under the name of grenadiers à cheval, a kind of cavalry between cuirassiers and dragoons, and belonging to the guards; and the dragoons again had compagnies d'élites. GRENOBLE; an old city, situated in the former province of Dauphiny, now capital of the department of the Isère, 113 leagues S. E. from Paris; lat. N. 45° 11' 42; lon. E. 5° 43′ 57′′; with 22,149 inhabitants. It is the see of the suffragan bishop of Lyons, the seat of several tribunals, and the head-quarters of a military division. Grenoble is a fortified place. An old fortress called the Bastile, on a hill of the same name, commands the whole city. It contains several noble edifices; among others, the palace of the last constable of France, Lesdiguières. Here is also a law school, a royal college, and a public library with 55,000 volumes and valuable manuscripts. Grenoble is the centre of a great manufacture of gloves, and contains tanneries and important distilleries. Commerce is facilitated by the Isère. A number of distinguished men have been natives of this place; for instance, Bayard, Condillac, Mably, Vaucanson, &c. The bridge over the Drac is a single arch 120 feet high, and of 140 feet span. Grenoble is a very old place, and of Gallic origin. In the time of the Allobroges, it was called Calaro, which name it retained under the Romans, until Gratian enlarged it, and called it Gratianopolis. Remains of antiquity which have been discovered here, leave no doubt respecting its origin. It has been the see of a bishop since the 4th century. Grenoble was the first city of importance, which opened her gates to Napoleon, on his return from Elba. The emperor, as his handful of troops were preparing for the attack on the garrison of Grenoble, advanced alone, and, uncovering his breast, said aloud to the soldiers, S'il est parmi vous, s'il en est un seul qui veuille tuer son géneral, son empereur il le peut, le voici. He was answered by cries of Vive l'empereur, and joined by the soldiers. GRENVILLE (William Wyndham Grenville), lord, son of George Grenville, who was chancellor of the exchequer at the time of the passing of the stamp act (1764), was born in 1759, educated at Eton and Oxford, and early brought forward in public life by his friend William Pitt. He entered parliament in 1785, and was speaker of the house of commons when, in 1789, he was made secretary of the home department. In 1790, he was created a peer, by the title of baron Gren ville, and the next year became secretary of foreign affairs, and continued in this post till 1801, when he retired with Mr. Pitt, on the king's refusal to make the concessions in favor of the Catholics, which had been promised by the ministry. On the death of Pitt, in 1806, lord Grenville became first lord of the treasury, at the head of the coalition ministry, and incurred the public reproach by holding, at the same time, the place of auditor of the exchequer, that is, auditor of his own accounts. In 1809, the resignation of lord Castlereagh and Mr. Canning having lett lord Liverpool the only secretary of state, official letters were addressed to earl Grey and lord Grenville, proposing the formation of a combined ministry. Earl Grey declined all union at once. Lord Grenville went to London, but, on the next day, also declined the proposed alliance. He has always been consistent on one subject, that of concessions to the Catholics, of which he has ever been the constant advocate. GRESHAM, Sir Thomas, a merchant of London, was born in 1519, and educated at Gonville hall, in Cambridge. His father was agent of the king's money affairs at Antwerp; and, his successor having brought them into a bad condition, young Gresham was sent over, in 1552, to retrieve them. He acquitted himself so well, that in two years he paid off a heavy loan, and raised the king's credit considerably. On the accession of Elizabeth, he was deprived of his office; but it was soon restored to him, with that of queen's merchant, and he was also knighted. In 1566, he planned and erected a burse or exchange, for the merchants of London, in imitation of that of Antwerp. In 1570, queen Elizabeth, visiting the new building, solemnly proclaimed it the royal exchange; which name its successor, since the fire of London, still continues to bear. The troubles in the Low Countries interrupting the loans from Antwerp to the crown, sir Thomas induced the moneyed men in London to join in a small loan, which was the commencement of the great advances since made from the same body. He founded a college in London, notwithstanding the opposition of the university of Cambridgə and devised his house for habitations and lecture-rooms for seven professors, on the seven liberal sciences, who were to receive a salary out of the revenues of the royal exchange. Gresham college has since been converted into the modern general excise-office; but the places are still continued, with a double salary for the loss of the apartments, and the lectures are now given in the royal exchange. He the sound, which resembled that of a drum. He then wished to discover the origin of this bubbling in the vessel, and he overturned it into a hot coal fire. The explosion was so