The

clergy, in the Greek church consists of readers, singers, deacons, &c., and of priests, such as the popes and protopopes or arch priests, who are the first clergy in the cathedrals and metropolitan churches. The members of the lower clergy can rise no higher than protopopes; for the bishops are chosen from among the monks, and from the bishops, archbishops, metropolitans and patriarchs. In Russia, there are 31 dioceses. With which of them the arch-episcopal dignity shall be united, depends on the will of the emperor. The seats of the four metropolitans of the Russian empire are Petersburg, with the jurisdiction of Novgorod; Kiev, with that of Galicia; Kasan, with that of Svijaschk; and Tobolsk, with that of all Siberia. patriarchal dignity of Moscow, which the patriarch Nikon (died in 1681) was said to have abused, Peter the Great abolished, by presenting himself before the bishops, assembled, after the death of Adria, 1702, to choose a new patriarch, with the words, "I am your patriarch;" and, in 1721, the whole church government of his empire was intrusted to a college of bishops and secular clergy, called the holy synod, first at Moscow, now at Petersburg. Under this synod now stand, beside the metropolitans, 11 archbishops, 19 bishops, 12,500 parish churches, and 425 convents, 58 of which are connected with monastic schools for the education of the clergy, and, for the better effecting of this object, are aided by an annual pension of 300,000 rubles from the state. The Greek church, under the Turkish dominion, remained, as far as was possible under such circumstances, faithful to the original constitution. The dignities of patriarch of Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem still subsist. The former, however, possesses the ancient authority of the former archbishop of Constantinople; takes the lead as oecumenical patriarch, in the holy synod at Constantinople, composed of the four patriarchs, a number of metropolitans and bishops, and 12 principal secular Greeks; exercises the highest ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the Greeks in the whole Turkish empire, and is recognised as head of the Greek churcn, by the (not united) Greeks in Galicia, in the Bukowina, in Sclavonia and the Seven Islands. The other three patriarchs, since almost all the people in their dioceses are Mohammedans, have but a small sphere of action (the patriarch of Alexandria has but two churches at Cairo), and live, for the most part, on the aid afforded them

ceased, at the request and for the comfort of the survivors); and it recognises neither the pope nor any one else as the visible vicar of Christ on earth. It moreover allows no carved, sculptured or molten image of holy persons or subjects; but the representations of Christ, of the virgin Mary and the saints, which are objects of religious veneration in churches and private houses, must be merely painted, and, at most, inlaid with precious stones. In the Russian churches, however, works of sculpture are found on the altars. In the invocation of the saints, and especially of the virgin, the Greeks are as zealous as the Catholics. They also hold relics, graves and crosses sacred; and crossing in the name of Jesus, they consider as having a wonderful and blessed influence. Among the means of penance, fasts are particularly numerous with them, at which it is not lawful to eat any thing but fruits, vegetables, bread and fish. They fast Wednesday and Friday of every week; and, besides, observe four great annual fasts, viz., 40 days before Easter, from Whitsuntide to the days of St. Peter and Paul; the fast of the virgin Mary, from the 1st to the 15th of August; and the apostle Philip's fast, from the 15th to the 26th of November; besides the day of the beheading of John, and of the elevation of the cross. The services of the Greek church consist almost entirely in outward forms. Preaching and catechising constitute the least part of it; and, in the 17th century, preaching was strictly forbidden in Russia, under the czar Alexis, in order to prevent the diffusion of new doctrines. In Turkey, preaching was confined almost exclusively to the higher clergy, because they alone possess ed some degree of knowledge. Each congregation has its appointed choir of singers, who sing psalms and hymns. The congregations themselves do not, like us, sing from books; and instrumental music is excluded altogether from the Greek worship. Besides the mass, which is regarded as the chief thing, the liturgy consists of passages of Scripture, prayers and legends of the saints, and in the recitation of the creed, or of sentences which the officiating priest begins, and the people in a body continue and finish. The convents conform, for the most part, to the strict rule of St. Basil. The Greek abbot is termed higumenos, the abbess higumene. The abbot of a Greek convent, which has several others under its inspection, is termed archimandrite, and has a rank next below that of bishop. The lower

