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gal presidency, 58,000,000; Madras presidency, 16,000,000; Bombay presidency, 11,000,000; total British, 85,000,000; subsidiary and dependent (say), 40,000,000; outports in the bay, &c. (say), 1,000,000; total under British control, 126,000,000; independent states, but controlled by the British arms (say), 10,000,000; approximate total, not European, 136,000,000; total Europeans, about 40,000; about one European to three thousand four hundred natives, or, where they have the whole command of the government and revenue, one European to two thousand one hundred and twenty-five natives.-We are glad to end our account by stating, that, at last, the English have abolished the suttees, or burning alive of widows. The order is dated Dec. 4, 1829.

IV. The French, Danish and Swedish East India companies have been of little importance, even in their most flourishing state, to the commerce of the world. The French, established in 1664, could not succeed; in 1796, the trade was again thrown open. A new company, established in 1785, expired in 1791. The East India company in Denmark established in 1618, and several times renewed, finally surrendered its possessions to the king in 1777. The company has now only the Chinese trade. The Swedish East India company, established in 1731, and renewed in 1766 and 1786, still exists at Gothenburg. For every voyage it pays $75,000 in silver to the crown, to which, on its establishment, it was obliged to advance $3,000,000 in silver, of which one million, not on interest, is merely a security, and the other two millions are considered as a loan.

EAST INDIA FLY (lytta gygas). The color is a deep azure or sea-blue; all parts of the insect, head, elytra or wing-cases, body and legs, are of the same color, with the exception of the under part of the chest, on which there is a brown spot. Its size is from three fourths of an inch to an inch in length, being nearly twice the size of the lytta vesicatoria, or cantharides. They have little or no odor. This species of cantharides has been tried at the Philadelphia alms-house. They proved to be exceedingly active as vesicatories, and never failed in their effect. They produce a vesication, in general, much earlier than the Spanish fly, and, from being found so much more active, only one half the quantity is added in making the emplastrum cantharidis. (See Cantharides.)

EAST INDIES. (See India, and the different articles, as Calcutta, Bengal, &c.)

EASTON; a post-town and borough of Pennsylvania, and capital of the county of. Northampton; 60 miles N. of Philadelphia, 73 W. of New York; population, in 1820, 2370. It is situated on the Delaware, at the junction of the Lehigh river and canal, and also near the western end of the Morris canal, which connects it with New York. It is regularly laid out, handsomely built, and contains a court-house, a jail, three churches, has valuable mills in its vicinity, and is a place of considerable trade. The situation of the town is low, and it is surrounded by considerable eminences. Here is a bridge across the Delaware, 570 feet in length.

EASTPORT; a post-town and seaport of Maine, in Washington county, situated at the most eastern limit of the U. States, on Moose island, in Passamaquoddy bay, at the mouth of the Schoodic, or St. Croix, and Cobscook rivers; 93 miles E. Bangor, 260 E. N. E. Portland, 370 N. E. Boston; lon. 66° 56′ W; lat. 44° 54 N.: population, in 1810, 1511; in 1820, 1937. It is a flourishing commercial town, and contains a bank, a printingoffice, 4 houses of public worship, 70 ware-houses and stores, and 225 dwellinghouses, all of wood, and many of them handsome. Eastport is the most commercial town in the eastern part of Maine. It is very well situated for trade, having an easy communication with the interior, by the rivers which flow into the bay. Its harbor is one of the best in the U. States, capacious enough to contain a large navy, and of safe entrance. The wharfs are built nearly 40 feet high, on account of the extraordinary tides in the bay of Fundy. The common tides here rise 25 feet. The shores of Moose island and the other smaller islands, have all the preparations necessary for curing fish, and unloading timber and other articles of commerce. In 1820, a handsome tollbridge, 1200 feet long, was erected over the ferry between Moose island and the main land, connecting Eastport with Perry. About 1500 tons of shipping are owned in this town. The exports consist of lumber, and provisions of various kinds.

