He fought against the Turks heroically, and, in 1442 and 1443, gained important advantages over the generals of sultan Amurath, and obliged that prince to retire from Belgrade, after besieging it seven months. In 1456, he obliged Mohammed II also to relinquish a siege of the same place, but died September 10, in the same year. He was, at this time, regarded as the hero of Christendom, and not less esteemed by his enemies than regretted by his friends. He left two sons, the younger of whom, Matthias, was afterwards king of Hungary.

HUNS; a nation of Northern Asia, which probably belongs to the Finnish race, and formerly led a nomadic life on the frontiers of China. The history of the Huns can be traced no farther back than the reign of Me-te, a son of Teu-man, on account of whose inroads the Chinese built their great wall, B. C. 209. (See De Guigne's Histoire des Huns.) This powerful people, not entirely destitute of civilization, were masters of Mongolia and the greatest part of the north of Asia, as far as the Caspian sea and the borders of Thibet, and were long dangerous neighbors to the Chinese. But, internal dissensions having weakened the power of the Huns, the Chinese gained a dominion over them, although doubtful and interrupted, and put an end to their northern kingdom, A. D. 93, and to their southern in the 5th century. After the destruction of the old kingdom of the Huns in the north, a part of this people retired to Youen-Pan, near the sources of the Ural, not far from the residence of the Bashkirs. The country was afterwards called Tanjou or Great Hungary. According to the accounts of the Roman geographers, however, the Huns, in the time of Augustus, were settled near the Caspian sea. These new comers had the Alans on the southwest, and occupied the frontiers of the Roman empire. While they were spreading to the north and south, they carried on wars in the east with the Chinese. But when the To-pa or To-ten, who dwelt on the river Amour, spread themselves on the west of China, and drove the Sienpi from their possessions, at the beginning of the 4th century, the Huns again pressed towards the west, to the Caspian sea and the Pontus Euxinus. After a bloody struggle with the Alans, they united with them, to pass the Pontus Euxinus, and attack the Goths (376), and thus produced the general irruption of the barbarians. They were accompanied by many tribes whom they had overcome, and they reduced all

the nations on the north of the Danube. They sometimes made war on the Romans, and sometimes served in troops under their standards. Rouas compelled the Romans to pay tribute. His nephews, Bleda and Attila, sons of Mandras (Mundzuk), succeeded him in 443, and turned their arms against the Germans and Sarmatians. After the death of Bleda, Attila continued his conquests, and founded one of the most extensive kingdoms known in history. (See Attila.) Soon after his death (453), the empire fell to pieces; but the hordes of Huns long lived on the north of the Danube and the Palus Mootis, until at length the people and the name became extinct.

HUNTER, William; a celebrated anatomist and medical practitioner, born May 23, 1718, at Kilbride, in the county of Lanark, in Scotland. At the age of 14, he was sent to the university of Glasgow, and engaged himself as the pupil, and afterwards as the partner, of Cullen, at Hamilton. The result of this connexion has been already partially related. (See Cullen, William.) Mr. Hunter went to reside at Hamilton in 1737; and, after having passed the winter of 1740 at Edinburgh, he went to London in 1741. He soon evinced his ability by a paper On the Structure and Diseases of Articulating Cartilages, which he communicated to the royal society in 1743, and which was inserted in the Philosophical Transactions. He determined to establish himself in London as a teacher of anatomy, and commenced lecturing on that subject in 1746, having previously been engaged to assist Mr. Samuel Sharpe as a lecturer on surgery. In 1747, he was admitted a member of the corporation of surgeons; and in the spring of the following year, soon after the close of his lectures for the season, he went to Leyden and Paris. On his return home, he devoted himself to the practice of midwifery, and was chosen surgeon-accoucheur, first to the Middlesex hospital, and then to the British lying-in hospital. In 1750, he entirely relinquished mere surgical practice, though much consulted as a physican in cases requiring peculiar anatomical skill for their investigation. In 1755, he became physician to the British lying-in hospital, and was soon after elected a member of the medical society. In the first volume of Observations and Inquiries, published by that association in 1757, appeared doctor Hunter's History of an Aneurism of the Aorta; and he was an important contributor to the subsequent publications of the society, of

