100

on the Bible, but did not publish them. Her life was entirely devoted to literature, and her domestic duties. She died in 1720. Equally estimable for her character and her talents, she gained as many admirers by her virtue, her constancy and her equanimity, as by her works. She was chosen member of several academies. DACTYLE. (See Rhythm.)

DACTYLIOTHECA (Greek); a collection of engraved gems. The art of engraving gems was no where carried to greater perfection than in Greece, where they were worn not only in rings (from which the name of dakriλtos, ring), but in seals, and were much used for other ornamental purposes. The Romans were far behind the Greeks in this art; but they were the first who made collections of precious stones. Scaurus, the son-in-law of Sylla, introduced the custom (Pliny, Hist. Nat., 37, 5). Pompey the Great transferred the collection of Mithridates to Rome, and placed it in the capitol. A much larger collection was exhibited by Cæsar in the temple of Venus Genitrix, and, after wards, under Augustus, by M. Marcellus, in the temple of Apollo Palatinus. In modern times, the princes of Italy vied with each other in collecting these treasures of art. The family of Gonzaga established the first dactyliotheca, and was followed by the family of Este at Modena, that of Farnese, and by Lorenzo de' Medici in Florence. The gems collected by him are marked with Lor., or Lor. de' M., or with M. alone. His collection was divided and scattered, but the Medici established a new one, the foundation of the present D. Florentina, the most important existing, as it contains about 4000 gems. In Rome, collections of no great value were made under Julius II and Leo X. Maria Piccolomini, a Roman prelate, had the best in that city; and Lucio Odescalchi, afterwards duke of Bragiani, inherited that of Christina queen of Sweden. Rome afterwards received the collections of the Vatican (formed more at random than on any connected plan), of the Barberini, and of the Strozzi (containing some masterpieces of the art, now in St. Petersburg). The D. Ludovisia, belonging to the prince of Piombino, and that of the cardinal Borgia at Velletri, famous for its Egyptian gems and scarabai, are still celebrated. Naples has beautiful gems in the cabinet at Portici and at Capo di Monte. The prince Piscari formed a collection at Catanea, in Sicily, consisting entirely of gems found in Sicily. In France, the first collection was begun by Francis I, but was dispersed

in the civil war. In the reign of Louis XIV, Louvois laid the foundation of the present fine collection of antiques in the royal library. The collection of the duke of Orleans, which he inherited from the Palatinate, was celebrated. Besides these, there were several private collections of value. The most celebrated in England are those of the dukes of Devonshire, Bedford and Marlborough, and the earls of Carlisle and Desborough. Germany also has collections. In the palace of Sans Souci, at Potsdam, near Berlin, several are united, among which is that of Muzel Stosch, rendered famous by the description of Winckelmann. Vienna has a separate cabinet of gems. The collection of Dresden is good. The city library of Leipsic possesses some good gems. The collection at Cassel is extensive, but not very valuable. Münich has some beautiful pieces. There are also many private collections. In the Netherlands, the cabinet of the king is valuable. In the royal palace at Copenhagen, there are some vases inlaid with gems; and Petersburg has, besides the imperial collection, the foundation of which was that of the engraver Natter, the rich collection of count Poniatowski. To multiply elegant and ingenious or remarkable designs on gems, engravings or casts are taken. Thus not only single designs, but all those of the same class, or those of a whole cabinet, are represented by engravings. The impressions of various classes of gems have been collected. Bellori collected the portraits of philosophers and others; Chifflet, abraxas stones (see Abraxas, and Gnosis); Gori, gems engraved with stars; Ficoroni, gems with inscriptions; Stosch, gems bearing the names of the artists. Representations of whole collections have been given; as, by Gori, of those contained in the Museum Florentinum; by Wicar and Mongez, of those in the gallery of Florence; by Mariette, of the former French collections; by Leblond and Lachaux, of that of the duke of Orleans; by Eckhel, of that of Vienna. We might also mention the copies of the Museum d'Odescalchi, of the cabinets of Gravelle, Stosch, Bossi, and the duke of Marlborough. But, although some of these impressions are very beautiful, the preference ought to be given to the casts. The collections of such casts are also called dactyliothecæ; for instance, the dactyliotheca of Lippert, consisting of 3000 pieces. Tassie, in London, has executed the largest collection of casts yet known, amounting to 15,000. These are important aids in the study of

the branch of antiquities with which they are connected.