EAST RIVER communicates with the Hudson in the bay of New York, and is formed by the narrowing of Long Island sound, which opens with a broad mouth at the eastern end, and receives a strong impulse from the tides in the Atlantic. This channel is so called in contradistinction to the North river (the Hudson). As the sound contracts, to the west of the broad expanse in front of New Haven,

and forms what is called East river, the oceanic currents act with a force that increases with the diminishing width of the stream; and this causes higher tides here than at any other place around the island. Arriving at New York about three quarters of an hour earlier than those by the narrows, this current drives upwards along the east shore of the Hudson, many miles in advance of the other on the west; and thus the Hudson has two tides, which hardly unite their action till they have passed Tappan and Haverstraw bays. HorllGatt, Hell-Gate, or Hurl-Gate, a dangerous and very crooked strait in East river, eight miles N. E. of New York, was called by the Dutch Horll-Gatt, signifying whirlpool. The strait is formed by projecting rocks, that confine the water to a narrow and crooked channel, occasioning strong eddy currents. There is a sufficient depth of water for any vessel, but the passage of large ships should only be attempted with skilful pilots. (See L. Island Sound.) EATON, William, remarkable for his adventures, was born at Woodstock, Connecticut, February 23, 1764. He was the son of a farmer, in straitened circumstances, and one of thirteen children. He displayed talent in his childhood, and acquired the rudiments of a good English education. When about 16 years of age, he enlisted in the army, in which he remained for a twelvemonth, in the capacity of waiter to an officer. In 1783, he was regularly discharged, with the rank of sergeant. He then undertook the study of the Latin and Greek languages, which enabled him to gain admission into Dartmouth college. From January, 1788, to August, 1791, he taught a school in Vermont, devoting himself, at the same time, to the classics, in order to qualify himself for the degree of bachelor of arts, which he obtained from the college in the last mentioned year. In October of the same year, he was chosen clerk to the house of delegates of the state of Vermont, and, in 1792, received a captain's' commission in the American army. He proceeded with his company down the Ohio, to the western army, at Legionville, with which he continued until 1794. In 1797, he was appointed consul for the kingdom of Tunis. Here he became involved in negotiations and altercations with the bey, which he conducted with extraordinary spirit, and at the frequent rick of his life. The history of them, as left by himself, is not a little entertaining and curious. His official correspondence and private journal are full of striking anecdotes and descrip

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tions. War was declared by the bashaw of Tripoli against the U. States, in 1801. The reigning chief was a usurper, and the lawful one, his brother, happened to be at Tunis, in exile. With him Eaton concerted a project for attacking the usurper by land, while the American squadron in the Mediterranean operated against him by sea. In 1803, he returned to the U. States, and opened his plan to the government; but, finding that no aid could be had from the government, he set out for Egypt, merely with the character of American agent. He sailed with the squadrou for the Mediterranean in July, 1804, and proceeded to Alexandria, in Egypt, where he arrived in November. In the following month, he was at Grand Cairo, where he learned that Hamet Bashaw, after a series of vicissitudes and disasters, had been reduced to the alternative of joining the Mamelukes, and that he was actually with them, commanding a few Tripolitans and their Arab auxiliaries, in Upper Egypt. Eaton contrived to obtain from the viceroy of Egypt an amnesty for Hamet Bashaw, and permission for him to pass the Turkish army unmolested. A rendezvous was appointed; they met near Alexandria, and formed a convention, in the eighth article of which it was stipulated, that Eaton should be recognised as general and commander in chief of the land forces which were or might be called into service against the common enemy, the reigning bashaw of Tripoli. The forces consisted of 9 Americans, a company of 25 cannoniers, and a company of 38 Greeks, the bashaw's suite of about 90 men, and a party of Arab cavalry; which, including the footmen and camel-drivers, made the whole number about 400. Such was the land expedition against Tripoli. The march was pursued with a great variety of adventure and suffering, and Bomba was reached April 15th, where the U. States' vessels, the Argus, captain Hull, and the Hornet, had arrived with provisions, to enable the almost famished army to proceed to Derne. April 25, they encamped on an eminence which commands this place, and immediately reconnoitred. On the morning of the 26th, terms of amity were offered the bey, on condition of allegiance and fidelity. The flag of truce was sent back with this laconic answer-"My head or yours!" Derne was taken, after a furious assault, but its possession was not secure. An army of the reigning bashaw of Tripoli, consisting of several thousand troops, approached the town, and gave battle to

