530 Section III. XYLOTROGI. Lymexylon, Fab. Sub-genera, 4. FOURTH FAMILY. CLAVICORNES. Section I. FIRST TRIBE. Mastigus, Hoff. Hister, L. THIRD TRIBE. Silpha, L. FOURTH TRIBE. Scaphidium, Oliv. FIFTH TRIBE. Nitidula, Fab. SIXTH TRIBE. Dacne, Lat. Dermestes, L. Byrrhus, L. Section II. Heterocerus, Bosc. SECOND TRIBE. Dryops, Oliv. FIFTH FAMILY. FIRST TRIBE. Hydrophilus, Geoff. Sphæridium, Fab. Sub-genus, 1. ENTOMOLOGY. SIXTH FAMILY. LAMELLICORNES. FIRST TRIBE. Scarabæus, L. Lucanus, L. SECOND GENERAL DIVISION. Heteromera. FIRST FAMILY. MELASOMA. Pimeliariæ. SECOND FAMILY. TAXICORNES. FIRST TRIBE. Diaperis, Geoff. SECOND TRIBE. Cossyphus, Oliv. THIRD FAMILY. FIRST TRIBE. Helops, Fab. SECOND TRIBE. Cistela, Fab. THIRD TRIBE. SERROPALPIDES. Dircæa, Fab. FOURTH TRIBE. Edemera, Oliv. FIFTH TRIBE. RHYNCHOSTOMA Mycterus, Clairv. Sub-genera, 2 FOURTH FAMILY FIRST TRIBE. Lagria, Fab. Pyrochroa, Geoff. THIRD TRIbe. Mordella, L. FOURTH TRIBE. Notoxus, Geoff. FIFTH TRIBE. Horia, Fab. SIXTH TRIBE. Meloe, L. THIRD GENERAL DIVISION Tetramera. FIRST FAMILY. RHYNCHOPHORA. Bruchus. Attelabus. Brentus. Brachycerus Curculio. Lixus. Rhynchænus. Calandra. Sub-genera, 51. SECOND FAMILY. THIRD FAMILY. PLATYSOMA. Cucujus, Fab. FOURTH FAMILY. FIRST TRIBE. Parandra. Spondylis. SECOND TRIBE. CERAMBICINI. Cerambyx, L. Sub-genera, 16. Obrium. Rhinotragus. Necydalis. Distichocheres. Temesisternus. Tragocerus. THIRD TRIBE. Acrocinus. Sub-genera, 12. FOURTH TRIBE. Leptura, L. FIFTH FAMILY. EUPODA. FIRST TRIBE. Sagra, Fab. SECOND TRIBE. Crioceris, Geoff. SIXTH FAMILY. FIRST TRIBE. Hispa. Sub-genera, 3. SECOND TRIBE. Cryptocephalus. THIRD TRIBE. SEVENTH FAMILY. Erotylus, Fab. Sub-genera, 5. ENTOMOLOGY. FOURTH GENERAL DIVISION.[ Trimera. FIRST FAMILY. FUNGICOLÆ. Eumorphus. SECOND FAMILY. APHIDIPHAGI. Coccinella, L. Sub-genera, 2. THIRD FAMILY. ORDER VI. ORTHOPTERA. FIRST FAMILY. Sub-genera, 15. SECOND FAMILY. SALTATORIA. Gryllus. Locusta. Acrydium. Sub-genera, 15. ORDER VII. HEMIPTERA. Section I. Heteroptera. FIRST FAMILY. SECOND FAMILY. HYDROCORISÆ. Section II, FIRST FAMILY. SECOND FAMILY. APHIDII. Psylla. Thrips. Aphis. Sub-genera, 3. THIRD FAMILY. GALLINSECTA. Coccus, L. Sub-genus, 1. ORDER VIII. NEUROPTERA. FIRST FAMILY. SUBULICORNES. Libellula. Ephemera. Sub-genera, 2. SECOND FAMILY PLANIPENNES. Panorpatæ. Myrmeleonides. Hemerobini. Termitinæ. Perlides. 531 Genera, 8. Sub-genera, 12. THIRD FAMILY. Phryganea. ORDER IX. HYMENOPTERA. Section I. FIRST FAMILY. FIRST TRIBE. TENTHREDINETÆ. Tenthredo, L. SECOND TRIBE. Sirex, L. SECOND FAMILY. FIRST TRIDE. SECOND TRIBE. ICHNEUMONIDES. Ichneumon, L. Sub-genera, 20. 532 ENTOMOLOGY-ENTRE-DUERO-E-MINHO. THIRD TRIBE. Cynips, L. Sub-genera, 2. FOURTH TRIBE. Chalcis, Fab. FIFTH TRIBE. OXYURI. Bethylus, Fab. SIXTH TRIBE. Chrysis, L. Section II. FIRST FAMILY. HETEROGYNA. Formica. Sub-genera, 15. SECOND FAMILY. FOSSORES. Scolietæ. Sapygites. Sphegides. Bembecides. Larrates. Nyssones. THIRD FAMILY. DIPLOPTERA. FIRST TRIBE. Masaris, Fab. SECOND TRIBE. Vespa, L. FOURTH FAMILY. ANTHOPHILA. Section I. Andreneta. Sub-genera, 6. Section II. Apiaria. ORDER X. LEPIDOPTERA. FIRST FAMILY. Papilio, L. SECOND FAMILY. THIRD FAMILY. Hepialites. Section III. Pseudo-Bombyces. Aposura. Section V. Sub-genus, 1. Section VI. Section VII. Section VIII. Deltoides. Section IX. Tineites. Section X. ORDER XI. RHIPIPTERA. Xenos. Stylops. ENTRE-DUERO-E-MINHO; a province of Portugal, bounded north by Galicia, a province of Spain; east by Tralos-Montes and Spain; south by Beira, from ORDER XII. FIRST FAMILY. Sub-genera, 49. SECOND FAMILY. Asilus. THIRD FAMILY. FOURTH FAMILY. NOTACANTHA. Mydas. Chiromyza. Pachystomus. Stratiomys. Sub-genera, 16. FIFTH FAMILY. ATHERICERA. FIRST TRIBE Syrphus, L. SECOND Tribe. Estrus, L. THIRD TRIBE. Conops, L. Musca, L. SIXTH FAMILY. PUPIPARA. Hippobosca, L. Nycteribia, Lat. Sub-genera, 8. which it is separated by the river Duero; and west by the Atlantic: square miles, according to Hassel, 2121; others, 3455: population, according to Antillon, 907,965; : ENTRE-DUERO-E-MINHO-EPAMINONDAS. Ebeling, 817,167; Barros, 1,123,495: houses, 181,853. It takes its name from its situation between the rivers Duero and Minho, the latter of which waters part of its northern borders, as the former bounds the south about 60 miles from north to south, and 35 