stancy of lady Jane, who defended her opinions against the arguments of the Romish divines sent to reason with her, and prepared herself with firmness for her approaching fate. She was beheaded on Tower-hill, February 12, 1554, her husband having previously suffered the same day. A book, entitled The precious Remains of Lady Jane Grey (4to.), was published directly after her execution; and letters and other pieces ascribed to her may be found in Fox's Martyrology. GREY, Charles, earl, a distinguished whig and parliamentary orator in England, was born in 1764, and was educated at Eton and Cambridge. On leaving the university, he travelled on the continent, and, soon after his return to England, was returned to parliament, by family interest, for the county of Northumberland, before he had reached his twentieth year, but, of course, did not take his seat till he became of age. He afterwards represented the borough of Appleby, till he succeeded to the peerage. He had not been long in the house, before he became conspicuous for his industry and his ability in debate. He was a warm Foxite, and became a member of the whig club, and of the society of Friends of the People. He was one of the most zealous opposers of Pitt's war against France, and declared in parliament that the discomfiture of the duke of Brunswick by the French army, was a triumph of every friend of liberty. On the death of Pitt, the whigs having come into power, Mr. Grey (then lord Howick) was made first lord of the admiralty, and, on the death of Fox, secretary of state for foreign affairs. The dissolution of this ministry soon followed, and lord Howick not long after was transferred to the upper house by the death of his father, but for many years took little part in public affairs, and resided in retirement on his estates in Northumberland. On the resignation of lord Castlereagh and Mr. Canning, which was soon followed by that of the duke of Portland, the rest of the ministers made overtures to lord Grenville and earl Grey, which were declined. Lord Grey opposed the restrictions on the regency of the prince of Wales; and when those restrictions expired, in 1812, the offer of a seat in the ministry was renewed, and again rejected. In the trial of the unfortunate queen Caroline, lord Grey was one of the most active and zealous of the peers in her behalf; and to his eloquence and zeal, the result of the trial is in a great measure owing. He has always advocated reform

and the emancipation of the Catholics. In domestic life, earl Grey appears in the most exemplary light. Madame de Staël used to speak in terms of the highest admiration of the family scene at Fallowden house. On the 16th of Nov., 1830, the duke of Wellington announced his resignation of the office of first lord of the treasury, and earl Grey was immediately appointed his successor. He is therefore, at present, prime minister of England. (See Great Britain.)

The

GREYHOUND (canis graius, Linnæus). This variety of the canine race is distinguished by a greater length of muzzle than any other dog, a very low forehead, occasioned by the want of frontal sinuses, short lips, thin and long legs, small muscles, contracted belly, and semipendent ears. There are several sub-varieties described by naturalists, as the Irish greyhound, the Scotch, the Russian, the Italian and the Turkish, all which, though differing in size and intelligence, possess the general characteristics of the variety. The common greyhound is of a beautiful and delicate formation, and is universally known as the fleetest of this race of animals. We have no information when the name greyhound was introduced, the former appellation of gaze hound being very applicable to a dog which hunts by sight and not by smell. Its derivation is evidently from Graius, Grecian. greyhound has been for many centuries in the highest estimation, and in ancient times was considered as a most valuable present. The ardor and velocity of the greyhound in pursuit of its game, have always been a matter of admiration to sportsmen, and of various opinions as to the difference of speed between a well bred greyhound and a race-horse. has, by the best judges, been thought, that upon a flat, the horse would be superior to the dog; but that in a hilly country, the latter would have the advantage. The natural simplicity and peaceable demeanor of the greyhound has sometimes induced a doubt, whether the instinctive sagacity of this particular variety is equal to that of some others of the species; but, from numerous observations, it appears that it possesses this attribute in a high degree. Greyhound pups, during the first seven or eight months, are extremely uncouth, awkward and disproportioned, after which period they begin to improve in form and sagacity. They reach their full growth at two years. The distinguishing traits of superiority are supposed to consist in a fine, soft, flexible skin, with thin

It

silky hair, a great length of nose, contracting gradually from the eye to the nostril, a full, clear and penetrating eye, small ears, erect head, long neck, broad breast, width across the shoulders, roundness in the ribs, back neither too long nor too short, a contracted belly and flank, a great depth from the hips to the hocks of the hind legs, a strong stern, round foot, with open uniform clefts, fore legs straight, and shorter than the hinder. According to the quaint description given in a work printed in 1496, by Wynken de Wode, a greyhound should be

Headed lyke a snake,
Neckyed lyke a drake,
Fottyed lyke a catte,
Taylled lyke a ratte,
Syded lyke a teme,

And chyned lyke a beme.