quick, that, rendered senseless by the steam and smoke, he fell to the ground much burnt. This accident brought on a long illness, and weakened his eyes for life. In 1759, Grétry went to Rome to perfect himself in music. Having, while at Rome, exhibited some Italian scenes and symphonies, he was engaged by the manager of the theatre, Alberti, to set to music two intermezzi. His first effort met with great success. The praise which he obtained from Piccini was the most flattering to him. Being well received and esteemed in the capital of Italy, Grétry pursued his studies there, until he became desirous of making himself known at Paris. On his way to France, he stopped at Geneva, and set to music the opera Isabella and Gertrude, which was brought out at Paris. The success of this production determined him to go to Paris, to find a theatre and performers worthy of him. Here he was obliged, for two years, to struggle against numerous difficulties, before he obtained from Marmontel the Huron, the text and music of which were both written in six weeks. The piece was performed in 1769, with complete success. The Lucile, a comedy in one act, which appeared soon after, was received with still greater applause. He now devoted himself exclusively to the theatre, and composed 40 operas, of which Le Tableau parlant, Zémire et Azor, L'Ami de la Maison, La fausse GRETNA GREEN, or GRAITNEY; a village Magie, Le Jugement de Midas, L'Amant and parish in Scotland, in Dumfries, on Jaloux, Les Evénemens imprévus, Colinette Solway frith, eight miles north of Carlisle. à la Cour, La Carevane, Raoul, Richard It is the first stage in Scotland from Eng- Caur-de-Lion, Anacréon chez Policrate, land, and has for more than 70 years been are still played with applause. Grétry, famous as the place of celebration of the like Pergolesi, took declamation as the marriages of fugitive lovers from Eng- guide of musical expression. He was inland. According to the Scottish law, it is ferior to Gluck in depth, and he could only necessary for a couple to declare be- never arrive at the fulness of Mozart. In fore a justice of the peace, that they are 1790, he published his Mémoires ou Essais unmarried, and wish to be married, in or- sur la Musique. The first volume contains der to conclude a lawful marriage. It an account of the musical career of the has been calculated that about 65 mar- author. He wrote La Vérité and Reflexions riages take place here annually. A black- d'un Solitaire. He died in 1813, at Ersmith was a long time the justice of menonville, in Rousseau's hermitage. the peace. His usual fee was 15 guineas. GRETRY, André Ernest Modeste, a French composer of music, born at Liege, 1741, showed as early as his 4th year his sensibility to musical rhythm. At this age, being left one day alone, the noise of water boiling in an iron pot excited his attention; he began to dance to GRESSON; the loftiest summit of the Vosges, 4002 feet high. GREVILLE, Fulk (lord Brooke); an accomplished courtier and ingenious writer, and a great encourager of learning and learned men. He was born in 1544, at Beauchamp court, Warwickshire, the family seat, then in the possession of his father, sir Fulk Greville. He entered Trinity college, Cambridge, which he afterwards quitted for Oxford; and, hav- terwards bishop of London; and from ing made the tour of Europe, presented him she imbibed an attachment to Prothimself at court, where he soon rose highestantism. The Oriental as well as the in the favor of Elizabeth. James also distinguished him by his favor; but the jealousy of Cecil induced Greville to retire from public life, till the death of that statesman restored him to the court. He now rose rapidly, filling in succession the posts of under treasurer and chancellor of the exchequer, and, in 1620, obtained a barony. Under Charles I, he continued to enjoy the royal countenance till the 30th of September, 1628, when, conversing with an old servant of the family, respecting certain dispositions in his will, the latter, considering his legacy disproportioned to his services, replied to him with great insolence, and, on receiving a reprimand, stabbed him in the back, and he expired immediately; the assassin instantly committed suicide with the same weapon. Lord Brooke was the founder of a historical lecture at Cambridge, and enjoyed the friendship of sir Philip Sidney, Spenser, Jonson, Shakspeare, and most of the master spirits of the age. The bent of his own genius evidently led him to the study of poetry and history. An octavo volume of his miscellaneous writings was printed in 1670, and there is also extant a life of his friend Sidney, by his hand. The envy of Cecil, who denied him access to the necessary records, prevented his carrying into execution an intention he had formed of writing a history of the wars of the Roses. GREY, lady Jane; a young and accomplished female of royal descent, whose disastrous fate, as the victim of an unprincipled relative's ambitious projects, has created an extraordinary interest in her favor. She was the daughter of Henry Grey, marquis of Dorset, afterwards duke of Suffolk, by the lady Frances, daughter of Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk, and