from east to west. The soil is fertile, and the air pure and healthy. It produces corn, wine, oil and flax in abundance, with great numbers of sheep, and plenty of game and fish. It is divided into 6 jurisdictions, which contain 1460 churches, 963 parishes, and 1130 convents. It has several seaports, situated on navigable rivers, which render it very commercial. The principal towns are Braga (the capital), Oporto (the largest town), Viana, Guimaraens, Amarante, Moncao, and Ponte de Lima. ENTRESOLE. The same as Attic. (q. v.) ENVOY. (See Ministers, Foreign, and Diplomacy.) EOLIAN HARP. (See Eolian Harp.) EON, THE CHEVALIER DE. (See D'Eon.) EPACTS (from rayw, induco, intercalo), in chronology; the excesses of the solar month above the lunar synodical month, and of the solar year above the lunar year of twelve synodical months; or of several solar months above as many synodical months, and several solar years above as many dozen of synodical months. The epacts, then, are either annual or menstrual. Menstrual Epacts are the excesses of the civil or calendar month above the lunar month. Suppose, for example, it were new moon on the first day of January; since the lunar month is 29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes, 3 seconds, and the month of January contains 31 days, the menstrual epact is 1 day, 11 hours, 15 minutes, 57 seconds. Annual Epacts are the excesses of the solar year above the lunar. Hence, as the Julian solar year is 365 days, 6 hours, and the Julian lunar year 354 days, 8 hours, 48 minutes, 38 seconds, the annual epact will be 10 days, 21 hours, 11 minutes, 22 seconds, that is, nearly 11 days. Consequently, the epact of 2 years is 22 days; of 3 years, 33 days, or rather 30, since 30 days make an embolismic or intercalary month. Thus the epact of 4 years is 14 days, and so of the rest; and thus, every 19th year, the epact becomes 30, or 0; consequently, the 20th year, the epact is 11 again; and so the cycle of 533 epacts expires with the golden number, or lunar cycle of 19 years, and begins with the same; these are Julian epacts: the Gregorian depend upon the same principles, allowing only for the difference of the respective years. As the new moons are the same, that is, as they fall on the same day after every 19 years, so the difference between the lunar and solar years is the same after every 19 years. And, because the said difference is always to be added to the lunar year, in order to adjust or make it equal to the solar year, therefore the said difference respectively belonging to each year of the moon's cycle, is called the epact of the said year, that is, the number to be added to the same year, to make it equal to the solar year. Rule to find the Gregorian Epact. The difference between the Julian and Gregorian years being equal to the difference between the solar and lunar year, or 11 days, therefore the Gregorian epact for any year is the same with the Julian epact for the preceding year; and hence the Gregorian epact will be found by subtracting 1 from the golden number, multiplying the remainder by 11, and rejecting the 30s. This rule will serve till the year 1900; but, after that year, the Gregorian epact will be found by this rule: Divide the centuries of the given year by 4, multiply the remainder by 17; then to this product add 43 times the quotient, and also the number 86, and divide the whole sum by 25, reserving the quotient: next multiply the golden number by 11, and from the product subtract the reserved quotient, and the remainder, after rejecting all the 30s contained in it will be the epact sought. The following table contains the golden numbers, with their corresponding epacts, till the year 1900. Table of Gregorian Epacts. 