DACTYLIOMANCY (from čakrúλios, a ring, and pavrcía, divination); the pretended art of divining by means of rings.

DACTYLOLOGY, or DACTYLONOMY (from dárlos, the finger), is the art of numbering with the fingers; or, in a wider sense, of expressing one's thoughts in general with the fingers. It is usually taught in institutions for the education of the deaf and dumb.

DADUCHUS (Latin; ▲adixos, Greek); literally a torch-bearer, but applied as an epithet to many of the ancient divinities, who were always represented as bearing a torch or flambeau. Daduchi were also those persons, who, in certain ceremonies and religious processions, carried the flambeaus or sacred torches. The Daduchic deities are Ceres, when represented as searching for her lost daughter Proserpine; Diana, Luna, Hecate and Sol, when in their cars, employed in the business of lighting the earth; Venus, Cupid and Hymen, when bearing the torch of love; Rhea or Cybele, and Vesta, in the temples where the vestals guarded the sacred fire of those goddesses; Vulcan, in whose honor, conjointly with Prometheus and Pallas as Daduchi, the Athenians instituted a festival, which they called Lampadephoria, Aaprainpopía (see Lampadephoria); Bellona, the Furies, Aurora, Hymen, Peace (on a medal of Vespasian); Comus (in an ancient painting described by Philostratus); Night, Sleep, and Death, or Thanatus, (Θάνατος).

66

DEDALUS (Aardados). The name of Dadali is given to full-length figures or images, with the feet in an advancing posture. But whence this appellation is derived, is a contested point. Winckelmann, following Palæphatus and Diodorus, says, Dædalus began to separate the lower part of the Hermes into legs; and the first statues are said to have received from him the name of Dædali." The common opinion is, that Dædalus first separated the legs of the statues in an advancing posture, which explains the saying that his statues moved, since all previous sculptors formed their statues with the arms hanging down, not divided from the body, and the legs not separated, like the mummy-shaped figures of the Egyptians. According to Pausanias, Daedalus received his name from the statues (the name of which is said to have been derived from dadadev, to work with skill). Böttiger (in his Lectures on Archæology, Dresden, 1806) supposes that

101

Daedalus is not a proper name, but the common appellation of all the first architects, metallurgists and sculptors in Grecian antiquity; also, in general, an artist, as dadalic signifies artificial, skilful. In early periods, every art is confined to the family and friends of the inventor, and the disciples are called sons. Thus the ancients speak of the Dædalian family of artists, including Talos, Perdix, Diopœnos, Scyllis and others. According to the common opinion, Dædalus lived three generations before the Trojan war, was distinguished for his talents in architecture, sculpture and engraving, and the inventor of many instruments; for instance, the axe, the saw, the plummet, the auger; also of glue, and masts and yards for ships. As a sculptor, he wrought mostly in wood, and was the first who made the eyes of his statues open. This he did in Athens, which he was compelled to leave on account of the murder of his disciple Talos, of whose skill he was jealous. He built the famous labyrinth in Crete; executed for Ariadne a group of male and female dancers, of white stone, and for Pasiphaë the notorious wooden cow. Being imprisoned with his son Icarus, he invented instruments for flying. The wings were composed of linen, or, according to Ovid, of feathers, and fastened with wax, which caused the death of Icarus; whence the Icarian sea is said to have received its name. Dædalus himself reached Sicily, on the southern coast of which a place was called, after him, Dadalium. A festival called Dadala (image-festival) was celebrated in Bootia, mostly at Platea. We must not confound this Daedalus with a later sculptor, Dædalus of Sicyon. Many stories of different artists have, probably, been blended to form the character of Dædalus.

