peared at the congress of Aix-la-Chapelle. He subsequently resigned his office as minister of state (see Decazes, and Louis XVIII); but on the assassination of the duke of Berry, in 1820, he again became president of the council. He fruitlessly opposed the establishment of the censorship of the press, and, finding he had lost his influence, he again retired from office (see Fillèle), and died soon after, in May, 1822.

RICHMOND; a city, port of entry, and metropolis of Virginia, in Henrico county, on the north side of James river, between fifty and sixty miles above City Point, and 150 miles above the mouth of the river. It is at the head of tide-water, just below the falls, and opposite to Manchester, with which it is connected by bridges; 25 miles north of Petersburg, 123 south by west of Washington; lat. 37° 32′ N.; lon. 77° 21′ W.; population, in 1820, 12,046; in 1830, 16,060, including 6345 slaves, and 1900 free blacks. The situation of Richmond is highly picturesque and healthful, and it is a flourishing commercial city. Most of the houses are of brick, and many of them are elegant. Its public buildings are very commodious, and in good style, and it has considerable manufactures. The falls extend nearly six miles, in which the river descends eighty feet. A canal passes around these falls, and the river is navigable for batteaux 220 miles above them. The city is thus connected with a very extensive back country that is highly productive of wheat, corn, hemp, tobacco and coal. Vessels drawing ten feet of water come to Rockets, just below the city, and those drawing fifteen feet ascend to Warwick, five miles below Richmond. The inland, coasting and foreign trade of Richmond are extensive, and increasing; and the city possesses great advantages as a healthy and pleasant place of residence. It has good schools, and convenient houses of worship for many religious denominations. The Virginia armory is an extensive establishment, and capable of supplying the state with arms. The penitentiary is under good regulations. The new court-house is a very spacious and elegant building. The capitol has a very commanding situation on Shockoe hill. In 1811, December 26, the theatre at Richmond took fire during an exhibition, and seventy-two persons lost their lives in the conflagration. An elegant episcopal church, of brick, called the Monumental church, has since been erected on the spot, with a monument in front, commemoraave of the melancholy event.

RICHMOND ; a village of England, county of Surrey, on an eminence on the south bank of the Thames, of great celebrity for the beauty of its scenery, and for having been, during several centuries, the seat of a royal palace now demolished. George III frequently resided here, in the early part of his reign; and an observatory was erected here from designs by sir William Chambers. Part of the park is occupied by the royal gardens. The new, or great park, formed by Charles I, is well stocked with deer; it is enclosed by a brick wall eight miles in compass. The rich scenery of Richmond and its vicinity have been the theme of general admiration, and have attracted a number of families of distinction, whose seats render the village and neighborhood remarkably gay and splendid. The village extends about a mile up the hill from the Thames, skirted and intermingled with agreeable gardens. The view from Richmond hill is particularly celebrated. Among the monuments in the church is one to Thomson, who resided here. Population, in 1821, 5994; nine miles south-west of London.

RICHTER, Jean Paul Frederic, a German writer of the first rank in belles-lettres, was born, March 21, 1763, at Wunsiedel, in the Fichtelgebirge, and died November 14, 1825, at Baireuth. His father was, at the time of his birth, rector at Wunsiedel, at a later period pastor at Schwarzbach on the Saale. In 1780, Richter entered the university of Leipsic, in order to study theology, but soon changed his plan, and devoted himself to belles-lettres. As early as 1798, he was known as a distinguished writer at Leipsic. He went to Weimar, Berlin, Meiningen, &c., and settled at Baireuth, having been made counsellor of legation by the duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen, and having received from the prince primate (Dalberg) a pension, which the king of Bavaria continued after Baireuth had fallen to him. He seldom left his home, and only to make short journeys to the Rhine, Berlin, Dresden, &c. He had married during his early stay at Berlin, and had two daughters. Secured by his pension from want; happy in his domestic relations; blessed with numerous friends, and an almost childlike amiableness, which enjoyed to the last the pleasures of nature, as if they had been always new; having millions of admirers; unambitious of vain distinctious, or objects beyond his reach; with a heart susceptible of the noblest emotions; believing in man's goodness, and firmly relying on the immortality of

