ed with small imbricated scales; the ridge of the back garnished with a row of spines, or rather of elevated, compressed and pointed scales; under the throat, a compressed and depending dewlap, the edge of which is attached to a cartilaginous appendage of the hyoid bone. Their thighs are provided with a similar arrangement of porous tubercles with the true lizards, and their head is covered with scaly plates. Each jaw is furnished with a row of compressed triangular teeth, having their cutting edges serrated; there are also two small rows on the posterior part of the palate. There are many species described by naturalists, most of which are natives of tropical America. They live for the most part on trees, but sometimes go into the water. They feed on fruits, seeds and leaves. The female deposits her eggs, which are about the size of a pigeon's egg, in the sand. Many of the species are considered as great culinary delicacies by the natives of the countries in which they are found. The common iguanas (I. tuberculata, Laur.) are eagerly sought, especially in the spring. They are caught by means of a noose attached to the end of a stick. The iguana, although formidable in appearance, is timid and defenceless. It is very active, though, when it has taken refuge in a tree, it appears to depend on the security of its situation, and permits itself to be taken by its pursuers. Where the noose cannot be conveniently used, it is struck on the head with a stick and stunned. They attain a great size, being sometimes found five feet in length. The word iguana is said, by some authors, to be derived from the Indian hiuana, and, by others, to have originated in the Javanese word leguan.

ILDEFONSO, ST.; a village containing La Granja, a royal palace of the king of Spain, in Old Castile, built in a mountainous country, by Philip V, in imitation of Versailles ; 6 miles N. É. Segovia, 40 N. by W. Madrid. Population, 4887. The exterior of the palace is not very magnificent, but the interior contains a great number of valuable paintings, statues, &c. The gardens are very magnificent, being the chief ornament. The elevation of the palace above the sea is 3789 feet, the highest royal residence in Europe. The castle and gardens of St. Ildefonso cost about 45,000,000 of piastres. At this place a peace was signed between the king of Spain and the French republic, August 4, 1795.

ILE DE FRANCE. (See France, Isle of)

ILI (Turkish for country); a word appearing in geographical names, as Roumili (country of the Romans).

ILIAD. (See Homer.)

ILISSUS; a rivulet which watered the plain of Attica, and flowed down from the Hymettus (q. v.), laved Athens, and was lost with the Cephissus in the morasses.

ILITHYIA; among the Greeks, the goddess who assisted women in childbirth. The name, which some have derived from the Oriental languages, appears to be purely Greek, and to signify she who comes. This goddess, when her assistance is required, comes at the third call, and the female is saved. Pausanias says that, not far from the chapel of Serapis, at Athens, a temple was built to Ilithyia, who, coming from the Hyperboreans, had assisted Latona, when seized with the pangs of childbirth, in Delos. The Cretans, on the contrary, believed that Ilithyia was born at Amnisus, in the country of Gnossus, and was a daughter of Juno. Thus there were two Ilithyias, who are to be distinguished from each other. According to Grecian mythology, Juno, the institutress and protectress of marriage, had two daughters-Hebe, or the pure virgin, and Ilithyia, or she who bears. Juno therefore could send or refuse the assistance of her daughter Ilithyia, and is often represented herself as the bringer into light (Lucina), as is evident from the passage in Terence, Juno Lucina, fer opem. According to Horace, in his secular ode, Ilithyia and Lucina were the same. The second goddess of the name was a divinity regarded, in Asia Minor, as the emblem of the creative and all-nourishing power of nature, and her worship spread from Media along the shores of the Black sea to Asia Minor. The image of this goddess, in heaven, was the moon; on the earth, a cow. Her principal abode was Ephesus, and, her worship being confounded with that of the children of Latona in later times, she became the Artemis of the Greeks, and the Diana of the Romans. The number of Ilithyias afterwards increased to three, of which two were good, and one evil. All three were, at a later period, called genetyllides, or goddesses of childbirth.

