the sentiments of peace and amity which it professes. The Sublime Porte then, placing perfect reliance on the conduct of the waywodes, will proceed immediately to their nomination and installation. Finally, if, in presence of the universe, the just demands and legitimate complaints of the Sublime Porte on one hand, as concerns the refugees, and the line of conduct pursued for some time past by Strogonoff, were

thrown into the balance of rectitude and justice; and, on the other, the ill-founded complaints which this minister has put forward, it is clear that nothing would be found as a reproach upon the Sublime Porte, and that all the wrong would fall upon the ambassador. It is therefore to represent once more the real state of things to the ambassador, our friend, that the present note is sent him.

Washington City, Dec. 5.

At 12 o'clock this day, the President of the United States transmitted to both Houses of Congress, by Mr. S. L. Gouverneur, the following message:

"Fellow Citizens of the Senate and of the House of Representatives:-The progress of our affairs since the last session has been such as may justly be claimed and expected, under a government deriving all its powers from an enlightened people, and under laws formed by their representatives, on great consideration, for the sole purpose of promoting the welfare and happiness of their constituents. In the execution of those laws, and of the powers vested by the constitution in the executive, unremitted attention has been paid to the great objects to which they extend. In the concerns which are exclusively internal, there is good cause to be satisfied with the result. The laws have had their due operation and effect. In those relating to foreign powers, I am happy to state, that peace and amity are preserved with all, by a strict observance on

both sides of the rights of each. In matters touching our commercial intercourse, where a difference of opinion has existed in any case, as to the conditions on which it should be placed, each party has pursued its own policy, without giving just cause of offence to the other. In this annual communication, especially when it is addressed to a new Congress, the whole scope of our political concerns naturally comes into view; that errors, if such have been committed, may be corrected; that defects, which have become manifest, may be remedied; and, on the other hand, that measures which were adopted on due deliberation, and which experience has shown are just in themselves, and essential to the public welfare, should be persevered in and supported. In performing this necessary and very important duty, I shall endeavour to place before you, on its merits, every subject that is thought to be entitled to your particular attention in as distinct and clear a light as I may be able.

"By an act of the 3rd of March, 1815, so much of the several acts

as imposed higher duties on the tonnage of foreign vessels, and on the manufactures and productions of foreign nations, when imported into the United States in foreign vessels, than when imported in vessels of the United States, were repealed, so far as respected the manufactures and productions of the nation to which such vessel belonged, on the condition that the repeal should take effect only in favour of any foreign nation, when the executive should be satisfied that such discriminating duties, to the disadvantage of the United States, had likewise been repealed by such nation. By this act, a proposition was made to all nations to place our commerce with each on a basis which, it was presumed, would be acceptable to all. Every nation was allowed to bring its manufactures and productions into our ports, and take the manufactures and productions of the United States back to their ports, in their own vessels, on the same condition that they might be transported in vessels of the United States; and, in return, it was required that a like accommodation should be granted to the vessels of the United States in the ports of other powers. The articles to be admitted or prohibited on either side formed no part of the proposed arrangement. Each party would retain the right to admit or prohibit such articles from the other as it thought proper, and on its own conditions.

"When the nature of commerce between the United States and every other country was taken into view, it was thought that this proposition would be considered fair, and even liberal, by every power. The exports of

the United States consist generally of articles of the first necessity, and of raw materials, in demand for foreign manufactures; ' and productions of any foreign country, even when disposed of there to advantage, to advantage, may be brought in a single vessel. This observation is more especially applicable to those countries from which manufactures alone are imported, but it applies in a great extent to the European dominions of every European power, and, in a certain extent, to all the colonies of those powers. In placing, then, the navigation precisely on the same ground, in the transportation of exports and imports between the United States and other countries, it was presumed that all was offered which could be desired. seemed to be the only proposition which could be devised which would retain even the semblance of equity in our favour.

It

"Many considerations of great weight gave us a right to expect that this commerce should be extended to the colonies, as well as to the European dominions, of other powers. With the latter, especially with countries exclusively manufacturing, the advantage was manifestly on their side. An indemnity for that loss was expected from a trade with the colonies; and with the greater reason, as it was known that the supplies which the colonies derived from us were of the highest importance to them, their labour being bestowed with so much greater profit in the culture of other articles; and because, likewise, the articles of which those supplies consisted, forming so large a proportion of the exports of the United States, were never

admitted into any of the ports of Europe, except in cases of great emergency, to avert a serious calamity. When no article is admitted which is not required to supply the wants of the party admitting it, and admitted then, not in favour of any particular country, to the disadvantage of others, but on conditions equally applicable to all, it seems just that the articles thus admitted and invited should be carried thither in the vessels of the country affording such supply; and that the reciprocity should be found in a corresponding accommodation on the other side. By allow ing each party to participate in the transportation of such supplies, on the payment of equal tonnage, a strong proof was afforded of an accommodating spirit. To abandon to it the transportation of the whole would be a sacrifice which ought not to be expected. The demand, in the present instance, would be the more unreasonable, in consideration of the inequality existing in the trade with the parent country.

"Such was the basis of our system, as established by the act of 1815, and such its true character. In the year in which this act was passed, a treaty was concluded with Great Britain, in strict conformity with its principles, in regard to her European dominions. To her colonies, however, in the West Indies and on this continent, it was not extended, the British Government claiming the exclusive supply of those colonies, and from our own ports, and of the productions of the colonies in return, in her own vessels. To this claim the United States could not assent, and, in

consequence, each party sus pended the intercourse in the vessels of the other, by a prohi bition which still exists.

