a village which contains a meeting-house, a post-office, and 80 or 90 houses. It is 83 miles S. S. E. of Boston. The whole town of Tisbury contains a population of 1318, and furnishes good pilots for vessels bound to Boston over the Nantucket shoals, and to New Bedford.

HOLSTEIN; a German duchy, bounded on the north by Sleswick, on the east by the Baltic and the duchy of Lauenburg, on the south and west separated from the kingdom of Hanover by the river Elbe, and washed by the North sea. It contains 3285 square miles, with 362,300 inhabitants, mostly Lutherans. A ridge of hills divides the country from north to south, into two large inclined planes, running down on one side to the Elbe and the North sea, on the other to the Baltic. The descent towards the Elbe is comparatively gradual, and on this side several streams run from the highlands, most of which empty into the Elbe; as the Alster, the Pinnau, the Krükau and the Stőr. The part towards the Baltic is more hilly, and there are only two rivers worth mentioning, viz. the Schwentine and the Trave. But the lakes are numerous, the principal of which are the lakes Plön and Selent. On the eastern declivity, there are some charming spots; e. g., the environs of Plön, Eutin and Kiel. Nearly all the country is fruitful, particularly the lowlands on the Elbe and North sea, which begin about 20 miles below Hamburg, and are 10 miles broad. But a great part of the land in the eastern descent may now be compared to the above-mentioned lowlands, principally in consequence of the use of marl. As for minerals, the country about Oldeslohe contains salt and lime, but no metals. The animal and vegetable productions are more important. Grain is almost always abundant. Manufactures are not produced in sufficient quantities to meet the demand. Manufactures, therefore, together with colonial products and wines, are among the articles of importation. Grain, horses, black cattle, butter and peat are exported. The import and export of products are very much facilitated by the situation of the country on two seas, and would be rendered even more easy by the increase of canals in the country. Hamburg, lying on the borders of Holstein, together with Altona and Lübeck, are important markets for the consumption of domestic products. The Greenland seal and whale fisheries furnish many inhabitants of Holstein with profitable employment. Holstein may be called a fortunate country, for the necessaries of

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life cannot easily fail, and are generally abundant. There are good schools in the principal cities, and a university was founded in Kiel, 1665. The seminary for instructers, established in Kiel, 1780, has been of great service in promoting general education. December 19, 1804, bondage was abolished. The most important cities in Holstein are, Altona (q. v.); Glückstadt, a fortified city, the seat of government, at the junction of the Elbe and Stőr, (the latter of which here forms a pretty good harbor), containing 900 houses and 5200 inhabitants, engaged in the Greenland seal and whale fisheries; Rendsburg on the Eyder, at the termination of the canal which connects the harbor of Kiel with the Eyder, is an important fortress, containing 7500 inhabitants; Kiel. (q. v.) Of less note are Segeberg, where is a quarry of limestone, Oldeslohe, where are salt springs, Plőn, Itzehoe, Wilster, &c. The sovereign is the king of Denmark: for the administration of justice, the whole country, except the cities and the estates of noblemen, is divided into districts, under the jurisdiction of particular courts, from which an appeal may be made to the college of justice, or supreme court at Glückstadt, and from the seigneurial courts to the district court,which is partly filled by nobles; an appeal to the king is still allowed in certain cases. The established religion is the evangelical Lutheran, but other religious sects are tolerated; and, for the purposes of ecclesiastical government, the country is divided into eight provostships. Each provostship has a consistory, or spiritual court, composed of several clergymen of the district, under the supervision of the provost, which decides the causes that come within its jurisdiction. From this court, an appeal may be made to the superior consistory at Glückstadt, or supreme court, composed of the clergymen of Glückstadt and the general superintendent. The provost superintends the churches and schools of his district, and visits them twice a year; the superintendent does the same for the whole country. The earliest history of Holstein is obscure. Charlemagne conquered the Saxons who inhabited this country, and transported more than 10,000 families across the Rhine into Flanders, Brabant and Holland. The emperor Lothaire erected Holstein and Storman into a county. The contest between Denmark and the ducal house of Gottorp was ended, 1773, by the grand prince, afterwards emperor Paul I of Russia, ceding his claims on Holstein to the king of Denmark, in exchange for the

