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who was so well acquainted with Latin, that she taught it to her children and servants; and there was no person in the house who did not speak Latin fluently. About 1526, Stephens erected a press in his own name, from which proceeded a series of the most valuable works. Most of his editions of the Greek and Roman classics were enriched with notes and valuable preliminary treatises. He endeavored to attain the greatest possible correctness, and for this purpose hung up his proof-sheets publicly, and offered a reward for the discovery of errors. At first he printed with the types of his father and Simon de Collines; but about 1532 he had a handsomer type cast, with which he printed the elegant Latin Bible, dated that year. This drew upon him new persecutions, which, however, were averted by the protection of king Francis I, and by his promising to print nothing more without the consent of the Sorbonne. In 1531, he published the first edition of his excellent Thesaurus Langua Latina, which he improved in every successive impression, and which Gessner has since taken as the basis of his. In 1539, he was appointed printer of Latin and Hebrew to the king. At his request, Francis I caused the beautiful types to be cast, which are still in possession of the royal press at Paris. The new attacks which he suffered, in consequence of his Bible of 1545, were rendered harmless for a time by the favor of the king; but after his death they were renewed with increased violence, and Stephens was at length forced to abandon France. In 1552, he went to Geneva, where, in connexion with his brother-in-law, he printed the New Testament in French, and established a new press of his own, from which several valuable works were is sued. He died in 1559. His Hebrew Bibles (4 vols., 4to., and 8 vols., 16mo.); the Latin Bible (folio, 1538-40); the New Testament (folio, 1550), which was formerly regarded as the most beautiful Greek book ever printed; his Historia Ecclesiastica Scriptores; Eusebii Preparatio et Demonstratio Evangelica; his Dionysius of Halicarnassus; Dio Cassius (first complete edition); and his Terence, Cicero, Plautus, &c., are highly esteemed. -Equally celebrated is the son, Henry, born at Paris, in 1528. He was distinguished for his talents, and devoted himself particularly to the study of Greek. The celebrated Peter Danes was his instructer. He also enjoyed the teaching of one Tusanus Turnebus, and in a

short time became one of the most able Hellenists of his age. His rapid progress in the Latin language is shown by his annotations on Horace, published at the age of twenty years. He likewise studied the mathematical sciences with zeal. In 1547, he went to Italy, to avail himself of the treasures contained in the libraries at Florence, Rome, Naples, and Venice, and brought away several valuable copies of the classics. He also visited England and the Netherlands, and returned to Paris in 1552, just as his father was on the point of setting out for Geneva. He perhaps accompanied him thither; but, in 1554, he was in Paris again, where, in consequence of the privilege granted to his father by Francis I, he applied for permission to establish a press. The same year he again visited Italy, to collate the manuscripts of Xenophon and Diogenes Laërtius; and, at the beginning of 1557, he commenced the publication, from his own press in Paris, of some of the works which he had procured with so much labor and care. He would, however, have been unable to meet the expense, had he not been assisted by Ulrich Fugger, out of gratitude to whom he called himself, till the death of his patron, Fugger's printer. The death of his father, in 1559, filled him with grief; but his marriage roused him to fresh exertions. In consequence of his attachment to the new doctrines, his peace was often disturbed, and his labors interrupted. In 1566, he republished Valla's Latin translation of Herodotus, with a preface, in which he defended the father of history from the reproach of credulity. Robert Stephens had already begun to collect materials for a Greek dictionary; Henry pursued the arduous work, and, in 1572, produced his still unrivalled Thesaurus of the Greek Language, which is a treasure of learning and criticism, and would alone suffice to secure its author permanent fame. An edition of the Thesaurus has lately been published in London (1816-26), with the additions of several philologists; and new editions have recently been announced (1830) by Hase (q. v.), at Paris, and, with the additions of Dindorf, at Leipsic. The high price of this work, and the abridgment published by Scapula (q. v.), soon after its appearance, made the sale extremely slow; and the author became greatly embarrassed. He then went to Germany, either for the purpose of recreation, or to seek new means of support. Henry Ill granted him, on account of his work Dr la Précellence du Langage François.