by the patriarch of Constantinople. This patriarch has a considerable income, but is obliged to pay nearly half of it as a tribute to the sultan. The Greeks, under the Turkish government, are allowed to build no new churches, have to pay dearly for the permission to repair the old ones, are not allowed to have steeples or bells to their churches, nor even to wear the Turkish dress, generally perform religious service by night, and are moreover obliged, not only to pay tolls, from which the Turks are free, but the males also pay to the sultan, after their 15th year, a heavy poll tax, under the name of exemption from beheading. For a long time, the attachment of this church to old institutions has stood in the way of all attempts at improvement. Such attempts have given rise to a number of sects, which the Russian government leaves unmolested. As early as the 14th century, the party of the Strigolnicians seceded from hatred of the clergy, but, as they had no other peculiarity, soon perished. The same was done, with more success, by the Roskolnicians (i. e., the apostates), about 1666. (See Roskolnicians.) This sect, which, by degrees, was divided into 20 different parties, by no means forms a regular ecclesiastical society, with symbols and usages of its own, but consists of single congregations, independent of each other, which are distinguished from the Greek church by preserving, unaltered, the ancient Sclavonian liturgy, &c.; have a consecrated clergy; and, having retired from early persecution, have become numerous in the eastern provinces of the Russian empire. The different parties conform, more or less, to the peculiarities attributed to the Roskolnicians in general, such as declaring the use of tobacco and of strong drinks sinful, fasting yet more strictly than the orthodox church, refusing to take oaths; and are, from a fanatical spirit similar to that of the former Anabaptists, inclined to rebellion against their rulers. Pugatschew, himself a Roskolnician, found most of his adherents among them in his rebellion. At present, they have relaxed much of their strictness on these points, as well as their fantastic notions with respect to marriage, dress, the priesthood and martyrdom, and seem to be gradually merging among the orthodox. The Philippones (q. v.) were exiled Roskolnicians, who settled in Lithuania and East Prussia, under Philip Pastoswiæt. Farther removed from the belief of the Greek church are the Duchoborzy, a sect settled on the steppes (q. v.), beyond the

Don, which rejects the doctrine of the Trinity, and receives the Gospels only, has no churches nor priests, and regards oaths, as well as warfare, unlawful. Antitrinitarians, of a similar kind, are the Russian Jews, as they are called in the government of Archangel and Katharinoslav, of whom it is only known that they worship neither Christ nor the saints, reject baptism, and have no priests nor churches. (Respecting the ancient schismatic and heretical religious parties in Asia and Africa, that have proceeded from the Greek church, see Copts, Abyssinia, Jacobites, Nestorians, Maronites, Armenians.)

GREEK FIRE. (See Fire, Greek.)

GREEN, a river of Kentucky, which rises in Lincoln county, and flows into the Ohio, 61 miles above the Wabash, 173 below Louisville. Its course for about 150 miles is westerly; it afterwards has a course N. by W. Its whole length is upwards of 200 miles, and it is navigable for boats, at some seasons, nearly 150. The tract through which it flows, called the Green river country, is remarkable for its fertility, beautiful scenery and stupendous caves, in which are found great quantities of nitre.

GREEN BANK; one of the banks near the island of Newfoundland, 129 miles long and 48 wide. Lon. 53° 30′ to 55° 50′ W.; lat. 45° 30′ to 46° 50 N.

GREEN BAY, or PUAN BAY; bay on W. side of lake Michigan, about 100 miles long, but in some places only 15 miles, in others from 20 to 30, broad. It lies nearly from N. E. to S. W. At the entrance of it from the lake is a string of islands extending N. to S., called the Grand Traverse. These are about 30 miles in length, and serve to facilitate the passage of canoes, as they shelter them from the winds, which sometimes come with violence across the lake. Green Bay is termed by the inhabitants of its coasts, the Menominy bay. The country around is occupied chiefly by the Menominy Indians.