the soul-he may be said to have been one of the happiest men that ever trod this earth. His death corresponded with his life; he calmly fell asleep. It would be difficult to give a distinct idea of Jean Paul's works (this was the name under which he wrote) in a brief sketch like ours. Jean Paul is a humorous writer, but his humor is of a peculiar sort. The want of a public life obliges the Germans to live much in reflection, the effect of which is visible in almost all their writings, and has left its traces in those of Jean Paul. His humor is deeply reflecting and philosophic, at the same time often truly comic. He frequently rises to the highest regions, where he can speak only in bold metaphors; and, before we are aware, we hear his inspiring tones die away like those of a lark, when the bird has come again to the ground. If it can be said of any man's writings that they are poetry in a prose form, it is true of many passages in Jean Paul's works. His writings are generally in the form of novels, but they have little of the character of what we generally understand by novels. He seems to have liked particularly to analyze emotions, to dissect individual character in every station, even the humblest. He does not exhibit man under those general influences which operate on large masses of men, but deals almost exclusively with the individual considered as such. He very frequently recurs to the immortality of the soul. In his writings, as in his life, he appears amiable in the highest degree. His works are the following:- Greenland Processes (Berlin, 1783); Selection from the Papers of the Devil (1788); the Invisible Lodge (1793); Hesperus (1795); Quintus Fixlein (1796; and 1800); Biographical Entertainments under the Skull of a Giantess (1796); Flower, Fruit and Thorn Pieces (1796); the Jubelsenior (1797); the Valley of Campan, with a Satirical Appendix (1797); Palingenesies (1798); Letters, and Future Course of Life (1799); Titan (18001805); Die Flegeljahre* (1803-1805); Katzenberger's Journey to the Watering Place (1809); the Field Preacher Schmelzle's Journey to Flötz (1809), &c. In 1804, he produced his first philosophical work of importance, his Introduction (Vorschule) to Esthetics (2d ed. 1809), to which he added, in his last years, a

Flegel is the German for clown, rude fellow; and Flegeljahre (clown-years) signifies, in Gerthe period of transition from boyhood to manhood, when the character is unformed, and the manners embarrassed, awkward, and often rude.

man,

Nachschule, with an Appendix, containing Reviews (Breslau, 1825). It is full of original and discriminating views, yet hardly a philosophically systematic work. In 1807, he published his Levana, a work on education, full of intelligent views. We must mention, also, his Fibel (Spellingbook); Peace Sermon (1809); Change of Throne between Mars and Phoebus in 1814; Political Sermons in Lent (1817); several essays, for instance, in his Museum (1814), and Herbstbluminen (1810-1820). In 1820 appeared his Comet, or Nic. Markgraf, a comic work. Shortly before his death, he began a new edition of his complete works. After his death, appeared his unfinished work Selina, or on Immortality. From memorandums left by him, a work was prepared, after his death, called Truths from Jean Paul's Life (3 vols., Breslau, 1826-28.)

RICINUS COMMUNIS. The palma christi, or castor oil plant, in Barbary, its native climate, often becomes a pretty stout tree, twenty or twenty-five feet in height; but, as cultivated with us, is an annual, herbaceous plant, not rising above six or eight; if, however, it be sheltered in a greenhouse, the stem persists, and becomes woody. The leaves are large, alternate divided into six lobes, and peltate, or hav ing the stalk inserted into the centre of the leaf. The flowers are disposed in long, branching spikes, the male occupying the inferior portion, which is contrary to the usual arrangement in monoecious plants. The fruit consists of three united, prickly capsules, each containing a large, smooth, shining, oblong, variegated seed. These seeds contain a virulent acrid and nauseous principle, which seems to reside exclusively in the germ. Hence it happens that, when eaten entire, two or three seeds will produce dangerous and even fatal effects, while the oil that is obtained from them in large quantities is mild, insipid, emollient, and gently purgative. This oil is procured by a moderate pressure, for the germ fortunately retains its oil with more pertinacity than the remainder of the seed; or by plunging the seeds in warm water, when the mild oil rises to the surface. The use of castor oil as a purgative is familiar to every one, and has been known from remote antiquity. In some countries, it is burnt in lamps, or is even employed with lime to make a cement, which with age becomes as hard as stone The castor oil plant is now cultivated, to some extent, in New Jersey, Virginia, &c. for commercial purposes.