Mary, younger sister of Henry VIII, in whose reign lady Jane was born, according to the common account, in 1537. She displayed much precocity of talent; and to the usual accomplishments of females, she added an acquaintance with the learned languages, as well as French and Italian. Roger Ascham has related, that, on making a visit to Bradgate hall, he found lady Jane, then a girl of fourteen, engaged in perusing Plato's Dialogue on the Immortality of the Soul, in the original Greek, while the rest of the family were hunting in the park. She owed her early proficiency in literature, in some measure, to her learned tutor, Aylmer, af VOL. VI. 6 classical languages are said to have been familiar to her, and she is represented as having been altogether a young person of uncommon genius and acquirements. But the latter are less singular than might be supposed by those who do not take into account the general taste for the cultivation of Greek and Roman lore, which prevailed among both sexes for some time after the revival of literature in Europe. Lady Jane Grey was a woman of talents, but not a prodigy; and Mrs. Roper, the interesting daughter of sir Thomas More, with lady Burleigh and her learned sisters, may be adduced as rivals in erudition of the subject of this article. The literary accomplishments of this unfortunate lady, however, do less honor to her memory than the spirit with which she bore the annihilation of her prospects of sovereignty, and the disgrace and ruin of the dearest object of her affections. The tale of her elevation and catastrophe has been often related, and has furnished a subject for dramatic composition. The most material circumstances are her marriage with lord Guilford Dudley, fourth son of the duke of Northumberland, in May 1553; which, though it originated in the ambitious projects of her father-in-law, was a union of affection. The duke's plan was, to reign in the name of his near relation, in whose favor he persuaded king Edward VI, on his death-bed, to settle the succession to the crown. Ón the decease of the king, lady Jane had the good sense to refuse the proffered diadem; but, unfortunately, she afterwards consented to accept it, being influenced by the importunities of her husband. Her pageant reign had lasted but nine days, when Mary, the late king's elder sister, was acknowledged queen; Jane exchanged a throne for a prison. She and her husband were arraigned, convicted of treason, and sentenced to death; but their doom was suspended, and they might, perhaps, have been allowed to expiate their imprudence by a temporary confinement, but for the ill-advised insurrection under sir Thomas Wyat, in which the duke of Suffolk, laly Jane's father, was weak enough to partici pate. The suppression of this rebellion was followed by the execution of lady Jane Grey and her husband. Mary suspended the execution of her cousin three days, to afford time for her conversion to the Catholic faith; but the queen's chari table purpose was defeated by the co and stancy of lady Jane, who defended her opinions against the arguments of the Romish divines sent to reason with her, and prepared herself with firmness for her approaching fate. She was beheaded on Tower-hill, February 12, 1554, her husband having previously suffered the same day. A book, entitled The precious Remains of Lady Jane Grey (4to.), was published directly after her execution; and letters and other pieces ascribed to her may be found in Fox's Martyrology. GREY, Charles, earl, a distinguished whig and parliamentary orator in England, was born in 1764, and was educated at Eton and Cambridge. On leaving the university, he travelled on the continent, and, soon after his return to England, was returned to parliament, by family interest, for the county of Northumberland, before he had reached his twentieth year, but, of course, did not take his seat till he became of age. He afterwards represented the borough of Appleby, till he succeeded to the peerage. He had not been long in the house, before he became conspicuous for his industry and his ability in debate. He was a warm Foxite, and became a member of the whig club, and of the society of Friends of the People. He was one of the most zealous opposers of Pitt's war against France, and declared in parliament that the discomfiture of the duke of Brunswick by the French army, was a triumph of every friend of liberty. On the death of Pitt, the whigs having come into power, Mr. Grey (then lord Howick) was made first lord of the admiralty, and, on the death of Fox, secretary of state for foreign affairs. The dissolution of this ministry soon followed, and lord Howick not long after was transferred to the upper house by the death of his father, but for many years took little part in public affairs, and resided in retirement on his estates in Northumberland. On the resignation of lord Castlereagh and Mr. Canning, which was soon followed by that of the duke of Portland, the rest of the ministers made overtures to lord Grenville and earl Grey, which were declined. Lord Grey opposed the restrictions on the regency of the prince of Wales; and when those restrictions expired, in 