GREEN BAY; a post-town, military post, and seat of justice for Brown county, Michigan, at S. end of Green Bay, near the entrance of Fox river; 180 S.W.Michilimackinac, 220 N. by W. Chicago, 366 E. Prairie du Chien, by the Fox and Ouisconsin rivers, W. 972. Lon. 87° 58′ W.; lat. 45° N. Here is a settlement, extending about four miles.

GREEN CLOTH; a board or court of justice, held in the counting-house of the king's household, composed of the lord steward and officers under him, who sit daily. To this court is committed the

charge and oversight of the king's household in matters of justice and government, with a power to correct all offenders, and to maintain the peace of the verge, or jurisdiction of the court royal, which is every way about 200 yards from the last gate of the palace where his majesty resides. Without a warrant first obtained from this court, none of the king's servants can be arrested for debt.

GREENE, Nathaniel, a major-general in the American army, was born, May 22, 1742, near the town of Warwick in Rhode Island. His father was an anchor smith, and, at the same time, a Quaker preacher, whose ignorance, combined with the fanaticism of the times, made him pay little attention to the worldly learning of his children, though he was very careful of their moral and religious instruction. The fondness for knowledge, however, of young Greene was such, that he devoted all the time he could spare to its acquisition, and employed all his trifling gains in procuring books. His propensity for the life of a soldier was early evinced by his predilection for works on military subjects. He made considerable proficiency in the exact sciences; and, after he had attained his twentieth year, he added a tolerable stock of legal knowledge to his other acquisitions. In the year 1770, he was elected a member of the state legislature, and, in 1774, enrolled himself as a private in a company called the Kentish Guards. After the battle of Lexington, the state of Rhode Island raised what was termed an army of observation, in order to assist the forces collected in Massachusetts, for the purpose of confining the British within the limits of Boston, and chose Greene its commander, with the title of major-general. His elevation from the ranks to the head of three regiments, may give some idea of the estimation in which his military talents were held. June 6, 1775, he assumed his command before the lines of Boston; and, not long afterwards, general Washington arrived, to take the command in chief of the American forces. Between these two distinguished men an intimacy soon commenced, which was never interrupted. Greene accepted a commission from congress of brigadier-general, although, under the state, he held that of major-general; preferring the former, as it promised a larger sphere of action, and the pleasure of serving under the immediate command of Washington. When the American army had followed the enemy to New York, after the evacuation of Boston, they encamped, partly in New

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York and partly on Long Island. The division posted upon the island was under the orders of Greene; but, at the time of its unfortunate affair with the enemy, he was suffering under severe sickness, and general Sullivan was in command. When he had sufficiently recovered his health, he joined the retreating army, having previously been promoted to the rank of major-general, and was appointed to command the troops in New Jersey destined to watch the movements of a strong detachment of the British, which had been left in Staten island. December 26, 1776, when Washington surprised the English at Trenton, Greene commanded the left wing of the American forces, which was the first that reached the town, and, having seized the enemy's artillery, cut off their retreat to Princeton. Next summer, sir William Howe having embarked with a large force at New York, for the purpose of landing on the eastern shore of the Chesapeake, and thence marching to Philadelphia, Washington hastened to oppose him; and, September 11, the battle of the Brandywine took place, in which the Americans were defeated. In this affair, Greene commanded the vanguard, together with Sullivan, and it became his duty to cover the retreat, in which he fully succeeded. After general Howe had obtained possession of Philadelphia, the British army, in consequence of this victory, encamped at Germantown, where an attack was made upon it by Washington, October 4, 1777, in which Greene commanded the left wing. The disastrous issue of this attempt is well known; but it has been asserted, that the left wing was the only part of the American army which had the good fortune to effect the service allotted it that day. The next service upon which general Greene was engaged, was that of endeavoring to prevent lord Cornwallis from collecting supplies, for which he had been detached into the Jerseys, with 3000 men; but, before Greene could bring him to an action, he had received reinforcements, which gave him so great a superiority, that the American general was recalled by the commander-in-chief. In March of the following year, Greene, at the solicitation of Washington, accepted the appointment of quarter-master-general, on two conditions; that he should retain his right of command in time of action, and that he should have the choice of two assistants. At the battle of Monmouth, in the ensuing month of June, he led the right wing of the second line, and mainly contributed to the partial success of the Americans. Af