counties of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst, which, in 1777, were erected into the duchy of Holstein-Oldenburg, and conferred by Paul I on the younger line of Gottorp. When the constitution of the German empire was abolished by the confederation of the Rhine, the king of Denmark united (9th Sept., 1806) the whole duchy of Holstein with the kingdom of Denmark, and took away its existing constitution. In the great European crisis of 1813, the war was carried into Holstein. The country was occupied by the combined Swedish and Russian armies, and, after a short armistice, a peace was concluded at Kiel (q. v.), Jan. 14, 1814. In 1815, the king of Denmark, as sovereign of Holstein, was admitted into the Germanic confederation. Holstein was, therefore, once more connected with Germany, and it became necessary to establish a constitution in which the estates should be represented, according to the decree of the confederation. The prelates and nobility of the duchy of Holstein have made application, in consequence, to the diet.

HOLT, Sir John; an English judge, celebrated for firmness, integrity and knowledge of constitutional law, was born in 1642, and was entered as gentleman commoner at Oriel college, Oxford. Being designed for the profession of the law, he became a member of the society of Gray's Inn in 1658, was called to the bar in due course, and soon distinguished himself as a sound lawyer and an able advocate. His professional eminence having procured him the post of recorder to the city of London, he filled that responsible office with much ability for about a year and a half, when, the court determining on the abolition of the test act, his uncompromising opposition to that unpopular measure lost him his situation. He continued in disgrace with James till 1686, when he was made serjeant-at-law; and, becoming a member of the lower house, on the arrival of the prince of Orange, he distinguished himself so much by his talents and exertions in what is called the convention parliament, that William, soon after his own establishment on the throne, elevated him to the dignity of lord-chiefjustice of the king's bench, with a seat at the council board. In this situation he continued during the remainder of his life, declining the chancellorship, which was offered him on the removal of lord Somers in 1700, and discharging the duties of his high office with a degree of resolute uprightness, which, however distasteful, on more occasions than one, to both the houses

of lords and commons, gained him popu larity with his contemporaries, and has secured him the veneration of posterity. The only professional remains of this able magistrate are his edition of sir John Kelyng's Reports of Cases in Pleas of the Crown, in the Reign of Charles II, with Notes, printed in 1708, folio. Sir John Holt died in the spring of 1709.

HÖLTY, Lewis Henry Christopher. This lyric poet, who excelled particularly in the elegy and idyl, was born at Mariensee, in Hanover (1748). He was the son of a clergyman, was, when a boy, lively and desirous of knowledge, affectionate and pleasing; but the loss of his mother, and his sufferings from the small-pox, which attacked him in his 9th year, deprived him of his gaiety. His severe studies, which he often pursued until late at night, also contributed to this effect. His inclination for strong emotion, and his poetical talent, were early developed. In 1765, his father sent him to a school at Celle, and, 1769, to Göttingen. He studied theology faithfully, but without neglecting the ancient and modern poets, and without ceasing to exercise his own poetical talents. As early as 1769, he had gained the reputation of a young man of genius, and Kästner admitted him into his German society. He subsequently became acquainted with Bürger and Miller, and afterwards with Voss, Boje, count Stolberg, and the other members of the society of poets at Göttingen at that period, where the young members met once a week, to assist each other in their labors. The best of Hölty's poems, even in the department peculiar to him, were written at this period, when he was much excited by the influence of this association. To enable himself to remain at Göttingen, he applied for a place in the philological seminary, and endeavored to earn something by translations and by giving instruction. Love also contributed to bind him to this city. Like Petrarch, he became acquainted with a Laura, but never made known to her his affection. His health was undermined by severe study, and his father's death (1775), which affected him deeply, increased his debility. Conscious of the near approach of death, he wrote many touching elegies, and was occupied with a collection of his poems, when he breathed his last, Sept. 1, 1776. In tender elegiac or idylic poetry, he is peculiarly successful. An edition of his poems was edited by Voss and Stolberg (1783), finally corrected and increased by Voss (1804).