534 EPAMINONDAS-EPAULETTE. of the Pythagorean philosopher, Lysis, who inspired him with the high sentiments which ennobled his life. He made his first public appearance in Sparta, whither he had been sent, with others, at the invitation of the Lacedæmonians, in order to end the war between the two countries by negotiation. In this affair, he displayed as much firmness and dignity as eloquence, and steadfastly opposed the surrender of the towns of Boeotia, in the possession of Thebes. The war was continued, and Epaminondas was made general. With 6000 men, he defeated the invading army, of double the number, at Leuctra (378 B. C.). He led the attack in person on the enemy's phalanx, while his friend Pelopidas, at the head of the sacred band, fell upon their flank. The Spartans lost their king, Cleombrotus, and 4000 men. Two years after, Epaminondas and Pelopidas were made Boeotarchs. They invaded Peloponnesus together, detached several nations from the alliance of Lace læmon, and delivered the Messenians, whose capital they rebuilt. Epaminondas then marched with his army to Sparta but this city was so bravely and skilfully defended by Agesilaus, that the Theban hero, finding winter approaching, and the Athenians now in declared hostility with Thebes, evacuated Laconia, after laying waste the low country. An accusation was brought against him, on his arrival in Thebes, because he and Pelopidas had kept the Bootarchate beyond the legal time. "Yes," he replied, "I have deserved death; yet I pray that you would write on my grave-The Thebans put Epaminondas to death, because he compelled them, at Leuctra, to attack and overcome those whom they had never before dared to meet; because his victory delivered his country, and made Greece free; because the Thebans were led by him to the siege of Lacedæmon, which thought itself fortunate in escaping total ruin; because he rebuilt Messene, and secured it with strong walls.'" These words produced a general excitement in his favor, and he was acquitted. After procuring, by his influence, the freedom of Pelopidas, who was kept prisoner by the tyrant of Pheræ, a new war broke out between Sparta and Thebes. Both sides raised large armies. Epaminondas invaded Peloponnesus again, and advanced suddenly upon Lacedæmon, which he expected to find destitute of defenders. But Agesilaus, having been apprised of his march, had hastened back, and was prepared to meet him. The On Thebans, however, attacked him, and forced their way into the middle of the city; but despair stimulated the courage of the Lacedæmonians, and the Thebans were forced to retreat. To make amends for this failure, Epaminondas marched with 33,000 men into Arcadia, where the greatest force of the enemy was assembled. Here was fought the battle of Mantinea. Epaminondas led one of the wings against the Lacedæmonian phalanx, and routed it; but was surrounded by the enemy, while he was pursuing them, and wounded in the breast by a javelin. After a hard conflict, the Thebans rescued his body and shield. the other wing, the battle was indecisive; and both parties, on hearing of the death of Epaminondas, had retired, after erecting a trophy. The hero was still alive, but was informed by the physicians that he must die as soon as the weapon was extracted from the wound. When news of the victory was brought him, he exclaimed, "I have lived long enough,” and drew out the weapon with his own hands. His friends regretting that he left no children, "I leave," said he, “two immortal daughters, the victories at Leuctra and Mantinea." He died 363 B. C., aged 48. He has been extolled no less for his moral purity, goodness and gentleness, than his military talents. He never uttered a falsehood, even in jest. He was a man, as Nepos says, adorned with every virtue, and stained by no vice. EPAULEMENT, in fortification, is a kind of breastwork, to cover the troops in front, and sometimes in flank. This term is frequently used for any work thrown up to defend the flank of a post, or any other place. EPAULETTE (the French diminutive of epaule, shoulder) signifies a military ornament, worn on the shoulder. It originated, in the time of Louis XIV, from the riband by which the belt sustaining the sword was kept from slipping from the shoulder. In some armies, every officer wears them, as in the Prussian; but there is a sufficient difference between those worn by different ranks, to enable a lieutenant or a captain to be distinguished immediately from a major or a colonel, and these again from the generals-a circumstance sometimes of great importance in battles. This means of distinction has this advantage, that it is not obvious to the enemy, as white plumes, &c., are. In the Russian and Prussian armies, every officer has two epaulettes; in the French army, this is not the case, but the shoulder on which the epaulette is worn distinguishes a cap |