the victors, May 13, but were repulsed, with considerable loss. June 2, they returned to the assault, and met with no better fate. On the 10th, an engagement took place, in which there were supposed to be not less than 5000 men on the field. The hopes of Eaton were, however, suddenly blasted by the official intelligence, received on the 11th, that the American negotiators, in the squadron before Tripoli, had concluded a peace with the usurper. Eaton was required to evacuate the post of Derne, and, with his Greek and American garrison, to repair on board the ships. It was necessary for him to do this clandestinely, lest his Arabian auxiliaries should endeavor to prevent him. Hamet Bashaw embarked at the same time; the Arabians fled to the mountains; and thus ended this gallant and romantic affair, which is stated, in the official correspondence of the American commissioners, who negotiated the peace, to have had the effect of bringing the Tripolitans to terms. Eaton returned to the U. States in August, where he received the most flattering marks of public favor. The president, in his message to congress, made honorable mention of his merit and services. A resolution was moved in the house of representatives, at Washington, for presenting him with a medal; but the motion, after being warmly debated, was rejected by a small majority. The legislature of Massachusetts bestowed upon him a tract of land, of 10,000 acres, in testimony of their sense of his " undaunted courage and brilliant services." In the winter of 1806-7, Aaron Burr endeavored, without effect, to enlist him in his conspiracy. On the trial of Burr at Richmond, he gave full testimony against him. About this period, he was elected a representative in the legislature of Massachusetts. A few years after, this bold and enterprising man fell a victim to habits of inebriety, which he contracted soon after his return. His death took place in 1811. Mr. Eaton was well acquainted with French and Italian, and with history, geography and tactics. His official and private correspondence is marked by great acuteness and energy. The letters and journal in which he has left the history of his life on the coast of Barbary, and his celebrated expedition to Derne, denote no common powers of observation and description. They are replete with curious remarks and incidents, and may be found in an octavo volume, entitled The Life of General Eaton, and published by one of his friends in Massachusetts.

EAU; a French word, signifying water, and used in English, with some other words, for several spirituous waters, particularly perfumes; as, eau de Cologne, eau de luce, eau de Portugal, &c. The two most celebrated are the

Eau de Cologne, or water of Cologne, a fragrant water, made originally, and in most perfection, in Cologne. Formerly many wonderful powers were ascribed to this water, but it was probably never so much in demand as at present, in Europe and America, and numberless recipes have been given for its manufacture. It was invented by a person named Farina, in whose family the secret, as they say, continues to be preserved, since chemistry has not been able, as yet, to give the analysis of it. It is imitated, however, eyery where. The consumption of this perfume has increased much ever since the seven years' war; and there exist, at present, 15 manufactories of it in Cologne, which produce several millions of bottles yearly; much, also, is manufactured at Paris, in Saxony, and other places. One of the many recipes to make eau de Cologne is the following:

Alcohol, or spirit of wine, at 30° 2 pints. Oleum neroli*

de cedro de cedrat cort aurant citri bergamot rosmarin

24 drops.

2 drachms.

Seed of small cardamum Distil it in the Mary-bath, until † of the alcohol have evaporated.

Eau de Luce (aqua Lucia, or spiritus salis ammoniaci succinatus); invented by a person named Luce, at Lille, in Flanders; a volatile preparation, thus made: ten or twelve grains of white soap are dissolved in four ounces of rectified spirit of wine, after which the solution is strained, and a drachm of rectified oil of amber is added, and the whole is filtrated. Afterwards, some strong volatile spirit of sal ammonia should be mixed with the solution. This water is much in use in England.

EBB. (See Tide.)

