Remusat's Chinese Grammar, p. 4, half of the alphabet consists. The Chinese have also a sign by which they can render ideographic signs phonetic, which, for instance, becomes necessary, when they wish to write foreign proper nouns, and have no sounds among their phonetic characters which express the foreign sound. (See Hieroglyphics.) HINGHAM; a post-town in Plymouth county, Massachusetts, 14 miles south of Boston. It is built at the head of an arm of Massachusetts bay, and is a handsome and compact village. The manufacture of wooden-ware is carried on very extensively, and umbrellas are made in considerable quantities. Hingham has some navigation, besides what is required for the disposal of its manufactures. There are five houses for public worship, and an academy. A newspaper is published here. The mackerel fishery is carried on to a considerable extent from this place. The number of vessels employed in this business, in 1821, was 27, and the mackerel taken afnounted to 10,875 barrels. In 1830, the number of vessels employed in the fishery was 6-4, and the number of barrels taken, 44,878. Upwards of 8000 hogsheads of salt were consumed for striking and packing mackerel caught from Hingham in the last-mentioned year. Population, in 1830, 3357. Major-general Benjamin Lincoln was born here, in 1733. HIPPARCHUS. (See Hippias.) HIPPIAS; prince of Athens, son of the great Pisistratus, after whose death he assumed the government, in conjunction with his brother Hipparchus: the latter was assassinated during the Panathenæa, while conducting a solemn procession to the temple of Minerva, by a band of conspirators, under two young Greeks, Harmodius and Aristogiton. Hippias now seized the reins of the government alone, and revenged the death of his brother by imposing taxes on the people, selling offices, and putting to death all of whom he entertained the least suspicion, after having forced them to confess by the most dreadful tortures. This fate fell even upon several of his best friends, whom Aristogiton, full of indignation, had falsely accused as conspirators. The Athenians, wearied with these cruelties, formed a plan to free themselves from the yoke. They found means to bribe the priests of the Delphic oracle, which commanded the Spartans to release the Athenians from the tyranny of the Pisistratides. In compliance with the command of the divine Pythia, Sparta broke off her alliance with 29 VOL. VI. the tyrant of Athens, who was obliged to yield to the united attack of his foreign and domestic enemies. Hippias was expelled from the city B. C. 510, and Athens breathed more freely. But the means by which the voice of the oracle had been gained, did not remain a secret, and the Spartans, filled with indignation, demanded the restoration of Hippias, but without success. Hippias now sought protection and support from Artaphernes, the satrap of Sardis, and induced Darius, who was already irritated against the Athenians, on account of the assistance which they had rendered to the Asiatic Greeks, to require them to receive Hippias. Their decisive refusal kindled the first war of the Persians against the European Greeks. But the battle of Marathon, in 490, destroyed, with the army of Darius, the hopes of Hippias; he himself fell on that bloody day, fighting against his country.-Hippias was also the name of a sophist. HIPPOCENTAURS, in mythology; a species of monsters, sprung from the union of a Centaur and mare. From the derivation of the word, it is highly probable that it denotes a rider who spears an ox from on horseback, for this term is compounded of the words ἵππος, κεντεῖν and ταῦρος. HIPPOCRATES, the most famous among the Greek physicians, founder of a school in medicine, and author of the first attempt at a scientific treatment of medicine, was born in the island of Cos, and in the city of the same name, B. C. 456, and belonged to the celebrated family of Asclepiades, or descendants of Esculapius, from whom Hippocrates was the 17th in descent. His father, Heraclides, a physician, instructed him in the art of physic, and his education was conducted with all the care that was usual in the principal families, during the flourishing period of Greece. He probably enjoyed the instruction of the philosophers then living at Athens, and, among them, of Heraclitus. He spent the greater part of his life in visiting the different cities of Greece, for the purpose of improving in his art. He remained longest in Thrace and Thessaly, particularly in the Thracian island Thasus, and probably travelled also over a great part of Asia. He died in his 90th year. The writings which are extant under the name of Hippocrates cannot all be ascribed to him. There were several of the name. Some of these writings are the productions of the Alexandrian school. Others, though genuine, have been collected, altered, explained, and mixed with additions by his descendants. The genuine writings of Hippocrates are, the first and third