which he was chosen president on the death of doctor Fothergill. In 1762, he published a work, entitled Medical Commentaries (4to.), to which was subsequently added a Supplement, the object of which was to vindicate his claim to some anatomical discoveries, in opposition to professor Monro, of Edinburgh, and others. In 1764, he was appointed physician-extraordinary to the queen. Doctor Hunter was elected a fellow of the royal society in 1767; and, in 1768, on the establishment of the royal academy of arts, he was appointed professor of anatomy. He was made a foreign associate of the royal medical society at Paris in 1780, and of the royal academy of sciences in 1782. The most elaborate and splendid of his publications, the Anatomy of the human Gravid Uterus (folio, illustrated by 34 large plates), appeared in 1775. In 1777, he joined Mr. Watson in presenting to the royal society a Short Account of the late Doctor Maty's Illness, and of the Appearances on Dissection; and, in 1778, he published Reflections on the Section of the Symphysis Pubis, designed to show the impropriety and inutility of that surgical operation, which had become fashionable among accoucheurs on the continent, and especially in France. Two Introductory Lectures to his Anatomical Course, which he had prepared for the press, were published after his death. About 1765, he presented a memorial to Mr. Grenville, then minister, requesting a grant from government of the site of the king's mews, whereon he offered to erect an edifice at the expense of £7000, and endow a professorship in perpetuity. But his proposal was treated with neglect, in consequence of which he purchased a spot of ground in Great Windmill street, Haymarket, where he built a house, anatomical theatre, and museum, for his own professional purposes, and thither he removed in 1770. Here, besides objects connected with the medical sciences, he ultimately collected a library of Greek and Roman classics, and a valuable cabinet of medals. The latter furnished the materials for a publication, entitled Nummorum veterum Populorum et Urbium qui in Museo Gulielmi Hunter asservantur Descriptio, Figuris illustrata, Op. et Stud. Caroli Combe, SR. et SA. Sec. (1783, 4to.). In 1781, the museum was augmented by the addition of shells and other natural curiosities, which had been collected by doctor Fothergill, who had given testamentary directions that his cabinet of natural history should be offered to doctor Hunter

for £500 less than the appraised value; and he accordingly purchased it for £1200. He continued to attend to his avocations till within a very short time of his death, which took place March 30, 1783. He bequeathed his museum to his nephew for the term of 30 years, after which it was removed to the university of Glasgow, where it is now deposited.

HUNTER, John; younger brother of the preceding, highly celebrated as a practitioner and writer on surgery, anatomy and physiology. He was born July 14, 1728. His education was neglected, and he was, at first, apprenticed to a cabinet-maker; but, hearing of the success of his elder brother in London, he offered his services to him as an anatomical assistant, and was invited by him to London, where he arrived in September, 1748. He improved so speedily, that, in the winter of 1749, he was able to undertake the instruction of dissecting pupils. In 1755, he was admitted to a partnership in the lectures delivered by his brother, in which situation he most assiduously devoted himself to the study of practical anatomy, not only of the human body, but also of brute animals, for which he procured from the Tower, and from the keepers of other menageries, subjects for dissection. He also kept several foreign and uncommon animals in his house for the purpose of studying their habits and organization. In the beginning of 1767, he was elected a fellow of the royal society. His first publication, a treatise On the Natural History of the Teeth (4to.), appeared in 1771. In the winter of 1773, he commenced a course of lectures on the theory and principles of surgery, in which he developed some of those peculiar doctrines which he afterwards explained more fully in his published works. His perfect acquaintance with anatomy rendered him a bold and skilful operator, and enabled him to make improvements in the modes of treating certain surgical cases. But his fame chiefly rests on his researches concerning comparative anatomy. In 1776, he obtained the appointment of surgeon-extraordinary to the army. In 1781, he was chosen a member of the royal society of Göttingen, and, in 1783, of the royal society of medicine and academy of surgery at Paris. In 1786, he published his celebrated work On the Venereal Disease. About the same time appeared a quarto volume, entitled Observations on Various Parts of the Animal Economy, consisting of physiological essays, most of which had been inserted in the Philosophical Trans

actions. His Treatise on the Blood, Inflammation, and Gun-shot Wounds, was one of the last of his literary labors. On the death of Mr. Adair, he was appointed inspector-general of hospitals and surgeon-general to the army. He died Oct. 16, 1793. His Treatise on the Blood, &c., was published in 1794, with an account of his life, by sir Everard Home. Government purchased the museum of Hunter for £15,000, and transferred it to the royal college of surgeons, for the use of the public.