RICKETS (rhachitis), or ENGLISH DIS

EASE; a modification of the scrofula, which commonly appears after the age of nine months and before that of two years, attacking principally the bones. The disease is known by a large head, prominent forehead, projecting breast bone, flattened ribe, big belly, and emaciated limbs, with great debility. The bones and spine of the back are variously distorted. Nature frequently restores the general health, and leaves the limbs distorted. In the treatment of rickets, besides attention to the regimen, those means are employed by which the system is invigorated. Tonic medicines, the cold bath, &c., are beneficial. The child should be kept clean and dry, regularly exercised, and allowed to enjoy pure air. The food should be nutritious, and easy of digestion. The rickets sometimes manifests itself in adults, and often proves fatal in a short time.

RICOCHET. (See Range.)

RIDGE ROAD, or ALLUVIAL WAY; a remarkable ridge along the south shore of lake Ontario, in New York. It extends from Rochester on the Genesee, to Lewiston on the river Niagara, eighty-seven miles. It is composed of common beach sand and gravel stones worn smooth, and these are intermixed with small shells. Its general width is from four to eight rods, and it is raised in the middle with a handsome crowning arch, from six to ten feet. Its general surface preserves a very uniform level, being raised to meet the unevenness of the ground which it covers. At the rivers Genesee and Niagara, its clevation is about 120 or 130 feet; and this is its elevation above lake Ontario, from which it is distant from six to ten miles. There is a regular and gradual descent from the road to the lake. There seems to be no way of accounting for this ridge, without supposing that the surface of lake Ontario was 130 feet higher at some former period than it is at present; and, if this be admitted, we are led to inquire whether Erie and Ontario did not constitute one lake. But it is replied, that there is a similar ridge on the south side of lake Erie, for 120 miles. The ridge road of New York is one of the best roads in the state. (See New York.)

RIDING. (See Horsemanship, and Manege.)

RIDING AT ANCHOR. (See Anchor.) RIDINGS (Corrupted from trithing); the three jurisdictions into which the county of Yorkshire, in England, is divided, on account of its extent. They are called the North East and West Ridings.

RIDLEY, Nicholas, bishop of London the reigns of Edward VI and his successor Mary, was born about the commencement of the sixteenth century, and educated at Cambridge. He travelled on the continent, and, during a three years' absence from his native country, became acquainted with several of the early reformers, whose doctrines he afterwards warmly espoused. Returning to Cambridge, he filled the office of proctor to the university, and as such protested against the claims of the papal see to the supreme ecclesiastical jurisdiction in the realm. He was also chosen public orator, and, through the patronage of archbishop Cranmer (q. v.), became one of the king's chaplains; and, in the second year of Edward VI, he was elevated to the see of Rochester. Three years after, on the deprivation of Bonner, Ridley was made bishop of London, and distinguished himself by his tempered zeal in favor of the Protestant church, and especially by his liberality and kindness towards the family of his predecessor. On the death of Edward, a dread of the succession of a Roman Catholic sovereign induced him to listen to those who made an attempt to secure the Protestant ascendency, by placing the lady Jane Grey upon the throne. The defeat of this scheme, the active part he had taken in the establishment of the new dis cipline, and the construction of the liturgy, together with his intimate connexion with Cranmer, marked Ridley out as one of the most prominent victims of papal authority. The form of a trial was, indeed, granted him: a deputation of popish bishops was appointed to hold a formal disputation on the controverted points with him at Oxford, and he was condemned, as a recusant and obstinate heretic, to the stake. This sentence he underwent with the greatest fortitude, in company with his friend and fellow-sufferer Latimer (q. v.), Oct. 15, 1555, in Oxford. His life has been written by the reverend doctor Ridley, prebendary of Salisbury.

RIDOTTO; a masquerade, attended with music and dancing, and other amuse ments. A ridotto commonly takes place on fast-eve, in those places where the carnival is celebrated.-Ridotto, in Venice, is also the name of a public place, where, during the carnival, games of hazard, particularly faro, are played. Formerly, none but a Venetian noble could have a bank in the ridotto; and particular privileges were granted to him as banker. On each side stood a lady in a mask, to give him warning of any thing to his disadvan

tage. No persons but nobles were permitted to play, unless in a mask. RIED, TREATY AT, Oct. 8, 1813. Bavaria.)