DAENDELS, Hermann William, a Dutch general, born in 1762, at Hattem, in Guelderland, took an important part in the troubles which began in Holland, in 1787, on the side of the patriots, and, with many of his countrymen of the same party, was compelled to take refuge in France, where he engaged in commercial speculations, in Dunkirk. In 1793, he was appointed colonel in the new legion of volunteers, Fr mc étranger, and was of great service to Dumouriez, in his expedition against Holland. He rendered still greater services to Pichegru, in the campaign of 1794, which made the French commander master of all Holland. Daendels now became lieutenant-general in the service of the Batavian republic, and took an important

102

via.

part in the change of the government. When Louis Bonaparte ascended the throne, he loaded him with honors, and appointed him governor-general of BataAfter the union of Holland with France, Napoleon recalled him. Daendels arrived in Europe in the summer of 1812. He employed his leisure time in publishing a Compte rendu of his government in Java (4 vols., folio), in which he throws much light on the statistics and general condition of that country. He was afterwards appointed, by the king of the Netherlands, to organize the restored colonies on the coast of Africa. Here he displayed his usual energy; he promoted peace between the neighboring Negro states, encouraged the establishment of new plantations on the West India plan, and checked the slave-trade, until the time of his death.

DAFFODIL. (See Narcissus.)

DAGH; a Persian word, signifying mountain-Daghistan, land of mountains. DAGOBERT I (called the Great on account of his military successes), king of the Franks, of the Merovingian race, in 628 succeeded his father, Clothaire II, who had reunited the divided members of the French empire. He waged war with success against the Sclavonians, Saxons, Gascons and Bretons; but he stained the splendor of his victories by cruelty, violence and licentiousness. After he had conquered the Saxons, it is said that he caused all those whose stature exceeded the length of his sword to be put to death. He deserves praise for his improvement of the laws of the Franks. He died at Epinay, 638, at the age of 32 years, and was buried in St. Denis, which he had founded six years before.

D'AGUESSEAU. (See Aguesseau.)

DAHL, John Christian, landscape painter, since 1820 member of the academy of Dresden, born Feb. 24, 1788, at Bergen, in Norway, was first destined for theology; but, having neither the inclination nor the means to pursue that study, he was bound apprentice to a painter in his native town. He soon distinguished himself by his sea-views, and enjoys, at present, the reputation of one of the first, if not the first, of living painters in this department. Some of his paintings are truly grand. He lives at present in Dresden.

DAHLIA; the name of a genus of plants belonging to the natural order composite, or compound flowers. The D. pinnata, within a few years, has become common in the gardens of the Northern and Middle States, where it is cultivated as an ornament, and

is very conspicuous in the latter part of the season. The root is perennial, composed of fascicles of tubers, which are oblong and tapering at each end, and about 6 inches in length. The stem is straight, branching, thick, and reaches the height of 7 feet and upwards. The leaves are opposite, connate, and simply or doubly pinnated. The flowers are solitary, at the extremity of long, simple branches, deep purple, with a yellow centre: by cultivation, however, they have been doubled, and made to assume a variety of colors. The roots are a wholesome article of food, much eaten by the Mexicans, though the taste is not very agreeable. It is reproduced from the seed, or by the division of the roots, which is the most approved mode. It requires frequent watering. In autumn, the roots should be taken out of the ground, covered with dry sand, and kept out of the reach of frost during the winter. All the species are natives of Mexico.

DAHOMEY; a kingdom in the interior of Western Africa, behind the Slave Coast. The country is very little known to Europeans. The parts which have been visited are very beautiful and fertile, and rise, for about 150 miles, with a gradual slope, but without any great elevation. The soil is a deep, rich clay, yielding maize, millet and Guinea corn in abundance. The inhabitants are warlike and ferocious. The government is an absolute despotism. The ferocity which prevails among this nation almost surpasses belief. Human skulls form the favorite ornament in the construction of the palaces and temples. The king's sleeping-chamber has the floor paved with the skulls, and the roof ornamented with the jaw-bones, of chiefs whom he has overcome in battle.

DAIRE, OF DAIRO. (See Japan.)

DAIRY (from dey, an old English word for milk); a building appropriated to the purpose of preserving and managing milk, skimming cream, making butter, cheese, &c., with sometimes the addition of pleasure rooms for partaking the luxuries of the dairy, as syllabubs, cream with fruit, iced creams, &c.