EBEL, John Godfrey, an eminent statistical and geographical writer, was born about 1770, at Frankfort on the Oder, in Prussia. Having finished his medical studies, and received a doctor's degree, he went to France, where he became acquainted with Sièyes, whose writings he * Ethereal oil of orange-flowers.

did much towards circulating in Germany. In 1801, he went to Switzerland, where he lived chiefly in Zürich. He travelled through the country, during his long stay there, in all directions, making close and accurate observations. The fruits of his inquiries were some works which give us the most valuable accounts of the natural and statistical condition of Switzerland, and are particularly useful to travellers. His Guide to the Traveller in Switzerland, the best known of his works, has been translated into French and English, and is a model for every work of this kind, as it leaves hardly a single subject, which can have interest to a traveller, untouched. In his Description of the Mountaineers of Switzerland (Tubingen, 1798-1802, 2 vols.), he gives a picture of the inhabitants of Appenzell and Glarus. His work on the Structure of the Earth in the Alps (Zürich, 1808) gives a general view of the structure of the earth, and valuable accounts of the geology of the Alps. In the time of the Helvetic republic, Ebel was honored with the rights of citizenship, as an acknowledgment of his services to Switzerland.

EBELING, Christopher Daniel; born 1741, at Garmissen, in Hildesheim. He studied theology at Göttingen, from 1763 to 1767, paying particular attention to ecclesiastical history and exegesis, which led him to a careful study of the Oriental languages, especially the Arabic. He also studied political history, Greek, Roman and English literature, and the fine arts, for which he, at length, relinquished the ology. In order to procure himself further advancement, he went to Leipsic as a tutor, and, in 1769, accepted a place offered him in the academy of commerce at Hamburg. As good manuals were wanted for the study of modern languages, he published, for the academy of commerce, in 1773, his Miscellaneous Essays in English Prose, which passed through six editions, and were soon followed by similar manuals for the Italian, French, Spanish and Dutch languages. For the same reason, he applied himself more to the study of geography, and published translations of many, especially English travels. Encouraged by his connexions with Hamburg, the academy of commerce, and the house of Büsching, he soon found means to open for himself new sources of geographical information. England, Spain, Portugal and America, especially the U. States, were the subjects of his particular attention. In the new edition of the great geography of Büs

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ching, he undertook an account of Portugal and the U. States of North America. The long interruption of commerce with foreign countries, and the author's wish to give his work the highest perfection, were the causes of the slow progress of this labor. But all that is completed, is justly viewed as a master-piece. This is the acknowledged opinion, not only in Europe, but also in the North American states. This great work of his is entitled, Geography and History of North America (Hamburg, 1793-99, 5 vols.). After the removal of Wurm from the academy of commerce, Büsching, in company with Ebeling, undertook the management of this establishment, and they published the Library of Commerce. In 1784, Ebeling was appointed professor of history and the Greek language in the Hamburg gymnasium; and the superintendence of the Hamburg library was afterwards committed to him. He filled both offices till his death, June 30, 1817, with great reputation. For almost all the literary periodicals of Germany he prepared articles in the geographical and kindred departments. In his earlier years, he wrote a history of German poetry for the Hanover Magazine, and furnished several contributions to the German Library, published by Frederic Nicolai, and, at a later period, contributed many literary articles to the New Hamburg Gazette. His frank, cheerful and amiable manners never deserted him, though, for nearly 30 years, he suffered a partial, and, finally, an almost total deafness, and was thus deprived, among other pleasures, of the enjoyment of music, of which he was passionately fond, and in which he had made uncommon attainments. He left behind two collections, perhaps unique, in their kind-a collection of from 9 to 10,000 maps, and a library of books relating to America, and containing more than 3900 volumes, which was purchased, in 1818, by Israel Thorndike, of Boston, and presented by him to Harvard college, in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