ter this, he continued engaged in discharging the duties of his station until August, when he was sent to join Sullivan, who, with the forces under his command, aided by the French fleet under D'Estaing, was preparing to make an attempt upon Newport in Rhode Island, then in possession of the enemy. The command of the left wing of the troops was assigned to Greene. The enterprise, however, failed, in consequence of some misunderstanding between Sullivan and D'Estaign; and the consequent retreat of the American army was covered by Greene, who repulsed an attack of the enemy with half their number. When general Washington, alarmed for the safety of the garrisons on the North river, repaired to West Point, he left Greene in command of the army in New Jersey. The latter had not been long in that command, before he was attacked, near Springfield, by a force much superior to his, under sir Henry Clinton; but the enemy were repulsed, though they burned the village. This affair happened June 23. October 6, he was appointed to succeed the traitor Arnold in the command at West Point. In this station, however, he continued only until the 14th of the same month, when he was chosen by general Washington to take the place of general Gates, in the chief direction of the southern army. From this moment, when he was placed in a situation where he could exercise his genius without control, dates the most brilliant portion of Greene's career. The ability, prudence and firmness which he here displayed, have caused him to be ranked, in the scale of our revolutionary generals, second only to Washington. December 2, 1780, Greene arrived at the encampment of the American forces at Charlotte, and, on the 4th, assumed the command. After the battle of the Cowpens, gained by Morgan, January 17, 1781, he effected a junction with the victorious general, having previously been engaged in recruiting his army, which had been greatly thinned by death and desertion; but the numbers of Cornwallis were still so superior, that he was obliged to retreat into Virginia, which he did with a degree of skill that has been the theme of the highest eulogy. He, soon afterwards, however, returned to North Carolina, with an accession of force, and, March 15, encountered Cornwallis at Guilford courthouse, where he was defeated; but the loss of the enemy was greater than his, and no advantages accrued to them from the victory. On the contrary, Cornwallis, a few days afterwards, commenced a ret

rograde movement towards Wilmington, leaving many of his wounded behind him, and was followed for some time by Greene. Desisting, however, from the pursuit, the latter marched into South Carolina, and a battle took place, April 25, between him and lord Rawdon, near Camden, in which he was again unsuccessful, though again the enemy were prevented by him from improving their victory, and, not long after, were obliged to retire. May 22, having previously reduced a number of the forts and garrisons in South Carolina, he commenced the siege of Ninety-Six, but in June the approach of lord Rawdon compelled him to raise it, and retreat to the extremity of the state. Expressing a determination "to recover South Carolina, or die in the attempt," he again advanced, when the British forces were divided, and lord Rawdon was pursued, in his turn, to his encampment at Orangeburg, where he was offered battle by his adversary, which was refused. September 8, Greene obtained a victory over the British forces under colonel Stewart, at Eutaw Springs, which completely prostrated the power of the enemy in South Carolina. Greene was presented by congress with a British standard and a gold medal, as a testimony of their sense of his services on this occasion. This was the last action in which Greene was engaged. During the rest of the war, however, he continued in his command, struggling with the greatest difficulties, in consequence of the want of all kinds of supplies, and the mutinous disposition of some of his troops. When peace released him from his duties, he returned to Rhode Island; and his journey thither, almost at every step, was marked by some private or public testimonial of gratitude and regard. On his arrival at Princeton, where congress was then sitting, that body unanimously resolved, that "two pieces of field ordnance, taken from the British army at the Cowpens, Augusta, or Eutaw," should be presented to him by the commander-inchief. In October, 1785, Greene repaired, with his family, to Georgia, some valuable grants of lands near Savannah having been made to him by that state. He died June 19, 1786, in his 44th year, in consequence of an inflammation of the brain, contracted by exposure to the rays of an intense sun. General Greene possessed, in a great degree, not only the common quality of physical courage, but that fortitude and unbending firmness of mind, which are given to few, and which enabled him to bear up against the most cruel reverses, and struggle perseveringly with,

and finally surmount, the most formidable difficulties. He was ever collected in the most trying situations, and prudence and judgment were distinguishing traits in his character. In his disposition, he was mild and benevolent; but when it was necessary, he was resolutely severe. No officer of the revolutionary army possessed a higher place in the confidence and affection of Washington, and, probably, none would have been so well calculated to succeed him, if death had deprived his country of his services during the revolutionary struggle.