DAISY; the name of a plant which is very familiar, and a great favorite in Europe (bellis perennis, L.). It is one of the earliest in spring, and its elegant flowers, appearing at intervals in the green sward, have been compared to pearls. During cloudy weather, and at night, they close. It continues flowering during the whole season, and is not used for food by any animal. It belongs to the natural order

composita. The leaves are all radical, spathulate, obtuse, more or less dentate, slightly hairy, and spread upon the ground. Its naked stem is a few inches high, and terminated by a white flower, having a tinge of red, and a yellow centre. In the U. States, it is only seen cultivated in gardens. One species of bellis (B. integrifolia, Mx.) inhabits the U. States, but is a rare plant, and only found in the Southwestern States, in Tennessee and Arkan

sas.

DAL; a Swedish word, signifying, like the German THAL, valley, as in Dalecarlia. DALAI LAMA. (See Lama.)

DALBERG, family of the barons of; also DALBURG. Is there no Dalberg present?' the imperial herald was formerly obliged to demand, at every coronation of the German emperors; and the Dalberg present bent his knee before the new sovereign, and received the accolade as the first knight of the empire. So illustrious were the ancestors of the present Dalbergs, the ancient chamberlains of Worms! The family obtained the rank of barons of the empire in the 17th century. Many Dalbergs have distinguished themselves as patrons of German literature.

DALBERG, Charles Theodore Anthony Maria, of the noble family of Dalberg, barons of the German empire, was chamberlain of Worms, elector of Mentz, archchancellor, and subsequently prince-primate of the confederation of the Rhine, and grand-duke of Frankfort; finally archbishop of Ratisbon and bishop of Worms and Constance; born Feb. 8, 1744, at Hernsheim, near Worms. In 1772, he became privy-counsellor and governor at Erfurt. During many years' residence in that place, he was distinguished for industry, regularity and punctuality in the discharge of his duties. An incorruptible love of justice, and inflexible firmness in maintaining what he considered just and politic, animated him. He encouraged science and the arts by his patronage of learned men and artists, and wrote several learned treatises and ingenious works. In 1802, after the death of the elector of Mentz, he was made elector and archchancellor of the German empire. By the new political changes in Germany in 1803, he came into possession of Ratisbon, Aschaffenburg and Wetzlar. In 1806, he was made prince-primate of the confederation of the Rhine. At Ratisbon, he erected the first monument to the famous Kepler. In 1810, he resigned the principality of Ratisbon to Bavaria, and obtained, as compensation, a considerable part

103

of the principalities of Fulda and Hanau, and was made grand-duke. In 1813, he voluntarily resigned all his possessions as a sovereign prince, and returned to private life, retaining only his ecclesiastical dignity of archbishop. He retired to Ratisbon. He was a member of the French national institute. His works are mostly philosophical. Among them are the Reflections on the Universe (5th edition, 1805), the Principles of Esthetics (Erlangen, 1791), and Pericles, or the Influence of the Liberal Arts on Public Happiness (Erfurt, 1806). He wrote several of his works in French. He is also the author of several legal treatises. Although he was fond of theoretical speculations, yet he devoted his attention more particularly to practical studies, such as the philosophy of the arts, mathematics, physics, chemistry, botany, mineralogy, scientific agriculture, &c. Dalberg died Feb. 10, 1817.

DALBERG, Emmerich Joseph, duke of; peer of France, nephew of the prince-primate, and son of the well-known author Wolfgang Heribert, baron of Dalberg; born May 31, 1773, at Mentz. He began his career in public life under the eyes of his uncle, at Erfurt, and was also for a time in the diplomatic service of Bavaria, until he was appointed, in 1803, envoy of the margrave of Baden at Paris. He formed an intimacy with the prince of Benevento (see Talleyrand-Perigord), who married him, in 1807, to mlle. de Brignolles, of a distinguished Genoese family. During the campaign of 1809, he received the portfolio of foreign affairs in Baden, without resigning his office of ambassador in Paris. After the peace, he returned to France, where he became a citizen of France, and was subsequently created duke and counsellor of state. After the marriage of Napoleon with the archduchess Maria Louisa, on which occasion Dalberg is said to have opened the preliminary negotiations with prince Schwarzenberg, he received a donation of 4,000,000 francs on the principality of Baireuth, of which France had the disposal by the treaty of Vienna, and the king of Bavaria paid him almost the whole sum. When the prince of Benevento fell into disgrace, Dalberg retired with his patron. In April, 1814, Talleyrand, at the head of the provisional government, made the duke one of the five members of that government, who promoted the restoration of the Bourbons. Dalberg was present at the congress of Vienna, as French minister plenipotentiary, and signed, 1815, the declaration

against his former master and benefactor. Napoleon, on this account, included him, after his return, among the twelve whom he banished, and whose estates were confiscated. After the second restoration of the royal government, Dalberg recovered his property, was appointed minister of state and peer, received an embassy to the court of Turin, and lives now in Paris.

ter.