EBEN, Frederic (baron von), since 1821, general in the service of the republic of Colombia, was born in 1773, at Creutzburg, in Silesia, of an ancient family. Young Eben early distinguished himself, and received the Prussian order of merit. In 1799, he became knight of Malta, and, in 1800, entered the English service. The year after the peace of 1802, he received a commission in the 10th regiment of light dragoons, or the prince of Wales's own. At this time, he composed instructions for

the service of the light horse and of the riflemen in the English army; he established, also, at the command of the prince, a company of light horse, after the manner of the Hungarian hussars, and composed of foreigners; and his manual for the new arming of the English cavalry was introduced into the army by the commander in chief, the duke of York. In 1806, he was made major in a regiment of chasseurs; in 1807, he served till the peace as a volunteer in the Prussian corps under general Blücher, and, in 1808, he went, with a number of Portuguese emigrants, to Oporto, where, in December, he was made commander of the English troops. After the embarkation of the British army at Corunna, Eben formed, from the scattered English soldiers, a corps of a thousand men, which joined the army of the present duke of Wellington. He himself remained in Oporto, from which place he carried the English military chest, and provisions of war of every kind, in safety to Lisbon. Here he established a small corps, from deserters of the French Swiss regiments, and, in February, 1809, led a division of the Lusitanian legion to Galicia, where he and the marquis de la Romana directed the arming of the country. Called back to Portugal, he accepted the post of commander in chief in Braga, where the rebellious populace had murdered the Portuguese general Bernardin Gomez Freyre d'Andrade, and his field-officers, March 17, 1809; but he was not able, with his undisciplined troops, consisting of 18,000 militia, and no more than 995 regular soldiers, without ammunition, to maintain himself longer than the 20th of March against the advancing French army under Soult. With the military chest, colors and cannon, he made his retreat to Oporto, where he quelled, March 26, the insurrection of the people against the adherents of the French, of whom 15 had been murdered; but, on the 29th, Soult took the city by storm, and Eben, who collected again the scattered Portuguese troops near Coimbra, lost his property in the plunder of the city. His behavior gained him the esteem of the nation, so that the bishop of Oporto, the patriarch Eleito, who conducted the revolution against the French, presented him with a gold cross; and all the officers recommended by him were promoted. Notwithstanding this, lord Beresford, who reorganized the Portuguese army, in which Eben had been acknowledged as colonel, gave him who had been hitherto a British major, only

a commission as lieutenant-colonel in that army. Eben, therefore, asked his dismission, which was granted to him by Beresford, but not by the Portuguese government, which made him governor of Setuval. At the command of the English ambassador, he accepted the post, with the commission of a Portuguese colonel. He subsequently commanded the loyal Lusitanian legion in the battle of Busaco, in the lines of Torres Vedras, and in the pursuit of Massena. In 1811, he was made lieutenant-colonel and Portuguese brigadier-general, commanded a brigade of infantry of the line in the battle of Fuentes d'Onoro, in the blockade of Almeida, before Rodrigo and at Badajoz. After this, in 1812, he commanded the corps in Spain. In 1813, he was made governor intrino of the province Tras-os-Montes, and, in 1814, he was appointed a colonel in the English army, and aid-de-camp of the prince regent, but was dismissed from the Portuguese service, as eldest brigadier, under the pretext that he had been formerly an officer of the cavalry. This took place, however, without the consent of the Portuguese government. He still remained, with the permission of the prince regent, in Portugal, and offered his services to the king, in the army of Brazil; but, by the contrivance of his enemies, he was implicated in the pretended conspiracy of general Freyre d'Andrade, was arrested, and, on insufficient grounds, was sentenced to exile. Eben lived after this at Hamburg, from whence he petitioned in vain the king of Portugal, at Rio Janeiro, for the revision of his trial. The Portuguese ambassador in Hamburg, however, assured him that his master, the king, was entirely convinced of his innocence. In 1821, Eben repaired to South America, and offered his services to the republic of Colombia. He was admitted, as a brigadier-general, into the army of the republic, organized the army, and, after the victory of Bolivar, in April, 1822, coöperated in the occupation of Quito.

EBENEZER (Hebrew ; the stone of help); the name of a field where the Philistines defeated the Hebrews, and seized on the sacred ark, and where, afterwards, at Sam uel's request, the Lord discomfited the Philistines, with thunder, &c. On this occasion, Samuel set up a stone, and gave it this designation, to indicate that the Lord had helped them. It is said to be about 40 miles south-west of Shiloh. The name of Ebenezer has also been given to a town in Georgia, Effingham county.

EBERT, John Arnold; a poet and trans