SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Note.-Jn the Present and Imperfect tenses of the subjunctive mood, this verb has two forms; the first is like that of the indicative mood, except the preceding conjunction; as, "If I am, If thou art, If he is," &c. the second varies from that form thus," If I be, If thou be, If he be," &c. Note.-The remaining tenses of this mood are similar to the correspondent tenses of the Indicative Mood; except the second and third persons, singular and plural, of the second futare tense, which require the auxiliary, shalt, shall, instead of wilt, will. 1. I might, could, would, or 1. We might, could, would, or should be, 2. Thou mightst, couldst, 2. 3. should be, Ye might, could, would or should be, They might, could, would, or should be. Perfect Tense. 1. I may or can have been, 1. 2. Thou mayst or canst have 2. been, 3. He may or can have been ; 3. We may or can have been, Ye may or can have been, They may or can have been. Pluperfect Tense, 1. I might, could, would, or 1. We might, could, would or should have been, should have heen, 2. Thoa mightst, couldst, 2. Ye might, could, would or wouldst or shouldst have should have been, They might, could, would or should have been. RULE. XXII.-Neuter and ac tive intransitive verbs have the same case after, as before them. Exercises in Parsing. Lesson 22.-I am he whom ye seek. Nathan said unto David, thou art the mar. Virtue is He the universal charm. is a man of the most temperate habits, and excellent character. An honest man is the noblest work of God. She looks a goddess, and moves a queen. Tom struts a soldier, open, bold, and brave; Will sneaks scrivener, an exceeding knave. No man can be active in disquieting others, who does not, at the same time, disquiet bimself. A life of pleasure and dissipation is an enemy to health, fortune, and character. a She wanders an outcast. He compelled her to wander an outcast. I took it to be him. Hortensius died a martyr. If this book is his, that is mine. These may be yours; those are ours.Which was his choice? It was neither. Hers are finished; thine is to do.This is what I feared.That is the thing, which I desired. Whose books are these? They are John's. Be Be honest. not idle. If thou be honest, thou wilt receive the reward of thy honesty.If he be not idle, he may recite soon. He would be rich, if he was industrious. Thou wouldst not be afraid, if thou wert innocent. He, who preserves me, to whom I owe my being, whose I am, and whom I serve, is eternal, It was happy for the state, that Fabius continued in the command with Minucius; the former's phlegm was a check upon the latter's vivacity. RULE. XXIII.-Interjections require the objective case of the first person, but the nominative case of the second or third person after them. Exercises in Parsing. Lesson 23.-Ah me!Ah the delusions of hope! O me! O thou persecu. tor! O ye hypocrites! Oh! the humiliations, to which vice reduces us. Me miserable! which way shall I fly? I have alien. ated my friend, alas! I fear forever. OF INTERJECTIONS. Interjections are words thrown in between the parts of a sentence, to express the passions or emotions of a speaker or writer. Note-Interjections are of different sorts, according to the different passions, which they serve to express. Such, as are expressive of grief or earnestness, are O! oh! ah! alas! of contempi, pish! tush! of wonder, heigh! really! strange! of calling, hem! ho! soho! of aversion or disgust, foh! fie! away! of a call of attention, le! behold! hark! of requesting silence, hush! hist! of salutation, welcome! hail! all hail! &c. Indeed any word or phrase may become an interjection, or, at least, may be used as such, when it is expressed with emotion, and in an unconnected manner; as, peace! ungrateful crea. ture! folly in the extreme! OF VERBS-continued. HI. A Passive Verb expresses a passion or a sufJohn beats Thomas.-fering, or the receiving of an action; as, “I am loved, Thomas is beaten by John. John was beaten." It is conjugated by adding the perCain killed Abel. Abel fect participle to the auxiliary verb, be, through all its was killed by Cain. Ca- changes of Mood, Tense, Number, and Person ;—thus, sar conquered Pompey.Pompey was conquered by Cæsar. Noah built the ark. The ark was built by Noah. The horses draw the coach. The coach is drawn by the horses. IMPERATIVE mood. Singular. Plural. 2. Be thou loved, or do 2. Be ye or you loved, or INDICATIVE MOOD. Be thou loved. Be ye 1. I am loved, intreated. Be composed. 