book on epidemics; aphorisms; the treatise on diet on air, waters and situations; on prognostics; some surgical treatises; the oath; the law. The most esteemed edition is that of Geneva, of 1657, in 2 vols., folio. Besides this, we may mention that by Van der Linden (Leyden, 1665, 2 vols.), and that by Chartier (Paris, 1639-79, 13 vols., folio, together with Galen). The latest is by Kühn (vol. 1st., Leipsic, 1825). Hippocrates was a zealous, unwearied observer of nature, and considered diseases with a free spirit, unprejudiced by any system; hence we have from him the finest description of their natural course, disturbed neither by medicines nor by any violent or precipitate interference. He was by this means best enabled to become acquainted with the healing power of nature, and with the different ways in which she effects the restoration of the sick, as well as with the exterior means by which she was supported in her operations. He adopted a principle of life as a fundamental power of the living body (Enormon) on which life, health or sickness were dependent; but he did not express himself more distinctly respecting it; nor did he enter into many hypotheses and investigations on the nature of disease in general. He paid great attention to the exterior influences, as the remoter causes of the maladies; in particular to air, food, climate, dwelling-place, and even to the social relations of the sick. He made the observation, that nature followed, in the course of the diseases, certain periods of increase and diminution, and was led by this to his doctrine of the critical days. In his method of curing, the dietetical precepts take the first rank. He advises to adapt the diet to the degree of strength of the sick. At the same time, he makes it his object to observe the operations of nature, to lead them, to imitate them, and, as circumstances require, to augment or to repress them. During the increase of the disease, he did not willingly undertake any thing decisive, lest nature might be disturbed in her wholesome operation on the matter of disease; but, during the crisis of secretion and evacuation of the matter of disease, or shortly before, he assisted nature by means which promoted the discharges. His peculiar merit in medicine consisted chiefly in clearing this science from the useless subtilties of the many philosophical sects of that period, and in making it, instead of the exclusive property of the priests, a common good, open to every one who wished to study it; in ob serving the course of undisturbed nature with a clear eye and an enlightened mind, and in the faithful communication of his experience. He directed the attention of physicians to the importance of exterior influences, to the healing powers of nature, and to the necessity of an appropriate diet; and enriched the doctrine of the symptoms, and of the prognostics in diseases, with a number of observations, founded in nature, and manifesting his great genius and skill as a physician. HIPPOCRENE (the horse's fountain); a spring on mount Helicon, a mountain in Boeotia, consecrated to the muses, the waters of which possessed the power of poetic inspiration. It was sacred to the muses and Apollo. It is said to have risen from the ground, when struck by the hoofs of Pegasus. HIPPODAMIA was the name of several females of antiquity; for example, of the wife of Pirithous (see Pirithoüs), king of the Lapitha. The most celebrated is the daughter of Enomaüs, king of Pisa in Elis. On account of a prediction that he was to be murdered by his future son-inlaw, he made a condition that all the suitors for his daughter should contend with him in a chariot-race, and, if he should overtake them before they arrived at the goal, should fall by his hand. He thus succeeded in slaying 13, or, as some say, 17 suitors, when Pelops, by corrupting the charioteer, caused Enomaus to be upset in the middle of the course, by which means he lost his life. Thus Hippodamia became the wife of Pelops, and mother of Atreus and Thyestes. She committed suicide, from grief at the accusation of having misled these sons to fratricide. HIPPODROME (from nos, horse, and ¿poμns, course, race) was the name, among the Romans and Greeks, of the public place where the horse and chariot races were held. Of all the hippodromes of Greece, the most remarkable was the one of Olympia, of which a description may be found in Pausanias. After this one, there was none more remarkable than that of Constantinople, which still fills the traveller with astonishment. Severus began the erection of this splendid structure, and Constantine finished it, in imitation of the great circus at Rome. It is surrounded by two ranges of columns, extending farther than the eye can reach, raised one above the other, and resting on a broad foundation, and is adorned by an immense quantity of statues, of marble, porphyry and bronze, of men and beasts, emperors and athletes. Among other remarkable monuments, of