allegorical poem, Le Bonheur. There are several complete editions of his writings. His wife, daughter of the count Ligniville, was one of the most excellent women of her time. After his death, she retired to Auteuil, where her house, like that of Madame Geoffrin, became the rendezvous of the most distinguished literati and artists of her time. She died Aug. 12, 1800, at Auteuil. (q. v.)

HELVIG, Amalia von; born at Weimar, Aug. 16, 1776, one of the most distinguished female poets of Germany. Her father travelled in France, England, Holland, and resided seven years in the Indies; and the mind of the lively girl was early awakened by his narratives of what he had seen and heard in foreign countries. When eight years old, she spoke English and French fluently, besides her mother tongue. She had just reached the age of 12 years, when she lost her father; and the lady who now had charge of her education kept her so closely employed, that her poetic spirit found no opportunity to develope itself. She had already begun to make rhymes before she was seven years old. In her 15th year, she went to reside at Weimar, and soon after become acquainted with Bürger, Hölty, Stolberg, and other poets of the time. At this period she began to learn Greek, and, four weeks after entering on the study, was able to commence the reading of Homer. A little poem, written by her, was presented to Louisa, duchess of Weimar, and found its way to Schiller, who invited the fair author to his house at Jena. Göthe then passed much of his time at Jena, and the young poetess, in their society, heard the most instructive observations on poetry and literature. She was afterwards appointed lady of the court of Saxe-Weimar. Here she became acquainted with her future husband, whom she afterwards followed to Sweden. Her health suffered there, and she returned to her own country. In 1813, she published the first Taschenbuch der Sagen und Legenden. She has translated several works from the Swedish, among others, the Frithiofs-Sage of Es. Tegner, in 1826.

HELVIN; the name of a rare mineral, bestowed by Werner, in allusion to its sun-yellow color, found in a mine near Schwartzenburg, in Saxony, disseminated through an aggregate of chlorite, blende and fluor, in minute tetrahedral crystals, with their solid angles truncated. These crystals cleave parallel to the faces of the regular octahedron. Its hardness is about the same with quartz; its specific gravity,

3.100. It consists, according to Gmelin, of silex, 33.258; glucine and a little alumine, 12.029; protoxide of manganese, 31.817; protoxide of iron, 5.564; sulphuret of manganese, 14.000; and volatile matter, 1.555.

HELVOETSLUYS; a seaport in the province of Holland and kingdom of the Netherlands, on the south side of the island of Voorn; 12 miles W. Dort; 15 S. W. Rotterdam; lon. 4° 8' E.; lat. 51° 50 N.; population, 1208. It has a good harbor, about 12 miles from the open sea, in the middle of a large bay, capable of holding the whole fleet of the country. The town is small, but well defended with strong fortifications. This is the general port for packets from England, chiefly from the port of Harwich. Here is a naval school. The ship channel, from Rotterdam to Helvoetsluys, was completed in November, 1830. William III sailed from this port for England, Nov. 11, 1688, with 14,000 men.

HEMERODROMI; a kind of couriers among the Greeks, famous for their extraordinary swiftness, and used, on that account, by the state, as messengers. They were employed, not only in times of peace, for the conveyance of letters, but also in war, as spies and bearers of orders. Of their great swiftness, the ancients report several instances.

HEMLOCK. It is still a matter in dispute, whether the hemlock, so celebrated among the ancients, and used at Athens for the execution of those condemned to death, was the plant at present denominated by botanists conium maculatum, or the cicuta virosa. These are both umbelliferous plants, resembling each other somewhat in appearance, but differing essentially in the degree of their virulence, the cicuta being by far the most powerful. Another opinion is, that the deadly potion was a compound of the juice of several umbelliferous plants. The conium maculatum is now naturalized in the U. States, and is an upland plant, common in waste places. The confusion of names in our materia medica, has rendered this plant liable to be confounded with the cicuta maculata, a truly native plant, growing in wet places, and possessing a much less nauseous odor than the preceding, but vastly more dangerous in its properties, and which is the cause of many deaths in the U. States, from its being eaten through mistake.