Greyhounds bred in countries where the ground is chiefly arable, were formerly supposed superior in speed and bottom to those produced in hilly situations; that opinion, however, is completely superseded, and the contrary proved to be the case. If fed with coarse food, greyhounds are peculiarly liable to cutaneous and other affections.

GREY WACKE, Or GRAU WACKE, is a name originally applied by Werner to a fragmented or recomposed rock, consisting of mechanically altered portions or fragments of quartz, indurated clay slate and flinty slate, cemented by a basis of clay slate, the imbedded particles not exceeding a few inches in diameter, and sometimes becoming so minute as to be no longer visible, when the rock was denominated grau wacke slate. As this formation came to be examined more extensively in other countries, the term greywacke was extended so as to embrace nearly all fragmentary rocks, whose mechanical structure comes within the above description, however diversified the ingredients may be in their nature or dimensions, or whatever may be the nature of the cement, whether siliceous or argillaceous, provided only they are anterior to the new red sandstone and coal formation. The reason of this extension was, that the greywacke of Werner was found to pass by insensible degrees into rocks, which, notwithstanding they were obviously produced by the same causes, and occupied the same relative situations with his rock, were, nevertheless, excluded from coalescing with it by the too limited character of his definition. So much diversity, however, exists among the varieties of this rock, that it has been found

convenient to distinguish them by separate names. Thus we have greywacke slate when the ingredients are very comminuted, greywacke when they are of middling size, pudding-stone when they are rounded, conglomerate when they are from four or five inches in diameter to the size of a man's head and larger, gritstone when the concretions are hard and siliceous and the paste siliceous also, and old red sandstone when colored red by the peroxide of iron. The fragments which compose the rocks of this formation, are evidently the debris of the primary rocks that have been broken down by some powerful catastrophe, and mixed with more recent beds at the period when they were forming. They occupy a place next to the primitive rocks, often in an alternating series with mountain limestone, and beneath that class of rocks denominated secondary, between the formation of which and the greywacke a considerable period must have elapsed, as the fragments of the latter invariably consist of lower rocks, and never of the upper strata. Greywacke but very rarely contains organic remains; but the limestones and slates, with which it alternates, present them in considerable quantity, and such as belong to genera almost exclusively unknown at present, and which never occur in the upper strata. Though the gold of Hungary and Siberia is found in this rock, still it cannot be said to be prolific in metals or other useful minerals. When fine grained, it forms a valuable building stone. It is the material of which the fortifications at Quebec in Lower Canada are chiefly constructed. Greywacke is very extensively distributed in Europe. It forms the eastern declivity of the mountains of Brazil, and abounds throughout the chain of the Alleghanies. The variety termed conglomerate, occurs extensively in the vicinity of Boston and upon the island of Rhode Island; at the latter locality, it occurs in connexion with the anthracite coal. The old red sandstone forms an extensive deposit in the valley of the Connecticut, from Deerfield, Mass., to Long Island sound, and again in New Jersey, bordering upon the Hudson river. The finer varieties of it are much employed in building, under the name of freestone. A quarry of it exists at Chatham, directly upon the banks of the Connecticut, which gives employment to nearly 200 men.