ILIUM, in ancient geography; the name of two cities, which are distinct from each other:-1. New Ilium, now known under the ancient name of Troy, or the modern name of Trojahi, in the ter ritory of Troas, near the influx of the Hellespont into the Egean sea. 2. Old Ilium, or the celebrated city of Troy, so

1827, 5,182,180 lbs.; in 1828, 11,105,810 lbs.; in 1829, 13,343,150 lbs.; and in 1830, 8,323,998 lbs. The diminution in the quantity made in 1830, compared with the produce of the preceding year, was occasioned by the great reduction in the price of lead. The quantity of lead received by the U. States, in 1830, from the miners, for rents, was 504,214 lbs. The chief produce of the state is Indian corn, wheat, and the other agricultural productions of the Northern States. A few families emigrated from Canada about the year 1720, and settled at Kaskaskia and Cahokia, where their descendants still remain. In 1800, the whole population of the territory, which now forms the state, exclusive of Indians, was 215. In 1810, the population was 12,282; in 1820, 55,211; and in 1830, 157,575, of whom, at the last named date, 1653 were free blacks, and 746 slaves. The territory of Illinois was formed into a state, and admitted into the Union, in 1818. The constitution provides that no more slaves shall be admitted into the state. The legislative power is vested in a general assembly, consisting of a senate and a house of representatives. The senators are chosen for periods of four years, and the representatives for two years. The executive power is vested in a governor, who is chosen for four years, and is ineligible for the next succeeding four years. There is a su preme court established by the constitution, and there are inferior courts established by the general assembly. The judges are appointed by the assembly, and hold their offices during good behavior, or till removed by the governor, on the address of two thirds of each branch of the general assembly. One section of land, in each township, amounting to a thirty-sixth part of the township, is granted for the support of schools; and three per cent. of the net proceeds of the U. States' lands sold within the state, is appropriated for the encouragement of learning, of which a sixth part is required to be bestowed on a college or university. A further provision has been made for a university by the grant of two townships of land by the U. States. A college has been established at Jacksonville, which is yet in its infancy. It is proposed to extend the national road from Indianopolis to Vandalia, and thence to St. Louis.

ILLINOIS ; a river formed by the junction of the Theakiki and Plein, in the northwest part of Indiana, in latitude 41° 48′ N. It passes into Illinois, pursues generally a south-westerly direction, and flows into

the Mississippi, 21 miles above the Missouri. It is upwards of 400 yards wide at its mouth, and is about 400 miles long from its junction to the Mississippi, and is of easy navigation. It has a very gentle current, unbroken by falls or rapids, and passes through a fine country. The Plein, its northern head branch, interlocks with the Chicago, which flows into lake Michigan. A canal has been projected to unite the head waters of the Illinois with lake Michigan, and thus connect the Mississippi and the great lakes.

ILLUMINATI (viz. the enlightened); a secret society, founded 1776, by Adam Weishaupt, professor of law at Ingolstadt, for mutual assistance in attaining a higher degree of morality and virtue. It contained, in its most flourishing condition, 2000 members, among whom were individuals of distinguished talents and high rank. The constitution and organization were taken partly from the Jesuits, and partly from the masons. By order of the Bavarian government (1784) the society was dissolved. The society had no influence whatever on the French revolution, as has often been said.

ILLUMINATING. (See Manuscripts, Illuminated.)

ILLYRIA. The Illyrians, a nation of kindred origin with the ancient Thracians (mingled with Greeks, Phoenicians, Sicilians and Celts), were spread over the whole coast on the east of the Adriatic, the neighboring islands, and Western Macedonia as far as Epirus. Philip, king of Macedonia, took from them the part of their country extending from Macedonia to the river Drinius (now Drino), and Illyria (Illyricum, Illyrica) was divided into Illyrica Græca and Barbara. The former (modern Albania) was incorporated with Macedonia. It contained Dyrrachium (Durazzo), formerly Epidamnus, where the Romans commonly embarked for Italy, and Apollonia, a Greek commercial city of some importance, with an academy. The latter division extended from the river Arsia (now Arsa), in Istria, to the Drinius, and was divided into Japydia, Liburnia and Dalmatia. This province obtained distinction in the history of the Roman emperors, several of whom were born here. Piracy was one of the principal means of subsistence of the Illyrians, whose kings, therefore, were frequently embroiled in quarrels with the Romans, which, at last, ended in the subjection of the Illyrians, under their king Teuta, 228 B. C. The savage race sought, indeed, from time to time, to shake