GREEN GAGE; a variety of the plum, the reine claude of the French, usually considered the most delicious of all. It is large, of a green or slightly yellowish color, and has a juicy, greenish pulp, of an exquisite flavor.

GREENLAND (Groenland); an extensive country of North America, belonging to Denmark, the extent of which is unknown. Since lieutenant (now captain) Parry advanced from Baffin's bay into Lancaster sound (1819), it has been supposed to be an island. As far as it is now known, it extends from lat. 59° 38′ to 78° N. Its southern point is cape Farewell. On the western coast lie Davis's straits and Baffin's bay. It is divided into two parts by a chain of mountains passing through the middle of the country from north to south. Greenland was settled 800 years ago, by two colonies from Norway and Denmark, of which the one occupied the eastern, the other the west ern coast. Their intercourse was carried on by sea, the mountains rendering any communication by land impossible. A Runic stone found in Greenland in 1824 (now in the museum of northern antiquities at Copenhagen) proves the early discovery of Greenland from Scandinavia. The western colony, after numerous vicissitudes, still exists. The population in the southern part to the river Frith (68°), amounted, in 1811-13, to 3583: northern Greenland contained only 3000 natives. From 67° to 69°, the country is uninhabited. The fate of the eastern colony, which in 1406 consisted of 190 villages, and had a bishop, 12 parishes and two monasteries, is unknown. Up to that time, 16 bishops had been sent from Norway in regular succession; the 17th was prevented by the ice from reaching the land. Danish sailors, in the 16th and 17th centuries, attempted, without success, to land on the eastern coast. Attempts made in 1786 and 1829, by the command of the Danish government, failed. This lost East

Greenland, Von Egger, in his Prize Essay (1794), maintains, is the country now called Julianenshaab, on the western coast; but a manuscript now in the library at Dresden, maintains that the old settlement of Osterbygde was actually on the eastern coast of Greenland.* A traveller of the 14th century, Nicolas Zeno, describes Greenland as it existed in his time. In 1818, England sent an expedition to the Polar sea, because the ice at the north pole was said to have decreased, and a north-west passage was believed practicable; the ships returned, however, without accomplishing any thing. Captain Scoresby found the eastern coast free from ice in 1822; he sailed along it from 75° to 69°, and examined it with care (see his Journal of a Voyage to the Northern Whale-Fishery, &c., 1822). To this traveller we are indebted for the latest and most correct accounts of East Greenland, which refute Egger's opinions. He found fields producing luxuriant grass, but no inhabitants. He met, however, with some houses, containing household utensils and hunting apparatus, and a wooden coffin. The English captain Sabine describes the eastern coast of Greenland (see his Experiments to determine the Figure of the Earth, &c.), from 72° to 76° N. latitude. He also found it impossible, on account of the permanent mass of ice, to approach the eastern coast north of 74°; his examinations proved that there was no current which carries the ice from those coasts towards the south. The western coast was also cut off, in the middle of the 14th century, from its usual intercourse with Norway and Iceland, by a dreadful plague, called the black death. In the reign of queen Elizabeth, Frobisher and Davis again discovered this coast of Greenland. From that time, nothing was done to explore this country, until the Danish government, in 1721, assisted a clergyman, Hans Egede, with two ships, to effect a landing in 64° 5, and establish the first European settlement, Good Hope (Godhaab), on the river Baal. Egede found the country inhabited by a race of people which had probably spread from the west over Davis's straits, and which resembled the Esquimaux of Labrador in their language and customs. In 1733, the Moravian Brothers were induced by count Zinzendorf to attempt the establishment of

The Paris Archives du Christianisme says, that an expedition, which left Copenhagen in May, 1830, has found the long lost colony, professing the Christian religion, and speaking the Norwegian of the 10th century.