GRIDLEY, Jeremiah, a celebrated lawyer of Massachusetts before the revolution, was born about the year 1705, and receiv

ed his degree at Harvard college in 1725. His first occupation in Boston was that of an assistant in the public grammar school, in which capacity he continued for several years, during which he studied theology, and occasionally preached. He afterwards devoted himself to the law, in which profession he became eminent. Soon after he was admitted to the bar, he instituted a weekly newspaper, called the Rehearsal. The first number was published September 29, 1731. In this journal he wrote articles, literary and political, for a year, when the increase of his professional business obliged him to relinquish it. His writings exhibit ingenuity and originality, fervor and energy. Having been elected a member from Brookline of the general court of the province, he became a decided opponent of the measures of the ministry, and manifested a warm attachment to liberal principles. He was, nevertheless, appointed attorney-general of the province of Massachusetts Bay, and, m that capacity, was obliged to perform the unpleasant duty of defending the obnoxious writs of assistance. The celebrated James Otis, who had been a student in his office, was his opponent, and wholly confuted him. He died in Boston, September 7, 1767, aged about 62 years. Mr. Gridley was a man of a high, elevated and ardent spirit, always more anxious for fame than for wealth.

GRIES, John Dietrich, a German scholar, the translator of Tasso, Ariosto and Calderon, was born February 7, 1775, in Hamburg, where his father was a senator. Against his own wish, he was intended for a merchant, but, in his 17th year, obtained permission to follow his inclination for study. He studied at Jena in 1795, and was favorably noticed by the leading belleslettres scholars of that time in Germany -A. W. Schlegel, Göthe, Wieland and Schiller--whose intimate friend he remained. He first studied law; but various circumstances, among them an increasing deafness, determined him to devote himself entirely to poetry. Several of his poems were published in periodicals; but he gained celebrity chiefly by his translation of Tasso, the first in the German language in the metre of the original. Three editions of this translation have been already published. The translation of Ariosto's Orlando Furioso appeared in 1804-1808. He also undertook to translate Bojardo's Orlando Innamorato; but the great length of this poem induced him to abandon the attempt, after having published 12 cantos. Since 1815, he has published 6 volumes

of the translation of Calderon. Gries lives at present in Jena.

GRIESBACH, John James (died in 1812), first professor of theology at Jena, acquir ed a permanent reputation by his critical edition of the New Testament, and by the education of several thousand youth. Born at Butzbach in Hesse-Darmstadt, in 1745, he removed, while a child, to Frankfort on the Maine, where his father, a preacher and consistorial counsellor, died in 1777. He received his first instruction at the gymnasium of Frankfort, and removed to the university of Tübingen in 1762. In 1764, he went to Halle, and afterwards spent a year at Leipsic. Ecclesiastical history was the subject of his studies, in which Ernesti, at Leipsic, aided him with books and advice. He next undertook, at Halle, an extensive course of preliminary studies to the criticism of the New Testament and dogmatic history. Having resolved to devote himself altogether to the criticism of the text of the New Testament, he undertook, in 1769 and 1770, a literary journey through Germany, England, Holland and France. The following winter he devoted, in his native city, to the elaboration of his materials; and, in 1771, appeared as a lecturer in Halle, with such applause, in consequence of his celebrated treatise on the criticisms of Origen on the Gospels, that, two years after, he was appointed professor. He now pursued, with indefatigable industry, his plan of an edition of the New Testament. Having received an appointment to a regular professorship of theology at Jena, he published a synopsis of the Gospels. This was soon followed by the first edition of the whole Testament. Its peculiarity is, that it does not merely consider the accepted or rejected readings, but the different degrees of probability for or against them are determined and represented by intelligible marks in the margin. It is to be lamented that he could not finish, as he had intended, the complete edition, which was begun in 1796, and appeared simultaneously at Halle and London. He was, however, incessantly employed on it till his death, and lived to see the superb edition, published by Göschen, finished. Gabler has edited Griesbach's Opuscula Academica (Jena, 1824., 2 vols.).

GRIFFIN, OF GRYPHON (yo); a fabulous monster of antiquity, commonly represented with the body, the feet and claws of a lion, the head and wings of an eagle, the ears of a horse, and, instead of a mane, a comb of fishes' fins: the back was covered with feathers. Elian says that its

