired from congress, and, having married the daughter of the distinguished patriot Charles Carroll of Carollton, resumed the practice of the law in Baltimore, where he soon became eminent in his profession. Judge Chase, when impeached by the house of representatives, engaged Mr. Harper for his defence, and committed to him the duty of preparing his full answer to the articles of impeachment. The victorious answer, a masterpiece in all respects, was thought to be the work of the judge himself, and excited a lively admiration of the supposed author's powers; but he furnished towards it only a few manuscript pages of loose heads, leading topics, most of which were either omitted, or essentially modified. It was mainly supplied and wholly composed by his friend and counsellor, who, in concurrence with two distinguished colleagues, Luther Martin and Joseph Hopkinson, defended him before the senate. Mr. Harper attended almost every session of the supreme court, from the time of its removal to Washington to that of his death, and was always listened to with respect by the court. His style of speaking was animated, neat, sufficiently fluent, and uncommonly perspicu

ous.

Juries especially felt the combined

influence of his clear, natural tones, simple, easy gesture, lucid arrangement and impressive exposition of facts, and his facility in applying general principles, and deducing motives or consequences at the exact point of time. Mr. Harper did not suffer his taste for literature to languish. He was a diligent reader of belles-lettres, of history, geography, travels and statistics. He was versed in the sciences of morals and government, and was particularly well acquainted with political economy, and well knew how to use, in his public addresses, the stores with which his excellent memory readily supplied him. The federal party happening to acquire the ascendant in Maryland, Mr. Harper was immediately elected, by the legislature, a senator in congress; but this position the demands of his profession obliged him soon to relinquish. The same councils bestowed upon him the rank of majorgeneral in the militia. About the years 1819-20, he set out for Europe with a part of his family, and visited, in succession, England, France and Italy. He was absent from home nearly two years. Favorable circumstances, and his own reputation and merit, procured for him access to many of the most renowned personages and brilliant circles, both of Great Britain and the continent. During the few years between his return and death, he employed himself chiefly in plans of a public character, such as the promotion of internal improvement and the colonization of the blacks. He delighted in topographical and geographical studies; and the particular notice which he had bestowed upon African geography served, besides his philanthropic zeal, to draw him into the scheme of African colonization. In private life, general Harper had signal virtues and attractions. His relatives and friends knew well the warmth and tenderness of his heart, and the generosity of his disposition. He administered aid, praise and sympathy wherever they were due. He lived with elegant hospitality, and enjoyed the company of the young and gay. In conversation, he excelled, perhaps, even more than he did in public speaking. He made a liberal estimate of the motives and qualities of his political antagonists. He never avoided social intercourse with any as such, but mixed with them in the kindest temper. For the leaders and principles of the federal party he retained a profound esteem. Immediately after the inauguration of Mr. Jefferson, he vindicated their measures, and predicted the final adoption of