HEMLOCK SPRUCE. (See Spruce.)

HEMMLING, OF HEMMLINK, Hans; an eminent painter, who lived about the middle of the 15th century. He is

commonly thought to have been born in Flanders, and to have been carried, as a poor sick soldier, into St. John's hospital, at Bruges, where, on his recovery, his extraordinary genius for painting disclosed itself. According to later researches, he was probably born at Constance, and went to the Netherlands in order to study the art of painting in the school of Eyck. De Bast, of Ghent, asserts, in his Messager des Sciences et Arts (1825, No. 4-7), that the name of this artist was Hans Memling. Of his works, which have remained in the Netherlands, the above-mentioned hospital possesses the best; among them, a reliquary of St. Ursula, of which Van Keverberg published a description (1818), under the title Ursula, Princesse Britannique d'après la Légende et les Peintures d'Hemmling, containing also information on the other works of this artist.

HEMORRHAGE (Greek aipa, blood, and nyvv, to burst); a flux of blood from the vessels which contain it, whether proceeding from a rupture of the blood-vessels or any other cause. Hemorrhages produced by mechanical causes, belong to surgery; those produced by internal causes, to medicine. The cutaneous system is rarely, and the cellular and serous systems are never, the seats of hemorrhages; that of the mucous membranes is the most subject to them. The symptoms of the disease are not less various than its causes and its seats, and the treatment must of course be adapted to all these different circumstances. A hemorrhage from the lungs is called hemoptysis; from the urinary organs, hematuria; from the stomach, hematemesis; from the nose, epistaxis. HEMORRHOIDS (Greek aipa, and pew, to flow); literally, a flow or flux of blood. Until the time of Hippocrates, this word was used, conformably to its etymology, as synonymous with hemorrhage. It was afterwards used in a narrower sense, to indicate the flux of blood at the extremity of the rectum, and in some other cases which were considered analogous to it; thus we hear it applied to the flow of blood from the nostrils, the mouth, the bladder and the matrix. It is at present used to signify a particular affection of the rectum, although the disease is not always attended with a flux; in this sense it is also called piles. Certain general causes may produce a predisposition to this disease; in some cases, it appears to be the effect of a hereditary disposition; in general, it manifests itself between the period of puberty and old age, although infants and aged people are not entirely

exempt from its attacks. The bilious temperament seems to be more exposed to it than any other. Men are oftener affected with it than women, in whom it is sometimes produced by local causes. It often shows itself in subjects who pass suddenly from an active to a sedentary life, or from leanness to corpulency. Any circumstance which produces a tendency or stagnation of the blood at the extremity of the rectum, is to be reckoned among the local causes. The accumulation of fecal matter in the intestines, efforts to expel urine, the pressure produced by polypi, the obstruction of any of the viscera, especially of the liver, worms, the frequent use of hot bathing, of drastic purges, and particularly of aloes, long continuance in a sitting posture, riding on horseback, pregnancy, the accumulation of water by ascites,-such are some of the ordinary causes of hemorrhoids. They are distinguished into several sorts, as external, when apparent at the anus; internal, when concealed within the orifice, blind or open, regular or irregular, active or passive, periodical or anomalous, &c. There is also a great difference in the quantity of blood discharged; it is usually inconsiderable, but, in some cases, is so great as to threaten the life of the subject. The quality, color, &c., of the blood, also differ in different cases. The number, seat and form of the hemorrhoidal tumors likewise present a great variety of appearances. When the disease is purely local, we may attempt its cure; but in the greatest number of cases, it is connected with some other affection, or with the constitution of the subject. In these cases, if the tumors are not troublesome on account of their size, or if the quantity of blood discharged is not very considerable, the cure may be attended with bad consequences. The best mode of treatment is, then, to recur to hygietic rather than medicinal influences. The subject should avoid violent exercises; but moderate exercise will be found beneficial ; the food should not be too stimulating or nutritious. Travelling, or an active life, should succeed to sedentary habits. The constipation, with which the subjects of this disease are liable to be affected, should be remedied by laxatives or gentle purgatives. If bathing is used, it should be in lukewarm or cold water. Any thing which may be productive of a local heat, should be avoided; as warm seats, soft beds, too much sleep. If the pain is considerable, recourse should be had to sedatives, gentle bleeding, leeches. If the dis