back was covered with black feathers, its breast with red, and its wings with white. Ctesias gives him blue and shining neck feathers, the beak of an eagle, and fiery eyes. Later writers add other particulars. According to the book De Rerum Natura, it is larger than an eagle, has on its fore feet large claws, like those of an eagle, and others on its hind feet, like those of a lion; and it lays an agate in its nest. Drinking cups are made from its talons. The griffin is so strong, says Ctesias, that he conquers all beasts, the lion and elephant only excepted. India was assigned as the native country of the griffins, and it was believed that they built their nests on the mountains; that they could be easily caught and tamed when young, but never when full grown; that they found gold in the mountains, and built their nests of it; or, according to other accounts, that they feared those who sought for gold in the mountains, and defended their young against their attacks. Böttiger, in his Vasengemälde, has given much information concerning the origin of this fabulous animal. He maintains that this and similar monsters are merely the creation of Indian tapestry-makers, who, from the most ancient times, employed themselves on strange compositions of mythological beasts. The Greeks, who saw this kind of tapestry at the court of the king of Persia, thought that the animals depicted on it were really inhabitants of India, so rich in wonders, and they spread the report. So much is certain, that the notion of this bird came from Asia into Greece in the train of Bacchus. He was, therefore, the symbol of illumination and wisdom.

GRILLPARZER, Francis, born in 1790, lives, at present, in Vienna, where he has an office at court. In 1816, he attracted the attention of the public. As Müllner was led by Werner's 24th of February to write his Schuld (Guilt), Grillparzer was probably excited by the Schuld to write his Ahnfrau (Ancestress)—a piece still more decidedly belonging to the fatalist school. It is full of horrors; but the poetical language, the highly lyric power displayed in his descriptions, and the novelty of the school of the fatalists, kept this play a long time on the stage. The young poet published, in 1818, his Sappho, and, in 1822, the Golden Fleece, in both of which the lyric language is the chief merit. In a subsequent piece (Ottokar), he has wisely chosen a subject comparatively modern; it breathes a more dramatic spirit than his earlier productions. It appeared in 1824.

GRIMALDI (family); one of the four families of the high nobility in Genoa. The lordship of Monaco (afterwards elevated to a principality) belonged, for more than 600 years (beginning with 980), to the Grimaldi. With the Fiescos, they always played an important part in the history of Genoa, especially in the disputes between the Gibelines and the Guelfs, to which latter party both families belonged. Large estates in the kingdom of Naples, in France and Italy, increased the influence of the Grimaldi, from whom proceeded several eminent men:-1. Ranieri Grimaldi was the first Genoese who conducted the naval forces of the republic beyond the straits of Gibraltar. În the service of Philip the Fair of France, Grimaldi sailed to Zealand in 1304, with 16 Genoese galleys and 20 French ships under his cominand. He there defeated and made prisoner the count Guy of Flanders, who commanded the enemy's fleet of 80 sail.2. Antonio Grimaldi, likewise, distinguished himself in the naval service in the first half of the 14th century. The Catalonians had committed hostilities against Genoa, which city had been prevented by internal discord from punishing the of fence. But when a more favorable moment arrived, Antonio received the command of the fleet, with the commission to devastate the coasts of Catalonia. This commission the Genoese performed but too faithfully. He also defeated an Arragonese fleet of 42 sail. Twenty-one years after, he suffered such a defeat from the combined Venetian and Catalonian fleets, under the command of Nicolas Pisani, that, of the whole Genoese fleet, only 17 vessels escaped. This defeat (29th of August, 1353) obliged the Genoese to submit to John Visconti, lord of Milan, who promised them protection against their enemies, the Venetians.-3. Giovanni Grimaldi is celebrated for the victory which he gained, May 23, 1431, over the Venetian admiral, Nic. Travisani, on the Po, although Carmagnola, the most distinguished general of his time, was ready to support the Venetians, with a considerable army, on the banks of the river. By an able manoeuvre, Grimaldi separated the Venetian fleet from the bank, where the army was stationed (three miles below Cremona), and thus succeeded, not only in utterly defeating the enemy, but in taking 28 galleys and a great number of transports, with immense spoils.-4. Domenico Grimaldi, cardinal, archbishop and vice-legate of Avignon, lived in the 16th century. Before he obtained these high