1812, the offer of a seat in the ininistry was renewed, and again rejected. In the trial of the unfortunate queen Caroline, lord Grey was one of the most active and zealous of the peers in her behalf; and to his eloquence and zeal, the result of the trial is in a great measure owing. He has always advocated reform and the emancipation of the Catholics. In domestic life, earl Grey appears in the most exemplary light. Madame de Staël used to speak in terms of the highest admiration of the family scene at Fallowden house. On the 16th of Nov., 1830, the duke of Wellington announced his resignation of the office of first lord of the treasury, and earl Grey was immediately appointed his successor. He is therefore, at present, prime minister of England. (See Great Britain.) ears. The GREYHOUND (canis gratus, Linnæus). This variety of the canine race is distinguished by a greater length of muzzle than any other dog, a very low forehead. occasioned by the want of frontal sinuses, short lips, thin and long legs, small muscles, contracted belly, and semipendent There are several sub-varieties described by naturalists, as the Irish greyhound, the Scotch, the Russian, the Italian and the Turkish, all which, though differing in size and intelligence, possess the general characteristics of the variety. The common greyhound is of a beautiful and delicate formation, and is universally known as the fleetest of this race of animals. We have no information when the name greyhound was introduced, the former appellation of gazehound being very applicable to a dog which hunts by sight and not by smell. Its derivation is evidently from Graius, Grecian. greyhound has been for many centuries in the highest estimation, and in ancient times was considered as a most valuable present. The ardor and velocity of the greyhound in pursuit of its game, have always been a matter of admiration to sportsmen, and of various opinions as to the difference of speed between a well bred greyhound and a race-horse. has, by the best judges, been thought, that upon a flat, the horse would be superior to the dog; but that in a hilly country, the latter would have the advantage. The natural simplicity and peaceable demeanor of the greyhound has sometimes induced a doubt, whether the instinctive sagacity of this particular variety is equal to that of some others of the species; but, from numerous observations, it appears that it possesses this attribute in a high degree. Greyhound pups, during the first seven or eight months, are extremely uncouth, awkward and disproportioned, after which period they begin to improve in form and sagacity. They reach their full growth at two years. The distinguishing traits of superiority are supposed to con sist in a fine, soft, flexible skin, with thun It silky hair, a great length of nose, contracting gradually from the eye to the nos tril, a full, clear and penetrating eye, small ears, erect head, long neck, broad breast, width across the shoulders, roundness in the ribs, back neither too long nor too short, a contracted belly and flank, a great depth from the hips to the hocks of the hind legs, a strong stern, round foot, with open uniform clefts, fore legs straight, and shorter than the hinder. According to the quaint description given in a work printed in 1496, by Wynken de Wode, a greyhound should be Headed lyke a snake, And chyned lyke a beme. Greyhounds bred in countries where the ground is chiefly arable, were formerly supposed superior in speed and bottom to those produced in hilly situations; that opinion, however, is completely superseded, and the contrary proved to be the case. If fed with coarse food, greyhounds are peculiarly liable to cutaneous and other affections. GREYWACKE, or GRAU WACKE, is a name originally applied by Werner to a fraginented or recomposed rock, consisting of mechanically altered portions or fragments of quartz, indurated clay slate and flinty slate, cemented by a basis of clay slate, the imbedded particles not exceeding a few inches in diameter, and sometimes becoming so minute as to be no longer visible, when the rock was denominated grau wacke slate. As this formation came to be examined more extensively in other countries, the term greywacke was extended so as to embrace nearly all fragmentary rocks, whose mechanical structure comes within the above description, however diversified the ingredients may be in their nature or dimensions, or whatever may be the nature of the cement, whether siliceous or argillaceous, provided only they are anterior to the new red sandstone and coal formation. The reason of this extension was, that the greywacke of Werner was found to pass by insensible degrees into rocks, which, notwithstanding they were obvi ously produced by the same causes, and occupied the same relative situations with his rock, were, nevertheless, excluded from coalescing with it by the too limited character of his definition. So much diversity, however, exists among the varieties of this rock, that it has been found convenient to distinguish them by sepa- It GRIDLEY, Jeremiah, a celebrated lawyer of Massachusetts before the revolution, was born about the year 1705, and receiv |