ease appears under a more severe form, more violent remedies will become necessary. If the sanguineous fluxion becomes excessive, particular care must be paid to regulate it. If the tumors acquire a considerable volume, surgical operations may become necessary. If any bad consequences result from the suppression of the hemorrhoids, care must be taken to give the blood the salutary direction which it had previously; this may be effected by the use of laxative baths, emollient fomentations, the application of leeches to the anus.

HEMP (cannabis sativa); a plant belonging to the same family with the hop and nettle, extensively cultivated, and important on account of the various uses of its seed and the fibres of its bark. Poultry and small birds are very fond of the former, and it furnishes an expressed oil, very good for burning, and also employed by painters; the latter is made into cordage, ropes, cables and cloth of every quality, from that used for the sails of vessels to the fineness of linen. The stem is herbaceous, upright, simple, slightly pilose, attaining the height of four to six feet; the leaves opposite on foot-stalks, divided into five lanceolate and coarsely serrate leaflets; the male flowers, which are on separate stems, are green, resembling those of the hop, and consist of a five-leafed perianth and five stamens; the female flowers are inconspicuous, and the fruit is a little, hard, bivalve capsule, containing a single seed. The plant is annual, and possesses a strong odor, with intoxicating and narcotic properties, on which account it is usual, in India and other Eastern countries, to mix the leaves with tobacco for smoking. It is a native of India and Persia, and was transported into Europe, where it is now cultivated successfully, even in the northern parts. In the U. States, the hemp has become naturalized in many places, and is common in waste places, along road sides, &c. Though cultivated to some extent in the U. States, it still forms a large article of import from Europe, and particularly from Russia. The seeds do not preserve their vegetative properties beyond one season, on account of the quantity of oil they contain. Their goodness may also be determined by the taste. If an acrid or rancid flavor be present, the seeds have lost the power of germination; all that have a white or pale greenish color should likewise be rejected. A strong, heavily manured soil, is the most suitable for its cultivation; on which account it

succeeds so well on newly cleared lands. It should be sown more or less densely, according to the use for which it is intended; if very thick, the fibres are finer, have a better lustre, are more easily bleached, and of course more suitable for the finer kinds of cloth; if scattered sparingly, the plants attain a greater elevation, produce a stronger, coarser and longer fibre, better adapted for cordage. Care should be taken not to cover the seed too deeply with earth, and when a few inches high, it should be thinned and cleared of weeds; once is sufficient, for the hemp soon acquires such an ascendency as to entirely prevent the growth of other plants. The harvest is at two distinct periods. Soon after flowering, the male plants should be pulled up without disturbing the roots of the females, which are to remain some weeks longer, in order to bring the seed to perfection. With unscientific people, however, these terms are transposed, the males are called females, and vice versa. The males should be tied immediately in bundles, the roots cut off while fresh, the upper leaves also beaten off; and it is the most eligible practice to immerse them in water without delay, for rotting. The females, which are three times more numerous than the males, should be pulled very carefully, without shaking or inclining the summits, and the flail should not be used, as it bruises the seed. The seed, when separated, should be spread out, turned at intervals, and exposed to a current of air, otherwise there will be danger of fermentation. The process of rotting consists in the decomposition of the substance which envelopes and unites the fibres, and takes place much more rapidly in stagnant pools than in running water or extensive lakes-in warm weather than in the reverse. The time requisite varies from 5 to 15 days, even in stagnant water. The water in which hemp has been rotted, acquires an excessively disagreeable odor and taste, proving fatal to fishes, and should be at a distance from any inhabited place, lest it engender pestilential diseases; neither should it be permitted to corrupt those sources which are used for drink by man or beast. When water is not at hand, hemp may be rotted in the open air, by spreading at night upon the green-sward, and heaping it together in the morning before the sun's rays have much power. In wet weather, it may be left on the ground during the whole day, and, should the nights be very dry, it is better to water it. This process is