off their chains; but being beaten by Cæsar, and greatly enfeebled by Augustus, Germanicus, and Tiberius, the country at last became a Roman province, and, as such, held a high rank. The name, to which, in the fourth century, was added the epithet of magnum (great), included almost all the Roman provinces situated in the East. At the division of the Roman empire, Illyria fell to the empire of the West, but, upon its overthrow, in 476, it came to the emperor of the East. In the middle of the sixth century, Sclavonian colonists from Russia and Poland settled there, and soon succeeded in rendering themselves independent of the weak Byzantine government. Thus arose the small kingdoms of Dalmatia and Croatia. In 1020, the emperors did, indeed, reconquer these provinces, but, 20 years afterwards, they regained their independence. In 1090, the Venetians and Hungarians also made themselves masters of a small part of Illyria. In 1170 arose the Rascian kingdom, from which, 200 years later, that of Bosnia was formed. Dalmatia, at first, was taken by Venice, but, in 1270, the greater part of it was conquered by the Hungarians, who penetrated to the Black sea. Both they and the Venetians lost nearly all these conquests to the Turks; for the Venetians retained only a small part of Dalmatia, while Hungary kept possession only of Sclavonia, and a part of Croatia. The peace of Campo-Formio, October 17, 1797, brought Venetian Dalmatia, and its islands as far as Cattaro, under the dominion of Austria. Twelve years later, Old Illyricum was again restored. "The circle of Villach, Carinthia, what was formerly Austrian Istria, Fiume and Trieste, the lands known by the name of the Littorale, and all that remains to us on the right bank of the Save, Dalmatia, and its islands, shall bear the name of the Illyrian provinces." Such was the decree of the emperor of the French, October 14, 1809. This state of things lasted 15 months, during which Illyria received an addition of 650 square miles, by the junction of a part of Italian Tyrol, ceded by Bavaria; when, April 15, 1811, appeared a decree of the French emperor, definitively organizing the Illyrian provinces in their military and financial concerns. The country, independently of its great commercial cities and seaports, which were very important to the navy of an empire such as that of France was to be, had great internal resources. Since 1815, Illyria has been an Austrian

kingdom, and, together with the separate kingdom of Dalmatia (q. v.), the chief support of the Austrian navy. In 1825, the circle of Clagenfurt, the territory of Carinthia, together with the province of Laybach, were incorporated with Illyria. The Illyrian Littorale, since 1825, includes, together with the commercial district of Trieste, two circles-those of Görtz and Istria. The Istrian government has its seat in Mitterburg. The kingdom of Illyria contains 9,137 square miles, with 35 cities, 59 market towns, 7891 villages, and 897,000 inhabitants, mostly Sclavonians, Morlachians and Germans. The people are mostly rude and warlike. (See Austria.) The government is divided into two branches, one of which has its seat at Laybach, capital of the kingdom, the other at Trieste. (See Russell's Travels in Germany.)

IMAGINATION; the faculty of the mind which forms images or representations of things. It acts either in presenting images to the mind of things without, or by reproducing those whose originals are not, at the moment, present to the mind or the sense. We therefore distinguish-(1.) original imagination, or the faculty of forming images of things in the mind-that is, the faculty which produces the picture of an object which the mind perceives by the actual impression of the object-from the (2.) reproductive imagination, or the faculty which recalls the image of an object in the mind without the presence of the object. Besides the power of forming, preserving and recalling such conceptions, the imagination has also the power (3.) to combine different conceptions, and thus create new images. In this case, it operates involuntarily, according to the laws of the association of ideas, when the mind is abandoned to the current of ideas, as in waking dreams or reveries. The association of ideas is either directed to a definite object by the understanding, or it operates only in subjection to the general laws of the understanding. In the former case, the imagination is confined; in the latter, its operations are free, but not lawless, the general law of tendency to a definite end fixing limits to its action, within which it may have free play, but which must not be overstepped. The free and yet regulated action of the imagination alone can give birth to the productions of the fine arts. In this case, it forms images according to ideas. It composes, creates, and is called the poetical faculty. From the twofold action of the imagination, we