art, the four bronze horses of Lysippus stood here, which have migrated from Greece to Rome, Constantinople, Venice and Paris, and have, at last, been transported back to Venice. The Turks call this place Almeidan, that is, horse-place, and thus recall to the mind its former destination. It is, at present, 400 geometrical paces in length, 100 in breadth, and, passing over many slight irregularities, almost quadrangular; and, notwithstanding the corroding touch of time, some remarkable relics of antiquity are still found here. HIPPOGRIFF; the name of a fabulous animal, a griffin whose body terminated in that of a horse. It was a symbol of Apollo, but it is uncertain whether it belonged to him as the god of the muses or of the sun. Buonarotti thought that the Greeks had borrowed this symbol, together with the worship of Apollo, from the East, without knowing the exact signification; and this is not improbable. Although it may have been originally the symbol of the god of the sun, the poets sometimes attribute it to the god of the muses, instead of Peg asus. · HIPPOLYTUS. (See Phædra.) HIPPONAX; a Greek poet, born at Ephesus, 540 years before the Christian era. His satirical raillery obliged him to fly from Ephesus. As he was naturally deformed, two brothers, Buphalus and Anthermus, made a statue of him, which, by the deformity of its features, exposed the poet to universal ridicule. Hipponax resolved to revenge the injury, and wrote such bitter invectives and satirical lampoons against them, that they hanged themselves in despair. HIPPONOUS; the original name of the celebrated Bellerophon, the son of Glaucus and of a daughter of Sisyphus, king of Corinth. Having unintentionally killed his brother, he fled to Protus, king of Argos, who received him hospitably, and expiated him. But queen Antea soon conceived a criminal love for the youth; and, when Bellerophon, revering the rites of hospitality, did not return her affection, she avenged herself by calumniating the innocent youth to her husband. Prœtus sent him to his father-in-law, Jobates, king of Lycia, with tablets having characters engraved on them which were of dangerous import to the bearer. Jobates, in compliance with the hospitable custom of the heroes of antiquity, entertained the stranger during the space of nine days, before he inquired into the object of his visit; and having, on the tenth day, learned his commission, he also feared to lay hands on his guest. He ordered him, however, to kill the Chimera (q. v.), a monster which had three heads, and breathed fire, being convinced that no valor would enable him to sustain this combat. But Bellerophon, mounted on Pegasus a present from Pallas-fought in the air, and overpowered the monster. After this, he conquered the Solymians, and, at last, the Amazons. Jobates, then recognising the divine origin of the youth, gave him his daughter Philonoë in marriage, and shared his kingdom with him. The children of Bellerophon were Isanderos,Hippolochus and Hippodamia. He, at length, attempted to ascend to Olympus on his winged steed, but, as some writers assert, was hurled down by the thunderbolt of Jupiter; according to others, Pegasus, stung by a gadfly, threw him off; and from that time he avoided the face of man, and wandered through the deserts of Aleia in Cilicia, where he perished with hunger. HIPPOPOTAMUS (H. amphibius). This genus of the pachydermata consists of but a solitary species, at present existing; recent observations, however, have shown, that four others lived in the earlier ages of the world. The hippopotamus is fully equal to the rhinoceros in size, and is not less formidable. He has four cutting teeth in each jaw, those in the lower jaw straight and pointing forward nearly horizontally, the two middle ones being the longest. The canine teeth, or tusks, are four in number; those in the upper jaw short, those in the lower very long, and obliquely truncated. They are sometimes two feet in length, and weigh upwards of six pounds. These tusks are in great request with the makers of artificial teeth, as they are not subject to turn yellow. In figure, the hippopotamus more closely resembles an unwieldy ox than any other animal. A male hippopotamus has been known to be 17 feet in length, 7 in height and 15 in circumference. The head is very large, being three feet and a half in length; the mouth is amazingly wide, the ears small, pointed, and lined with fine, short hairs; the eyes and nostrils are small; the lips very thick, broad, and beset with a few scattered tufts of short bristles; the body is thinly covered with very short, whitish hair, more sparingly distributed on the under parts; the tail is short, slightly compressed, and almost bare; the legs are short and thick; the feet large, and divided into four parts, each furnished with a hoof; the skin is very thick, and of a dusky color. The hippo 340 HIPPOPOTAMUS. potamus is confined to Africa, and abounds most in the lakes and rivers of