called dew-rotting, and is very tedious, requiring three, six or even eight weeks. Another method, again, is by placing it in a pit, and covering it with about a foot of earth, after having watered it abundantly a single time; but even this method requires double the time of water. After being rotted and rapidly dried, the hemp is ready for combing, beating, &c. ; but these subsequent manipulations are found by experience to be very unhealthy, probably on account of the fine, penetrating dust which is created; wherefore, in this instance, at least, the employment of some of the various machines which have been invented is supported on the plea of humanity. HEMSTERHUIS, Tiberius, a Dutch philologist, celebrated for his learning, particularly in the Greek and Roman languages, and for the new philological school which he founded, was born at Groningen, in 1685, died in 1756, at Leyden, where he was professor of the Greek language and of history. His father was a learned and respectable physician in Groningen, from whom he received his first instruction; and, as early as his 14th year, he entered the university of his native city, where he studied particularly mathematics. Some years afterwards, he went to Leyden, where he was commissioned to arrange the manuscripts in the library of the university. He was not 20 years old when he was appointed professor of mathematics and philosophy at Amsterdam. Here he entered into the philological career. He now undertook an edition of Julius Pollux, the lexicographer, and was thus led into a correspondence with the great Bentley, whose overpowering, though friendly criticism, for a short time, discouraged the young man. But he soon applied himself more zealously to the study of all the Greek authors, in chronological order, and with such success, that he may justly be said to have been the most profound Hellenist of the age. He was, in the full sense of the words, a grammarian and critic at the same time, and he united to this the most comprehensive knowledge of all matters connected in any manner with his studies. We are indebted to him for the foundation of the study of the Greek language, on the basis of analogy, for which Joseph Scaliger and Salmasius had prepared the way. By this analogical method, new light was shed on the origin and signification of words; the relation of single words to similar ones was pointed out, as well as their relation to the Latin language, which he frequently traced back to the Eolian

dialect. Hemsterhuis was not less familiar with Latin, although his style in that language wants the easy grace which we find in Ruhnken. This philologist and Valkenaer were his most distinguished pupils. His principal works are the above-mentioned edition of the Onomasticon of Julius Pollux, Select Dialogues of Lucian, and the Plutus of Aristophanes. Besides these, he wrote a number of excellent annotations and emendations to different authors, and several academical discourses. He was remarkable for mildness and modesty of character, and was entirely exempt from the severe and dogmatical tone of many of the Dutch philologists. His grateful pupil and friend, Ruhnken, in the classical memoir which he has consecrated to his memory, gives some fine traits of his character. Geel has published from the manuscripts of Hemsterhuis, which are preserved in the library at Leyden, Anecdota Hemsterhusiana (Leyden and Leipsic, 1825).

Jac.

HEMSTERHUIS, Francis; son of the preceding. To the classical learning which he inherited from his father, he added the study of philosophy, in particular that of Socrates, which speaks in all his productions. Hence his predilection for the animated form of the dialogue, in preference to a systematic method. The sensual system of Locke was the foundation of his philosophy, but was extended by him with great acuteness, interwoven with observations of his own, and exhibited in a manner full of life and taste. In the society of the princess Gallitzin, to whom he dedicated several of his writings, under the name of Diotima, and of the count of Fürstenberg, he made a journey through Germany, in which he collected a rich treasure of observations on the fine arts, which he communicated to his friend and colleague Smeth, in a letter originally written in Dutch, and translated into French. His philosophical views he has expressed, in particular, in the dialogue Sophyle ou de la Philosophie. class of his writings refers chiefly to the philosophy of the arts and to archæology; among which, the Lettre sur la Sculpture (1760), in which he treats on the objects of the fine arts, and in particular of sculpture, and on their different periods. The dialogue Aristée ou de la Divinité (2d edit., 1779) is devoted to the philosophy of religion, as well as the celebrated Lettre de Dioclès à Diotime sur l'Athéisme (1785), which was first made known and answered by his friend F. J. Jacobi (Essay on the Doctrine of Spinoza). His

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