may distinguish two spheres, within which it moves-the prosaic and the poetical. In the former, it presents subjects on which the understanding operates for the common purposes of life. Here it is restricted by the definite object for which we put it in action. In the latter, it gives life to the soul, by a free, yet regulated action, elevates the mind by ideal creations, and representations above common realities, and thus ennobles existence. Imagination operates in all classes, all ages, all situations, all climates, in the most exalted hero, the profound thinker, the passionate lover, in joy and grief, in hope and fear, and makes man truly man.

IMAN, IMAMODE, IMAM; a class of Turkish priests. It is necessary that they should have studied in Turkish schools, but their acquisitions are generally limited to the power of reading the Koran, and an enthusiastic gesticulation. They attend in the dschamis and mosques, call the people to prayer from the minarets, perform circumcision, &c. They are chosen by the people, and confirmed by the secular authority, under whose jurisdiction they also are in criminal and civil affairs. In ecclesiastical affairs, they are independent, and are not subject to the mufti, though he is the supreme priest. They may quit their office and reenter the lay order. They are distinguished by a wider turban, of a different form from the common ones, and by their sleeves. They enjoy some privileges, and cannot be put to death, without being stripped of their ecclesiastical dignity. A Turk loses his hand, and a Christian his life, if he beats an iman. The sultan, as chief of all ecclesiastical affairs, has the title of iman. IMARETHI, in Turkey; houses where boys at schools, and students of the colleges, and the poor, receive their dinner. The Mohammedan government have spent large sums for the establishment of the imarethis. In Constantinople, 30,000 people are said to dine in them daily.

IMAUS; the ancient name of the Himalaya mountains. (q. v.)

IMBERT, Bartholomew, an ingenious French writer, was born in 1747, at Nismes. He was the author of several compositions of merit, both in prose and verse, which obtained a high degree of popularity. Of these the one most favorably received was a poem which has for its subject the judgment of Paris. His fables, written in the manner of Fontaine, are less esteemed. He was also the author of some successful dramatic pieces, and of a novel entitled Les Egare46

VOL. VI.

mens de l'Amour. He died of an attack of fever, in 1790.

IMBEZZLING. (See Embezzlement.)
IMMERSION. (See Occultation.)

IMMORTALITY; the condition of that which is not subject to death. Immortality has a beginning, and thus differs from eternity, which has neither beginning nor end. Eternity is an attribute of God; immortality of some of his creatures, as, for instance, of the soul. The dogma of the immortality of the soul is very ancient. It is connected with almost all religions, though under an infinite variety of conceptions. By the immortality of the soul, we understand the endless continuation of our personality, our consciousness and will. Philosophers have endeavored, in different ways, to prove the immortality of the soul-the anchor of man's hope amid the storms of lifein modern times, particularly, from the immateriality of the soul. But this immateriality is not susceptible of rigorous proof, and, if it were, it would only follow that the soul need not perish with the death of the body. It might still pass into a state of unconsciousness, as in a deep sleep and a swoon, a state little better than annihilation; yet the idea, that the dissolution of the body involves the annihilation of existence, is so cheerless, so saddening, that the wisest and best of men, of all ages, have rejected it, and all civilized nations have adopted the belief of its continuation after death, as one of the main points of their religious faith. There are so many reasons to render it probable, which are as convincing to most men as any strict proof could be, that, with most nations, the belief in the immortality of the soul is as clear and firm as the belief in a God; in fact, the two dogmas are intimately connected in the minds of most men. The hope of immortality must be considered a religious conviction. Reason commands man to strive for continued perfection. This duty man cannot relinquish, without abandoning, at the same time, his whole dignity as a reasonable being and a free agent. He must, therefore, expect that a continuation of his better part, as the necessary condition for his progress in perfection, will not be denied to him. Hence the belief in immortality becomes intimately connected with our belief in the existence and goodness of God. The perfection at which man aspires, depends on the continuance of his individuality; and, therefore, he is hardly more startled by the doctrine of the materialist, who denies all difference between the mind and