Abyssinia, Nubia and Upper Egypt; but these animals are also found in considerable numbers in the Gainbia, Niger, &c. They formerly were plentiful near the cape of Good Hope, but are now nearly extirpated. To preserve the few remaining, the government have prohibited the shooting them without express permission. The hippopotamus appears to have been well known to the ancients, though their descriptions of its form and habits are inaccurate. Thus Aristotle and Pliny describe it as having hoofs like an ox, a mane like a horse, a flat nose and a tail like a hog. That the latter author should have been so erroneous is extraordinary, as several of these animals had been exhibited at Rome. Scaurus, during his edileship, had five crocodiles and a hippopotamus in a temporary lake, and Augustus produced one on the occasion of his triumph over Cleopatra, and we find the figure of it on medals and mosaic pavements. But the ancients knew no other mode of description, than that of comparing the parts of an unknown animal with those of animals well known, hence giving rise to innumerable errors. Job is considered by most commentators The behemoth of to be the hippopotamus, as the description of his size, manners, food and haunts is very similar to those of the latter animal. Among the ancient Egyptians, it was revered as a divinity, as it is among the Negroes of Congo, Elmina, &c. The great strength of the hippopotamus would render it one of the most formidable of quadrupeds, were its disposition ferocious; but it is mild and gentle except under great provocation or when wounded. excited, however, his power is dreadful: When he has been known to destroy boats with his teeth, or upset them, by raising them on his back. There is no doubt that it can be tamed. Belou states he saw one kept in a stable, which showed no inclination to escape, or to commit any mischief, even when released from confinement; and Sparmann thinks they might be reared without much difficulty. The voice of the young is a squeak, like that of a hog; that of the adult is said by some writers to resemble the neighing of a horse, whilst others represent it as a loud, sonorous noise, between the bellowing of an ox and the roaring of an elephant. From the unwieldiness of his body, and the shortness of his legs, the hippopotamus cannot move very swiftly upon land; when pursued, he takes to the water, and, plunging in head foremost, sinks to the bottom, where it is said he can move along with the same slow and stately pace as in the open air. He cannot, however, continue for any great length of time thus immersed, but is obliged to rise to the surface for breath. In manners, the hippopotamus approaches somewhat to the hog. His sleeping place is usually muddy islands, overgrown with reeds; in these places, also, the female brings forth. She is supposed to go with young about nine months, and to produce but one at a birth. She is often seen in the rivers with her calf on her back. Her that of the cow. manner of suckling somewhat resembles but one male. The males often contest A herd of females has contest that ensues, as may readily be supeach other's right over the females; the posed, is terrible. vere, and masses of flesh, torn out by the Their bite is very segrasp of their monstrous jaws, mark the spot of their encounters. Sometimes, the weakest will attempt to fly, leaving his conqueror master of the field; but this seldom occurs, and it not unfrequently happens than one, or even both, perish on the spot. Although the hippopotamus is an inhabitant of the waters, his food is of which he leaves his liquid resideuce, and entirely of a vegetable character, in search ranges along the banks, committing wide devastations through all the adjoining country. On the banks of the Nile, he often defields of grain and sugar-cane being defeats the hopes of the husbandman, whole stroyed, not only to satisfy his appetite, but also trampled down by his great weight. It has been pretended, that the hippopotaappears from the best evidence, both of mus devours great quantities of fish; but it ture, that he is nourished exclusively on travellers and from his anatomical strucvegetable food. The stomach, like that of the ruminating animals, is divided into sevmus is eaten in Africa. The Hottentots, and eral pouches. The flesh of the hippopotamany other nations,are extremely fond of it. The fat resembles lard. The choice pieces feet and the tongue. The hide, which, are said to be the gelatinous part of the is converted by the Negroes into shields, as has already been stated, is very thick, and is also used by the inhabitants of the cape for whips. It is asserted by Labat, in the preparation of their colors. The that the blood is used by Indian painters rious. The Egyptians throw a large quanmodes of capturing these animals are vatity of dried peas on some place where they expect the hippopotamus to pass ; these the hungry animal eagerly devours; manufactures, a sugar