2. Thou art loved, Be not discouraged. I am 3. He is loved; loved. They are deceiv ed. He was condemned. 2. 1. We are loved, 2. Ye are loved, Imperfect Tense. We have been consulted. 1. I was loved, Thou wast loved, I will not accept a com 1. We were loved, Perfect Tense. 1. I have been loved, 1. We have been loved, 2. Thou hast been loved, 2. Ye have been loved, mission, if I be elected. 3. He has been loved; 3. They have been loved. If thou art hated by the Pluperfect vicious, thou art loved by 1. I had been loved, the virtuous. If he is dis Tense. 1. We had been loved, carded by his enemies, he 2. Thou hadst been loved, 2. Ye had been loved, is caressed by his friends. 3. He had been loved; 3. They had been loved. He will prove himself in nocent, though he be de First Future Tense. 1, I shall or will be loved, 1, We shall or will be lov nounced. She was not loved, ed, 2. Ye will or shall be loved, admired, she would not be 3. He will or shall be lov- 3. They will or shall be educated, he would have 1. I shall have been loved, 1. We shall have been lov. been appointed to the 2. Thou wilt have been command. I shall be ex tremely sorry, if be shall loved. ed, 2. Ye will have been loved, have been executed before 3. He will have been lov- 3. They will have been lovthe pardon arrives. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Note. Passive verbs, consisting in part of the verb, be, are, in the present and imperfect tenses, varied in the same manner with that verb; as, Singular. Present Tense. 1. 1. If I am, or be loved, 2. If thou art, or be loved, 2. 3. If he is, or be loved; Plural. If we are, or be loved, If ye are, or be loved, 3. If they are, or be loved. Imperfect Tense. Note. The remaining tenses of this mood are similar to the correspondent tenses of the indicative mood ;-except the second and third persons, singular and plural, of the second future tense, which require the auxiliary, shalt, shall, instead of wilt, will. POTENTIAL MOOD. Present Tense. 1. I may or can be loved, 1. We may or can be loved, 2. Thou mayst or caust be 2. Ye may or can be lovloved, 3. He may or can be lov- 3. They may or can be ed; ed, loved. Imperfect Tense. 1. I might, could, would, 1. 3. He might, could, would 2. We might, could, would or should be loved, Ye might, could, would or should be loved. 3. They might, could, would or should be loved. Perfect Tense. RULE. XXIV.-Passive verbs which signify naming, and others of a similar nature, have the same case after, as before them. Exercises in Parsing. Lesson 24.-Homer is styled the prince of poets. He was called John. She was named Penelope.James was created a duke. The general was saluted emperor. The professor was appointed tutor to the prince. It can be enlarged.You may be discovered. They must be punished.— He might be convinced.— It would be caressed.Thou shouldst be denied. I may have been deceived. He must have been despised. They might have been honoured. We must be virtuous, if we desire to be trusted.— He hoped to have been received into favour by the prince. Being reviled, we bless. Ridiculed, des pised, and persecuted, he maintained his principles. Having been deserted, she became discouraged. He will be detected, though he deny the fact. True philosophy, which is the ornament of our nature, consists more in the 1. I may or can have been 1. We may or can have love of our duty, than in 1. I might, could, would or 1. We might, could, would or should have been loved, should have been loved. 2. Thou mightst, couldst 2. Ye or you might, could, wouldst or shouldst have been loved. would or should have been loved, great talents and extensive knowledge. This is Paul's advice, the Christian hero and great Apostle of the Gentiles. The power of speech is a faculty peculiar to man, and was bestowed on him by his beneficent creator, for the greatest and most excellent uses; but alas! how often do we pervert it to the worst of purpo 3. He might, could, would or S. They might, could, would or ses! should have been loved; Present, To be loved. Perfect, To have been loved. tions, and their deriva PROSODY. PROSODY Consists of two parts; the former teaches the true pronunciation of words, comprising ACCENT, QUANTITY, EMPHASIS, PAUSE, and TONE; and the latter, the laws of VERSIFICATION. ACCENT. Accent is the laying of a peculiar stress of the voice on a certain letter or syllable in a word, that it may be better heard than the rest, or distinguished from them; as, in the word presume, the stress