HOLY ALLIANCE. Suffering turns the

eyes of nations, as well as of individuals, to Him who consoles when all other hope is gone. This was the case with the Germans in the time of Napoleon, when, for a long series of years, they endured all the horrors of invasion and war. They took refuge in religion, more particularly as their sufferings were considered the direct consequences of the French revolution, which they looked upon as a work of impiety. The emperor Alexander, as is well known, had also, at least as early as the war with Napoleon, acquired a religious turn of mind, which seemed to increase during the campaign in Germany and France. All the allies, in short, as well as their people, participated more or less in this deep religious feeling, whilst Napoleon was held up as the representative or incarnation of evil. After the fall of Napoleon, this religious feeling still remained strong in the minds of the people of Europe, and blended with their notions of politics and government, which, in the case of the great mass, were, of course, crude and superficial. They were induced to believe, that religion might be made the basis of international politics. Availing themselves of this feeling, the sovereigns were enabled to form the league denominated the Holy Alliance, which was proposed by the emperor Alexander of Russia. Participating in the spirit abovementioned, and desirous to become the pacificator of Europe (an idea which appears to have flattered Napoleon's ambition in the first years of his government), and perhaps instigated by madame Krűdener (q. v.), he proposed this union, Sept. 26, 1815, after the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo had cleared the way for the execution of his desire of establishing a settled peace in Europe. Alexander, Francis of Austria, and Frederic William of Prussia, signed with their own hands, and without the countersign of a minister, the act establishing this alliance, which is said to have been sent to the two latter in the hand-writing of the first. Alexander published the act in 1816, and at a later period the two other monarchs followed this example. It consisted of a declaration, that, in accordance with the precepts of the gospel of Jesus Christ, the principles of justice, charity and peace should be the basis of their internal administration, and of their international relations, and that the happiness and religious welfare of their subjects should be their great object. It was also stipulated, that the three sovereigns should invite others to become members of the Holy Alliance. We do

no

not believe that Alexander foresaw to what violations of justice this alliance would lead; but he is, nevertheless, reprehensible for the consequences of a union founded on principles so indefinite. The sovereigns were soon obliged, by the course of events, to become more precise; and what was at first merely an act of weakness, soon became a conspiracy of the governments against the nations. It was distinctly understood, that the sovereigns became members of the league personally, and, therefore, no counter-signature of ministers was necessary; guarantees were stipulated. This personal union of princes is either a contradiction in terms (for what is the monarch personally, as distinguished from a chief magistrate, and considered with reference to his own private disposition, but a simple individual?) or it implies that the sovereign is a ruler in his individual capacity, constituted by divine_right, so that he never can be separated from the idea of a state or government; but behind this notion lurk all evil and tyranny, an entire contempt of the principles of justice and sound sense. What, then, did these monarchs personally pledge themselves to do? To rule according to the principles of justice and charity. How charity can be made a principle of political relations, it is difficult to say; and, as for justice, a compact to be governed by it in future would seem to imply that it had not been their rule in times past. It had been generally conceded, even by the supporters of despotic governments, that rulers were established for the good of the people; only the people were to be regarded in the light of school-boys, who should submit implicitly to their teachers. The members of the holy alliance, however, thought it necessary to make a formal compact, to act justly towards their subjects. As regarded the subject of international relations, the sovereigns showed very little political wisdom when they supposed that a personal pledge could withstand the strong current of events. The name of this league, too, was ill chosen, besides being arrogant; since an institution with a similar name-the holy office (and not entirely different, in respect to religion, from what the holy alliance turned out to be in respect to politics)—had drawn upon itself the abhorrence of mankind. As the founders of the holy alliance were a Russian and two German princes, the nations directly interested in it said little against it. In Russia, of course, nothing was permitted to be said; and the Germans are