refinery, &c. About five miles distant is Warmbrunn, a mineral bath, much resorted to from the northeastern part of Germany. The circle of Hirschberg contains over 47,000 inhabitants, who mostly live by the manufacture of linen. HIRT, Aloys; member of the royal academy of Berlin, professor of archæology in the university of Berlin; particularly distinguished for his knowledge of ancient architecture, and in general as a theoretical architect, as appears from his papers read to the above academy, on the temple of Diana at Ephesus, and cn Solomon's temple, on the Roman Pantheon (in Wolf's and Buttmann's Museum of Archæology), also from his Anfangsgründe der Baukunst (Berlin, 1804), &c.; but chiefly from his Die Baukunst nach den Grundsätzen der Alten (Architecture according to the Principles of the Ancients), Berlin, 1809, with 50 plates, folio. Of his life, we only know that he was born in Donaueschingen, in 1759; that he travelled in Italy, and became the companion of some persons of distinction, returned to Prussia with the countess of Lichtenau, and became the tutor of prince Henry. this mass of dry food disposes him to drink, and the water, swelling the peas in his stomach, destroys him (Hasselquist). The Hottentots sometimes practise the same stratagem. But they more commonly either take them in pitfalls prepared for this purpose on the banks of rivers, or shoot them with tin balls (Sparmann). In some places, the natives place boards full of sharp spikes in the ground, which these heavy beasts strike with their feet, become disabled, and fall an easy prey to the hunter. The most dangerous method is harpooning them; this, however, is a very common mode in Africa, and it is said that it is by no means rare to see ten or a dozen canoes employed in this kind of chase. Among the fables of the ancients respecting them, is, that they vomited fire; and Pliny relates, that this animal, when he feels his habit overcharged, repairs to some place covered with sharp reeds, and obtains a discharge of blood by lying down upon them in such a posture, that they pierce the tender parts of his skin. As has already been mentioned, the remains of four extinct species have been discovered in Europe, and described by Cuvier. These are the H. antiquus, which appears to have been about the size HISPANIA was the name given by the of the existing species. The bones of Romans to the whole peninsula of the this animal are found in considerable num- Pyrenees, now Spain and Portugal. The bers in the Val d'Arno Superiore in Tus- Greeks denominated it Iberia, and it recany, and have also been met with near ceived the name of Hesperia (the West), Montpellier and Paris in France. H. from the Roman poets. Spain was inhabminor, apparently about the size of a wild ited in the earliest times. The first inhabboar; it is not known where the bones itants were the Cynetæ or Cynesi on the were found. H. medius; this species which southern coast, the Tartessi near the pillars is established on two fossil teeth, is suppos- of Hercules, and the Sicani and Siculi. The ed to have been intermediate between the two first nations were probably driven by two latter. H. minimus; this appears to the Iberians from Gaul to Spain, and the have been very small, not exceeding the two latter by the Iberians from Spain to It common hog in size. Cuvier, in arranging aly. The Iberians, who were distinguished these two latter species with the hippo- for their love of liberty, their warlike and potamus, remarks, that although it is prob- cruel spirit, were followed by the Celts, able that such is their true situation, yet that of whom a portion remained unmixed, unit is impossible to be absolutely certain of der the name of Celtici, while another part the fact, as no incisor or molar teeth have united with the Iberians, and formed with yet been discovered. No remains of this them the gallant Celtiberi. To these inhabgenus have yet been discovered in Amer- itants, Phoenician and Greek colonists were ica, though it is far from unlikely that fu- afterwards joined, and finally Roman. ture researches may afford us specimens. Those colonists dwelt for the most part on HIRSCHBERG, after Breslau, the chief the straits, and were distinguished for civilicommercial place in Silesia, particularly in zation and an extensive commerce. The respect to the linen trade, is charmingly first conquests in Spain were made by the situated in the principality of Jauer, gov- Carthaginians after the first Punic war ernment of Liegnitz, at the confluence of (about 240 B. C.), first under Hamilcar, the Bober and Zacke, not far from the and subsequently under Hasdrubal, who Riesengebirge, has above 6200 inhabitants, founded Carthago Nova (the present Carpartly Catholics, partly Protestants, with thagena). The Romans limited the Cara good gymnasium. It is remarkable for thaginians to the river Iberus; but Hannibal its bleacheries. Hirschberg has also cloth captured Saguntum (see Saguntum), and |