of the voice must be on the letter u, and second syllable, sume, which take the accent. QUANTITY. The quantity of a syllable is that time, which is occupied in pronouncing it. It is considered as long or short. A vowel or syllable is long, when the accent is on the vowel; which occa sions it to be slowly joined, in pronuuciation, to the following letter; as, “ Fäll, bāle, mōōd, house, feature." A syllable is short, when the accent is on the consonant; which occasions the vowel to be quickly joined to the succeeding letter; as, "ant, honnět, hunger." A long syllable requires double the time of a short one in pronouncing it; thus," Mate" and "Note" should be pronounced as slowly again as « Mặt” and "Not." EMPHASIS. By emphasis is meant a stronger and fuller sound of voice, by which we distinguish some word, or words on which we design to lay particular stress, and to show how it affects the rest of the sentence. Sometimes the emphatic words must be distinguished by a particular tone of voice, as well as by a greater stress. PAUSES. Pauses or rests, in speaking and reading, are a total cessation of the voice, during a perceptible and, in many cases, a measurable space of time. TONES. Tones are different both from emphasis and pauses; consisting in the modu lation of the voice, the notes or variations of sound which we employ, in the expression of our sentiments. VERSIFICATION. Versification is the arrangement of a certain number and variety of syllables according to certain laws. Rhyme is the correspondence of the last sound of one verse, to the last sound or syllable in another. PART I. LECTURES ON ORTHOGRAPHY. LECTURE I. SECTION 1.-Of the Nature and Definition of Orthography. THE term, Orthography, is derived from a compound Greek word, signifying true writing; and it is the business of this part of grammar to teach us the nature and powers of letters, and the just method of spelling words It teaches us to form and 'o sound letters; to analyze and combine syllabies; and to express words by their proper letters. The importance of obtaining, in early life, a clear, distinct. and accurate knowledge of the sounds of the first principles of language, and a wish to lead young minds to a further consideration of a subject so curious and useful, have induced the compiler to bestow particular attention on this part of his work. Some writers think that these subjects do not properly constitute any part of grammar; and consider them as the exclusive province of the spelling book; but if we reflect, that letters and their sounds are the constituent principles of that art, which teaches us to speak and write with propriety, and that, in general, very little knowledge of their nature is acquired from the spelling-book we must admit, that they properly belong to grammar; and that a rational consideration of these elementary principles of language is an object that demands the attention of the young grammarian. The sentiments of a very judicious and minent writer (Quinctilian) respecting this part of grammar, may, perhaps, be properly introduced on the present occasion. 66 Let no persons despise, as inconsiderable, the elements of grammar, because it may seem to them a matter of small consequence, to show the distinct on between vowels and consonants, and to divide the latter into liquids and mutes. But they, who penetrate into the innermost parts of this temple of science, will there discover such refinement and subtility of matter, as are not only proper to sharpen the understandings of young persons, but sufficient to give exercise for the most profound knowledge and erudition," The elementary sounds, under their smallest combination, produce a syllable ; yllables properly combined produce a word; words duly combined produce a entence; and sentences properly con bined produce an oration or discourse. Thus it is, says HARRIS, in his HERMES that to principles apparently so triial as a few plain elementary sounds, we owe that variety of articulate voices, hich has been sufficient to explain the sentiments of so innumerable a multitude, s all the present and pas generations of men. We have seen that articulate sounds are the sounds of the human voice, formA by the organs of speech; that letters which are the representatives of those rticulate sounds are combined into syllables and syllables into words; and at words are used by common consent as the signs of our ideas, and of their arious relations. The original application of words as the names of things, or |