so little versed in politics and public right, that, far from seeing through the league, they were misled by their natural bonhommie, to consider it as indicating the approach of a new era of Christian government, or were led to praise it from habits of obsequiousness. Some writers, whom we can hardly suppose to have been actuated by servile motives, and among them even professors in the universities, suffered themselves to fall into a strain of extravagant panegyric, in speaking of the holy alliance, which is quite unaccountable; while others immediately denounced it. One writer* says, that only since the establishment of the holy alliance, can we speak of Christian politics, whilst history would designate all former politics as heathenish, because derived from the Greeks, Romans and barbarians. Another writer says, "Jealousy, ambition, passion, intrigue, will be banished from the circle of the sovereigns and their cabinets, and Christian charity will take their place. The rulers have united to rule according to the principles of love, of justice and peace, and to act towards each other according ly. A union of crowned friends, united by the ties of a noble confidence, will watch for the happiness of nations, and, by united efforts, remove every thing hostile to their repose, particularly the fanatical spirit of revolution, which has for years disturbed the peace of nations, and arrayed them against each other on the field of battle," &c. These sentiments were adopted and echoed by a large party. Let us see, then, how these crowned friends watched over the happiness of nations. As early as in 1818, a congress was held at Aix-la-Chapelle, in which the holy alliance came out more distinctly with its intentions. A Déclaration des Monarques (Nov. 15, 1818), signed by eight ministers, was issued by five powers (the kings of England and France having acceded to this alliance as individuals, though not in their official capacity, not being able to blend the two characters with the same ease as the three other monarchs). The declaration stated that peace was the object of the alliance, and the system of legitimate stability was announced. The Conservateur Impérial, at Petersburg (March 14, 1817), had already given the views of the monarchs in regard to what they thought to be justice and charity. From this congress dates the beginning

*The article Holy Alliance, in the Conversa

tions-Lexicon.

The article Holy Alliance, in the Rhenish Con

versat. Lexicon.

of those congressional politics, of which we have spoken in the article Congress, and the great conspiracy of kings to subdue the liberal spirit then breaking out all over the continent of Europe. All the European sovereigns finally became members of the holy alliance, except the pope, who, of course, could not be a member of a religious league, without being at its head. The German princes, soon after the congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (q. v.), began their persecutions of the liberals, and, in November, 1819, a German congress was held at Vienna, at which Metternich presided, and which lasted until May, 1820. In the autumn of the same year, the holy alliance, at least several of the powers as members thereof, held a congress at Troppau (q. v.) on account of the disturbances in Spain, and when the revolution in Naples broke out, the congress was transferred to Laybach, in Carniola, where the right of armed intervention (i. e a forcible interference in the internal affairs of any nation, whose condition is not agreeable to the views and Christian intentions of the crowned friends), already agreed upon at Troppau, was diplomatically admitted into the international law of the powers of the European continent After the Austrians had, as the phrase was, restored quiet in Italy, Austria, Russia and Prussia issued a proclamation, that the justice and disinterestedness which had hitherto guided the councils of the sovereigns, would always be the rule of their politics. In 1822, the chief powers and their adherents held a new congress at Verona (see Congress), on account of the insurrections in Spain and Portugal, and the political state of Italy and Greece. The war of France, or rather of the Bourbons, against Spain, in 1823, was a consequence of this congress. We all know the deplorable consequences. of this invasion. Spain was thrown back into barbarism. For the Christian views of the holy alliance respecting Greece, see Greece, page 26; and as to Italy, no unprejudiced visitor of that country will assert that it is happy under the watchful care of the holy alliance. As the views of the holy alliance became more decidedly manifested, England drew off from it, and, after Canning's appointment as secretary of foreign affairs, she refused to interfere with the internal affairs of Spain, through the duke of Wellington, the English minister at Verona. The manner in which the principles of the alliance were viewed by the U. States, appears from the message of president Monroe (1825),