DALE, Richard, an American naval commander, was born in Virginia, Nov. 6, 1756. At 12 years of age, he was sent to sea, and, in 1775, he took the command of a merchant vessel. In 1776, he entered, as a midshipman, on board of the American brig of war Lexington, commanded by captain John Barry. In her he cruised on the British coast the following year, and was taken by a British cutAfter a confinement of more than a year in Mill prison, he effected his escape into France, where he joined, in the character of master's mate, the celebrated Paul Jones, then commanding the American ship Bon Homme Richard. Jones soon raised Dale to the rank of his first lieutenant, in which character he signalized himself in the sanguinary and desperate engagement between the Bon Homme Richard and the English frigate Serapis. He was the first man who reached the deck of the latter when she was boarded and taken. In 1781, he returned to America, and, in June of that year, was appointed to the Trumbull frigate, commanded by captain James Nicholson, and soon afterwards captured. From 1790 to 1794, he served as captain in the East India trade. At the end of this period, the government of the U. States made him a captain in the navy. In 1801, he took the command of the American squadron of observation, which sailed, in June of that year, from Hampton roads to the Mediterranean. His broad pendant was hoisted on board the frigate President. Efficient protection was given by Dale to the American trade and other interests in the Mediterranean. In April, 1802, he reached Hampton roads again. He passed the remainder of his life in Philadelphia, in the enjoyment of a competent estate, and of the esteem of all his fellow-citizens. He died Feb. 24, 1826. Captain Dale was a thorough, brave and intelligent seaman. He was several times severely wounded in battle. The adventures of his early years were of the most romantic and perilous cast. No man could lay claim to a more honorable and honest char

acter.

DALECARLIA; a province of Sweden. (See Sweden.)

DALIN, Olof or Olaus of; the father of modern Swedish literature, in the 18th century. He exerted much influence by his periodical paper, The Swedish Argus (1733-34), and still more by his spirited poems, particularly Satires (1729), an excellent poem on the liberty of Sweden (1742), many songs, epigrams and fables. The best edition of his poetical works appeared at Stockholm, 1782-83, in 2 vols. He acquired equal reputation by his able history of Sweden (Stockholm 1777, 3 vols. 4to., translated into German by Benzelstierna and Dähnert, Greifswalde, 4 vols., 4to.), on which account he was appointed historiographer of the kingdom (1756). He also participated in the foundation of the academy of belles-lettres by Ulrica Eleonora (1753). He was born in the district of Winberga in Halland (1708), and died chancellor of the court of Sweden, in 1763.

DALLAS, Alexander James, was born, June 1, 1759, in the island of Jamaica. When quite young, he was sent to school at Edinburgh, and afterwards at Westminster. His father was an eminent and wealthy physician in the island of Jamaica. In 1781, after the death of his father, he left England for Jamaica. It was found that the whole of Mr. Dallas's property was left at the disposal of his widow, who married again, and no part of it ever came to the rest of the family. The subject of this article left Jamaica in April, 1783, and arrived at New York June 7, and at Philadelphia a week after. June 17, he took the oath of allegiance to the state of Pennsylvania. In July, 1785, he was admitted to practise in the supreme court of Pennsylvania, and, in the course of four or five years, became a practitioner in the courts of the U. States. During this period, his practice not being extensive, he prepared his Reports for the press, and occupied himself in various literary undertakings. He wrote much in the magazines of the day. Of the Columbian Magazine he was at one time editor. His essays will bear a comparison with those of his contemporaries; and this is no small praise, for Franklin, Rush and Hopkinson were of the number. Jan. 19, 1791, he was appointed secretary of Pennsylvania by governor Mifflin. In December, 1793, his commission was renewed. Not long after, he was appointed paymaster-general of the forces that marched to the west, and he accompanied the expedition to Pittsburg. In Decem