(See

RIEDESEL, Frederica Charlotte Louisa, baroness, the daughter of the Prussian minister of state Massow, was born at Brandenburg in 1746. At the age of sixteen, she was married to lieutenant-colonel Riedesel, who commanded the Brunswick troops employed in the English service in America in 1777. Madame Riedesel, who accompanied her husband, wrote an interesting account of her adventures, published by her son-in-law, the count de Reuss, under the title of Voyage to America, or Letters of Madame von Riedesel (translated into English, New York, 1827). She returned to Europe in 1783; and having lost her husband (who had been made a general) in 1800, she fixed her residence at Berlin, where she died in 1808.

RIEGO Y NUÑEZ, Rafael del, a Spanish patriot, born of a noble family, in the province of Asturias, in 1785. After having been liberally educated, he entered the army, and served during the invasion of Spain by Bonaparte. He was taken prisoner; and, on his liberation, the constitutional general Abisbal gave him a staff appointment; and when that chief betrayed the cause of independence, Riego retired from the service in disgust, and for a time led a private life. In the beginning of 1820, at the head of a battalion, he proclaimed the Spanish constitution, and, traversing a large extent of country, shut himself up in a fortress, with the small number of troops who had the patriotism and courage to follow his example. Being threatened by a powerful army, and aware of the danger of delay, he sallied forth from the isle of Leon with a few hundred brave men, made his way through the forces that opposed his passage, visited several large towns, intimidated the authorities, fought obstinately, lost the greater part of his troops, and retired to the mountains with the determination to defend himself to the last extremity, rather than submit to the mercy of his enemies. But the spirit of freedom which he had excited was not extinguished; the provinces ranged themselves under the banners of independence, and Riego received the homage of national gratitude. His popularity excited the jealousy of those in power, and he was calumniated as a promoter of anarchy and disorder: his army was dissolved, and he was proscribed. But he preserved the confidence of the people, and was appointed a deputy to the cortes 4

VOL. XI

of 1822, of which assembly he became the president, and in this arduous station displayed prudence and firmness, with a conciliatory disposition that did hin bonor. When king Ferdinand refused to maintain the constitution which he had sworn to observe, Riego again appeared in arms to assert the liberty of his country; but it was destined to fall before foreign foes. He was taken prisoner after the surrender of Cadiz to the French, under the duke d'Angouleme, and, being conveyed to Madrid, was executed as a traitor, Nov. 7, 1823. His widow, who sought refuge in England, died at Chelsea, June 19, 1824.-See the Memoirs of the Life of Riego, by the canon Riego (London, 1824), and Mathew's Narrative, &c.

RIENZI, Nicholas Gabrini de; a native of Rome, who, in the fourteenth century, became celebrated by his attempts to restore the Roman republic. Although the son of one of the lowest order of tavern keepers, he received a literary education, and early distinguished himself by his talents, parts, and elevated sentiments. The glory of ancient Rome excited his enthusiasm, and he came to be regarded by the common people as an extraordinary per son, destined to rescue them from the tyranny of the aristocracy, which, on the removal of the popes to Avignon, had become in the highest degree insolent and oppressive. He obtained the post of public scribe or notary, and in 1346 was join.. ed in a deputation to pope Clement VI, al Avignon, to exhort him to bring back the papal court to its original seat. He acted on this occasion with so much energy and eloquence, that the pope created him an apostolic notary, which office, on his return, he executed with strict probity. He let no opportunity escape to excite the discontent of the people, by haranguing against the nobility and the defects of the public administration. Having prepared men's minds for a change, and engaged persons of all orders in his designs, in the month of April, 1347, during the absence of the governor of Rome, Stephen Colonna, he summoned a secret assembly upon mount Aventine, before which he made an energetic speech, and induced them all to subscribe an oath for the establishment of a plan of government, which he entitled the good cstate. He had even the address to gain over the pope's vicar, and, in a second assembly in the capitol, pro duced fifteen articles as the basis of the good estate, which were unanimously ap proved; and the people conferred upon him the title of tribune, with the power