dignities, Pius V intrusted to him the supervision of the galleys of the States of the Church, and Grimaldi, though already bishop, was present at the naval battle of Lepanto (1571), on which occasion he is said to have distinguished himself by his courage. The annals of the Roman church also relate of this warlike prelate, that he succeeded in totally extirpating the poison of heresy from his diocese, He died in 1592, and left behind a volume of letters relative to the events in which he had been engaged.-5. His nephew Geronimo Grimaldi, born at Genoa in 1597, was appointed, in his 28th year, vicelegate of Romagna, and afterwards bishop of Albano and governor of Rome. Urban VIII sent him as nuncio to Germany and France; and the services which he rendered the Roman court were rewarded, in 1643, by a cardinal's hat. After the death of Urban, Grimaldi, from gratitude, protected his family, and thus incurred the displeasure of Innocent, who refused, during his whole life, to sign the bull, constituting Grimaldi archbishop of Aix. Not till Alexander VII succeeded Innocent, was he able to enter on his new office (1655). He endeavored to reform the manners of the clergy of his diocese, for which purpose he established an ecclesiastical seminary; he likewise founded an hospital for the poor, and annually distributed 100,000 livres of his vast property in alms. He contributed much to the election of Innocent XI, whose virtues he revered. Although he was subsequently appointed dean of the holy college in Rome, he could not resolve to abandon the congregation intrusted to him. He died at Aix, in 1685, 90 years of age.-6. Nicholas Grimaldi, born in 1645, was invested with the Roman purple by Clement XI, in 1706. He died in 1717, leaving immense wealth.-7. Another Geronimo, born in 1674, was honored with a cardinal's hat. He had previously been the nuncio of the Roman court at Avignon, and afterwards at Brussels, in Poland and Germany. He was subsequently appointed cardinal legate of Bologna. He died in 1733.-Besides these Grimaldis, we find others of this name, conspicuous in science and art.-1. Giacomo, a writer of the 16th century, whom Tiraboschi mentions with great praise. He was born at Bologna, embraced the clerical profession, and, as superintendent of the archives of the church of St. Peter in Rome, rendered an important service by arranging the whole of this valuable collection. He also attempted to

explain the ancient inscriptions, discovered during the pontificate of Paul V, by illus trative remarks. A list of his antiquarian and philological writings may be found in the 4th volume of Scriptor. Bolognesi. He died in 1623.-2. Giovanni Francesco, called Bolognese, from his having been born in that city, lived in the 17th century, and was an eminent painter, architect and engraver. In the first mentioned art, he took the Carracci for his model; he also studied some time with Albano. Having been invited to Paris by cardinal Mazarin, he painted several frescos in the Louvre. As an architect, he was no less distinguished; and his engravings are highly esteemed. Innocent X employed him to execute the frescos in the Vatican and the Quirinal. Several of his best paintings are to be found in the church Sta. Maria del Monte in Rome; the museum at Paris also contains some of his best productions. He died in 1680, 74 years of age. Alexander, a son of his, is likewise known as a painter.-3. Francesco Maria, a Jesuit, was born in Bologna in 1613, and was distinguished as a mathematician. He assisted Riccioli in his mathematical la bors, and afterwards published a work on the spots on the moon. He also wrote Physico-mathesis de Lumine Coloribus et Iride, aliisque annexis (Bologna, 1665, 4to.). This learned Jesuit died in his native city, in 1663.-4. Francesco, who likewise lived in the 17th century, and was born in the kingdom of Naples, joined the Jesuits, and is distinguished as a Latin poet. We have several bucolic and dramatic poems from him, which evince his talents. He died while professor of rhetoric in the college of the Jesuits, in Rome, in 1738, about 60 years of age. -5. Peter Grimaldi, likewise a Jesuit, was born in Civita-Vecchia, lived in the 18th century, and was, for a long time, a missionary in the East Indies. There is a story of him, that, on his return to Europe, he invented a machine, by means of which (1751) he passed through the air from Calais to Dover in an hour. It is mentioned by Pingeron, in his translation of the work of Milizia, and by Fontenai, in his Dictionnaire des Artistes. Since they give no more explicit account of the affair, and as this previous experiment is not quoted in the treatises that appeared at the time of the invention of the air-balloon (1784), we must entertain some doubt of the truth of the aërial journey ascribed to Peter Grimaldi.-6. Constantine, born at Naples, in 1667, died there in 1750, was a jurist, and was distinguished