"The same conditions were offered to France, but not accepted. Her government has demanded other conditions, more favourable to her navigation, and which should also give extraordinary encouragement to her manufactures and productions in the ports of the United States. To these it was thought improper to accede, and, in consequence, the restrictive regulations which had been adopted on her part being countervailed on the part of the United States, the direct commerce between the two countries, in the vessels of each party, has been in a great measure suspended. It is much to be regretted that, although a negotiation has been long pending, such is the diversity of views entertained on the various points which have been brought inte discussion, that there does not appear to be any reasonable prospect of its early conclusion.

It is my duty to state, as a cause of very great regret, that very serious differences have occurred in this negotiation respecting the construction of the 8th article of the treaty of 1803, whereby Louisiana was ceded to the United States; and likewise respecting the seizure of the Apollo, in 1820, for a violation of our reve nue laws. The claim of the government of France has excited not less surprise than concern, because there does not appear to be a just foundation for it, in either instance. By the 8th article of the treaty referred to, it is stipulated, that, after the expiration of 12 years, during

which it was provided, by the preceding or 7th article, that the vessels of France and Spain should be admitted into the ports of the ceded territory, without paying higher duties on merchandize, or tonnage on the vessels, than such as were paid by the citizens of the United States, the ships of France should for ever afterwards be placed on the footing of the most favoured nation. By the obvious construction of this article, it is presumed that it was intended that no favour should be granted to any power in those ports to which France should not be forthwith entitled; nor should any accommodation be allowed to another power on conditions to which she would not, also, be entitled upon the same conditions. Under this construction, no favour or accommodation could be granted to any power to the prejudice of France. By allowing the equivalent allowed by those powers, she would always stand, in those ports, on the footing of the most favoured nation. But if this article should be construed, as that France should enjoy of right, and without paying the equivalent, all the advantages of such conditions as might be allowed to other powers, in return for important concessions made by them, then the whole character of the stipulation would be changed; she would not be placed on the footing of the most favoured nation, but on a footing held by no other nation; she would enjoy all the advantages allowed to them, in consideration of like advantages allowed to us, free from every and any condition whatever.

"As little cause has the government of France to complain

of the seizure of the Apollo, and the removal of other vessels from the waters of the St. Mary's. It will not be denied that every nation has a right to regulate its commercial system as it thinks fit, and to enforce the collection of its revenue, provided it be done, without an invasion of the rights of other powers. The violation of its revenue laws is an offence which all nations punish; the punishment of which gives no just cause of complaint to the power to which the offenders belong, provided it be extended to all equally. In this case, every circumstance which occurred indi cated a fixed purpose to violate our revenue laws. Had the party intended to have pursued a fair trade, he would have entered our ports, and paid the duties; or had he intended to have carried on a legitimate circuitous commerce with the United States, he would have entered the port of some other power, landed his goods at the Custom-house according to law, and re-shipped and sent them in the vessels of such power, or of some other power which might lawfully bring them, free from such duties, to a port of the United States. But the conduct of the party in this case was altogether different. He entered the river St. Mary's, the boundary between the United States and Florida, and took his position on the Spanish side, on which, in the whole extent of the river, there was no town, no port, or Custom-house, and scarcely any settlement. His purpose, therefore, was not to sell his goods to the inhabitants of Florida, but to the United States, in exchange for their productions, which could not be

done without a direct and palpable breach of our laws. It is known that a regular systematic plan had been formed by certain other persons for the violation of our revenue system, which made it the more necessary to check the proceeding in its commence

ment.

"That the unsettled bank of a river so remote from the Spanish garrisons and population could give no protection to any party, in such a practice, is believed to be in strict accord with the law of nations. It would not have comported with a friendly policy in Spain herself, to have established a Custom-house there, since it could have subserved no other purpose than to elude our revenue laws. But the government of Spain did not adopt that measure. On the contrary, it is understood, that the captain-general of Cuba, to whom an application to that effect was made by these adventurers, had not acceded to it. The condition of those provinces for many years before they were ceded to the United States need not now be dwelt on. Inhabited by different tribes of Indians, and an inroad for every kind of adventurer, the jurisdiction of Spain may be said to have been almost exclusively confined to her garrisons. It certainly could not extend to places where she had no authority. The rules, therefore, applicable to settled countries, governed by laws, could not be deemed so to the deserts of Florida, and to the occurrences there. It merits attention, also, that the territory had been ceded to the United States, by a treaty, the ratification of which had not been refused, and which has since been

performed. Under such circumstances, therefore, Spain became less responsible for such acts committed there, and the United States more at liberty to exercise authority to prevent so great a mischief. The conduct of this government has, in every instance, been conciliatory and friendly to France. The con struction of our revenue law, in its application to such cases, which have formed the ground of such serious complaint on her part, and the order to the collector of St. Mary's, in accord with it, were given two years before these cases occurred, and in reference to a breach which was attempted by the subjects of another power. Its application, therefore, to the cases in question was inevitable. As soon as the treaty by which these provinces were ceded to the United States was ratified, and all danger of further breach of our revenue laws ceased, an order was given for the release of the vessel which had been seized, and for the dismission of the libel which had been instituted against her.

"The principles of the system of reciprocity, founded on the law of the 3rd of March, 1815, have been since carried into effect with the kingdom of the Netherlands, Sweden, Prussia, and with Hamburgh, Bremen, Lubeck, and Oldenburg, with a provision, made by subsequent laws, in regard to the Netherlands, Prussia, Hamburgh, and Bremen, that such produce and manufactures as could only be, or most usually were, first shipped from the ports of these countries, the same being imported in vessels wholly belonging to their subjects, should be considered and ad