HUNTING, in a general sense, includes the pursuit both of hairy and feathered game; but, in a narrower sense, is applied only to beasts of venery (of the forest, as the hart, hind, hare, boar, wolf) and of chase (of the field, as the buck, doe, fox, marten, roe). In a rude state of society, it is one of the most important employments of mankind; and, in its more advanced state, becomes an agreeable amusement, men pursuing for pleasure, in the latter case, what they once followed from necessity. Hunting is practised in a great variety of ways, according to the object of the persons engaged in it, the nature of the country, and the description of the game. The object may be to obtain a supply of food, to destroy noxious animals, to get possession of useful ones, or of some useful animal product (as furs, &c.), or merely amusement. The pursuit may be conducted by means of other animals, as by dogs, falcons (see Falconry), &c.; or the prey may be caught by stratagem (as by nets, traps, pitfalls), or destroyed by firearms or other weapons, &c. A full account of the methods of hunting among the ancients may be found in the treatises of Xenophon (Kuvnyerikos) and Arrian (under the same title), and in the poem of Oppian-Cynegetics, or On Hunting. The breeds of hounds, their training and management, the hunting of the hare, the stag, the wild boar, lion, bear, &c.; the instruments, dress, &c., of the hunters, are minutely described with evident keenness and great precision. Xenophon commences with Apollo and Diana, through whose aid the Centaur Chiron, on account of his love of justice, was rewarded with instructions in the science of the chase. Chiron, in turn, taught many eminent pupils. The treatise concludes with a general eulogy of hunting, which, we are informed, not only affords pleasure, but increases health, strengthens the sight and hearing, and protracts the approach of old age. It is also the best preparation for military service. The author then

goes on to prove that activity is the duty of every good citizen, and that the interests of his country, not less than the will of the gods, demand from each man all the exertion of which he is capable. To the passion for hunting which animated the feudal kings and nobles of Europe, the huge tracts of land which were afforested bear fearful testimony; and the writers of the time give a strong picture of the sufferings of the oppressed commonalty, under the tyrannical privileges of sport which were claimed by their masters. (See Game Laws.) It is unnecessary here to go into a minute description of the technical terms of hunting, or of the manner in which it is carried on. In England, the fox, the stag and the hare are the principal objects of the chase; on the continent of Europe, the wild boar and the wolf are added to the list. (See Daniel's Rural Sports.) The lion is hunted by horsemen on plains, and large dogs are used to dislodge him from his haunts. At the first sight of the huntsmen, he always endeavors to escape by speed, but if they and the dogs get near, he either slackens his pace, or quietly awaits their approach. The dogs immediately rush on, and, after one or two are destroyed, overpower him: 12 or 16 are a sufficient match for him. The huntsmen keep together in pairs; if they have not a sufficient number of dogs, one of them, when within reach of the lion, dismounts and aims at the animal's heart; he instantly remounts, and his companion follows up the blow. In some parts of Africa, when a lion is discovered, the whole surrounding district is raised, a circle of three or four miles is formed, and the party proceeds, always narrowing the circle until the lion appears. He then springs on one of the party, who generally succeeds in killing him with a musket ball. One of the noblest sports in the East is hunting the tiger, which is done in various ways, but chiefly by a numerous company of sportsmen, with elephants trained for the purpose, horses becoming ungovernable. When the retreat of the tiger is discovered, every attempt is made to dislodge him; the search is conducted with the largest and best trained elephant, which discloses the presence of the tiger by a peculiar kind of snorting and great agitation. The huntsmen, who are mounted on elephants, discharge their pieces, and, if the shot is not fatal, the tiger springs upon his assailants, who are often in great danger. Tigers are sometimes taken in traps, pits or nets. The other animals of the feline