in which he declared, that any attempt, on the part of the European powers, to extend the system of national interference to any portion of this hemisphere, would be considered as dangerous to the peace and safety of the U. States; and that any interposition, by any European power, for the purpose of controlling, in any manner, the governments of America which had established their independence, would be considered as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition towards the U. States. (See Congress of Panama, vol. iii, p. 435.) The constant violation of the promises to provide for civil liberty in Germany and Italy; the suspension of the constitution of Poland; the benumbing oppression extended all over the European continent; the arrogant proscription of all forms of government not agreeing with its views; the assertion of divine right and legitimacy, in direct opposition to the spirit of the age; many persecutions and sufferings to which virtuous citizens have been subjected,—is the sum of what has been done by this league. It is highly probable too, that the late French government had received promises of support from the allies before issuing its fatal ordinances. In future, the allies will, of course, have not a friend, but an opponent, in the French government. The readiness of the members to acknowledge the independence of Belgium, is a proof that the holy alliance has been compelled to abandon its principles of "legitimate stability ;" and, in fact, the people at this moment oblige each monarch to direct his attention so much to his own affairs, that it can hardly be considered as still existing. But certainly, should the people be overcome, it would show itself in all the fierceness of tyranny. Sir James Mackintosh says of the doctrine of legitimacy, in the sense in which it is used by the holy alliance, "sophistry lent her colors to the most extravagant pretensions of tyranny," and, in case of the success of these pretensions (which may God avert), tyranny would lend the most formidable weapons in its arsenal to sophistry. We may observe, in conclusion, that, in proportion as the monarchs have united to keep down the people, liberty has become the common cause of all nations.

HOLY GHOST. (See Ghost, Holy.) HOLY GHOST, ORDER OF THE. (See Ghost, Order of the Holy.)

HOLY OFFICE. (See Inquisition.) HOLYHEAD; a seaport town of Wales, situated near the point of the peninsula or island, which projects from the western

coast of the isle of Anglesey, and now a place of considerable importance, since it has become the great port of cominunication to the Irish capital, and the rendezvous of the mail packets. A pier has been constructed, to allow vessels to land or sail at all times of the tide. A lighthouse is erected on the island of South Stack. The town of Holyhead consists principally of a long street, with detached buildings. Population, 2195; 278 miles north-west of London.

HOLYOKE, Edward Augustus, M. D., the son of the reverend Edward Holyoke, a president of Harvard college, was born August 1, 1728, old style, in the county of Essex, Massachusetts. He was graduated at Harvard, in 1746, and commenced the study of medicine the following year. In 1749, he began to practise his profession in Salem. He never was as far as fifty miles from the spot on which he was born. He was twice married, and had a numerous offspring. He died March 31, 1829, being then over one hundred years of age. Doctor Holyoke was always deemed an acute and learned physician, and a good anatomist and surgeon. He was one of the founders, and the first president, of the medical society of Massachusetts. He published various scientific disquisitions. He was versed in natural philosophy and astronomy. He seldom passed a day, for the first sixty years of his practice, without noting down some fact or observation, forming an increase of his professional knowledge. His meteorological observations were recorded daily for 80 years. When he was 92 years old, he performed the operation of paracentesis. Several of the most distinguished physicians of New England were educated under his tuition. He corresponded with eminent philosophers abroad. In a letter written by him, so late as October, in the year 1828, he men- · tions, that he was blessed with an excellent constitution; that he maintained his health by constant exercise, having, between the ages of 30 and 80, always walked in the practice of his profession; that he was not particular in his diet, but temperate as to quantity, and that he had a good set of teeth, but lost them all, through their gradual decay, by his 80th year. His temper was cheerful; he kept his passions under due restraint. He ascribed his longevity, in part, to "his always having taken care to have a full proportion of sleep." He ate very freely of all kinds of fruit. His hearing and memory were impaired for the last 30 years of his life,