of life and death, and all the other attributes of sovereignty. The governor, Colonna, upon his return, threatened him with punishment, but was himself constrained to quit the city; and Rienzi banished several of the noble families, after capitally punishing such as were convicted of oppression and injustice. In the first exercise of his authority, he conducted himself with a strict regard to justice and the public good; and even the pope was induced to sanction his power. The reputation of the new tribune extended throughout Italy, and his friendship was even solicited by the king of Hungary and the emperor Louis. Petrarch was highly interested in his proceedings; and there are extant several eloquent letters, in which that poet exhorts him to persevere in his glorious undertakings. But the intoxication of supreme power began to betray him into extravagances. He caused himself to be created a knight, with a mixture of religious and military ceremonies, and cited the two rival emperors, Charles and Louis, to appear before him to justify their pretensions. He also dismissed the pope's legate, and, reducing the nobles into complete humiliation, commenced a reign of terror. But at length, finding that he had lost the affection and confidence of the people, he withdrew, in 1348, from Rome, and remained in Naples until 1350, when he took advantage of the jubilee to return secretly to Rome; but being discovered, he withdrew to Prague. Thence he came into the hands of pope Clement at Avignon, who confined him three years, and appointed a commission to try him; his successor, Innocent VI, released Rienzi, and sent him to Rome to oppose another popular demagogue, named Boroncelli. The Romans received him with great demonstrations of joy, and he recovered his former authority; but after a turbulent administration of a few months, the nobles excited another sedition against him, in which he was massacred in October, 1354. His last brief career had been marked with great cruelty, which excited the populace to treat his remains with indignity. Rienzi, who possessed a union of fanaticism and artifice, was more energetic in speech and council than in action, and failed in courage and presence of mind in great emergencies.

RIES, Ferdinand, a distinguished pianoforte player and composer, was born in Bonn, on the Rhine. Beethoven was his teacher, and under his direction he appeared before the public in Vienna, in

1804 and 1805. After several journeys, he settled in London, as teacher and com poser. In 1817, he also became director of the philharmonic_concert. In 1825 he retired to Bonn. His productions are very numerous.

RIESENGEBIRGE (the Giants' mountains); part of the Sudetic chain, separating Silesia from Bohemia and Moravia, till it joins the Carpathians; but the term is properly applied to that part of this range which lies between the sources of the Neisse and the Bober. It contains the loftiest mountains of the north or central part of Germany. Some of the principal summits are Schneekoppe, 5270 feet high; Great Sturmhaube, 5030 feet high; and Lesser Sturmhaube, nearly as high. The valleys of the Riesengebirge present many picturesque scenes. (See Sudetic Mountains.)

RIFACIMENTO (Italian, a remaking, or reestablishment) is now often used in English. One of its most common applications is to the process of recasting literary works, so as to adapt them to a changed state of circumstances; as when a work written in one age or country is modified to suit the circumstances of another. The German word Umarbeitung is still more expressive.

RIFLE; a fire-arm which has the inside of its barrel cut with from three to nine or ten spiral grooves, so as to make it resemble a female screw,varying from a comnon screw only in this, that its grooves or rifles are less deflected and approach more to a right line; it being now usual for the grooves with which the best rifled barrels are cut, to take about one whole turn in a length of thirty inches. The number of these grooves differ according to the size of the barrel and the fancy of the workman; and their depth and width are not regulated by any invariable rule. The period of their invention cannot be precisely determined. In 1381, the city of Augsburg promised, in the war of the free inperial cities against the nobility in Franconia, Suabia and Bavaria, to send thirty rifles (busses, büchsen) to the army. In 1498, fire-arms with rifled barrels were used at a public shooting-match in Leipsic.

RIGA; a fortified city in the Russian government of the same name (see Livonia), lying on the Duna, or Dwina, seven miles above its entrance into the gulf of Riga; lat. 56° 57′ N.; lon. 24° 5' E. The suburbs, which were almost entirely destroyed in 1812 (see Russian-German War). have since been rebuilt with broad, hand some streets, and numerous public walks and squares. The city has also received