species the panther, leopard, &c.-are generally roused by dogs, and killed with fire-arms or arrows. The animals of the canine species, though less furious, are more cunning than those above mentioned. The wolf has always been an object of human vengeance: in the East, it is hunted by eagles trained for the purpose; in Europe, the strongest greyhounds and other dogs are employed, and the chase is prosecuted either on foot or on horseback. It is, however, very difficult to run down a wolf, for it is stronger than a dog, and will easily run 20 miles, which, added to its stratagems, often renders the pursuit abortive. Wolves are also taken in traps and nets, though their vigilance and caution make it difficult to deceive them. The most formidable animals of North America are the white bear and the grisly bear. They are ferocious, fearless, and extremely vivacious, and are hunted with arrows or fire-arms. The bison is destroyed by the North American Indians sometimes by riding in among a herd, and singling out one, which they wound with their arrows, until a mortal blow is given; or they drive a whole herd over a precipice. When flying before the pursuers, the herd rushes on with great rapidity, and it is impossible for the leaders to stop, as the main body pushes forward to escape the pursuit. The Indians nearly surround them, and rush forward with loud yells. The alarmed animals hasten forward in the only direction not occupied by their enemies, and are hurled over the precipice and dashed to pieces.

HUNTINGDON, Selina, countess of, the second daughter of Washington, earl Ferrers, was born in 1707, and married June 3, 1728, to Theophilus, earl of Huntingdon. Becoming a widow, she acquired a taste for the principles of the Calvinistic Methodists, and patronised the famous George Whitefield, whom she constituted her chaplain. Her rank and fortune giving her great influence, she was long considered as the head of a sect of religionists; and, after the death of Whitefield, his followers were designated as the people of lady Huntingdon. She founded schools and colleges for preachers, supported them with her purse, and expended annually large sums in private charity. She died June 17, 1791.

HUNTINGDON, William; a religious enthusiast, who attained some notoriety towards the end of the 18th century. He was the son of a farmer's laborer in Kent, and the early part of his life was passed in menial service, and other humble occupations.

After indulging in vice and dissipation for several years, according to his own account, he was converted, and became a preacher among the Calvinistic Methodists. He soon engaged in religious controversies, published a vast number of tracts, and was regarded as the head of a peculiar sect. He died in August, 1813, at the age of 69. He was a man of some talent, though little cultivated by education. His publications are very numerous, and some of them contain curious details relative to his personal history and religious experience. The titles of two may be mentioned as specimens: the Arminian Skeleton, or the Arminians dissected and anatomized (8vo.); and the Bank of Faith (8vo.). After having lost his first wife by death, he married the wealthy relict of sir James Saunderson, a London alderman, and passed the latter part of his life in affluence.

HUNTINGDON, Henry of, an ancient English historian, was born towards the end of the 11th or the beginning of the 12th century. He was educated by Albinus of Anjou, a learned canon of the church of Lincoln. He composed a general history of England, from the earliest accounts to the death of king Stephen, in 1154, in eight books, which have been published by sir Henry Savile. Towards the conclusion, the author honestly acknowledges that it is only an abridgment, and allows that to compose a complete history of England, many books were necessary which he could not procure. Mr. Wharton has published a letter of his on the contempt of the world, which details many curious anecdotes of the great men of his time.

HUNTINGTON, Samuel, one of the signers of the declaration of independence, was born in Windham, Connecticut, in 1732. His father was a farmer, whose situation did not allow him to give his son any other than the limited education which the common schools of the province afforded. Young Huntington, however, made up for this deficiency, by his own industry, and employed all the time which he could spare from the occupations of the farm, in improving his mind. At the age of 22, he resolved upon studying the law, and, having borrowed the necessary books, soon acquired knowledge sufficient to be admitted to the bar and commence the practice of his profession, which he . did in his native town. He shortly afterwards removed to Norwich. Here he had not long resided, before his business became very extensive, and, in 1764, he was