reward of 3000 livres, and a pension of 300 livres, to enable him to continue his examination of ancient manuscripts, and treated him with great distinction; but this money was probably never paid him. At any rate, Stephens continued in embarrassed circumstances, and finally retired from court, in order to occupy himself more advantageously, and lived at Orleans, Paris, Frankfort, Geneva and Lyons. On a journey to the latter place, he fell sick, and died in the hospital, in 1598, apparently deranged. Such was the end of one of the most learned and indefatigable scholars, who is preeminent for the services which he rendered to the cause of ancient literature. His impressions are not so handsome as those of his father, but they are equally valuable in correctness and matter, and exceed them in number. His editions of the classics have served as the basis of the text of almost all subsequent ones; and the charge that he tampered with the text of authors arbitrarily, is without foundation. He made Latin verses with great facility. He was lively and affectionate in his feelings, fond of gayety and wit, but impatient of contradiction; he indulged himself in caustic epigrams upon his opponents. Among his numerous editions, the principal are, Poetæ Græci, Principes Heroici Carminis (1566, folio); Pindari et cæterorum octo Lyricorum Carmina (1560, 1566, 1586, 24mo.); also editions of Maximus Tyrius, Diodorus, Xenophon, Thucydides, Herodotus, Sophocles, Eschylus, Diogenes Laërtius, Plutarch, Apollonius Rhodius, Callimachus, Plato, Herodian, and Appian, Horace, Virgil, Puny the younger, Gellius, Macrobius, the collection of Roman historians, &c. He translated many Greek authors into Latin. He also produced numerous other valuable works.

STEPHEN'S, ST. The commons of Great Britain hold, their assemblies in St. Stephen's chapel, in Westminster, built by king Stephen, and dedicated to his namesake, the protomartyr. It was rebuilt by Edward III, in 1347, and has been applied to its present use since the reign of Edward VI. The interior has been piainly fitted up, with more regard to convenience than ornament. It is too small, especially since the admission of the Irish members. There are galleries on each side, but they are for the use of the members: the gallery at the end of the house, opposite the speaker's chair, is the only place for strangers, who gain admuttauce by orders from the members,

or by a present to the door-keeper. Not more than 130 strangers can be accommodated at a time. The galleries are supported by slender iron pillars, crowned with gilt Corinthian capitals; and the walls are wainscoted to the ceiling. The speaker's chair stands at some distance from the wall, and is highly ornamented with gilding, having the royal arms at the top. Before the chair is a table, at which sit the clerks, who take minutes of the proceedings, read the title of bills, &c. In the centre of the room, between the table and the bar, is a capacious area. The seats for the members occupy each side and both ends of the room, with the exception of the passages. There are five rows of seats, rising in gradation above each other, with short backs, and green morocco cushions. The seat on the floor, on the right hand of the speaker, is called the treasury bench, because there many of the members of administration usually sit. The side immediately opposite is occupied by the leading members of the opposition. There are coffee rooms attached to the house, for the accommodation of the members. They communicate directly with the house, and are for the use of members only, many of whom dine there during a long debate; and so near is the spot to the chief chamber, that the voice of a speaker who talks in a high tone, or cheering, may be distinctly heard. Strangers from the gallery may get sandwiches, &c. at the bar, as a favor; but they are not permitted to enter the rooms. The whole is under the superintendence of the housekeeper. Should the bell ring, to announce that a division is about to take place, and to direct the messengers and officers to lock all the doors leading to the house or its lobby, an amusing spectacle is beheld: members are seen running in all directions, with the utmost haste, to get into the house before the fatal key is turned.

STEPPE (from the Russian step, a desert; also a dry plain). The steppes of Russia, which are not unlike the landes of Guienne, in France, and the heaths of Northern Germany, are in part susceptible of cultivation; and they afford pasturage for the numerous herds of the nomadic tribes. In the extensive steppes of Astrachan, between the Volga and the Ural, the Calmucs and Nogay Tartars rove with their cattle. They produce several sorts of flowers, herbs, and are frequented by wild goats and birds.

STERE. (See French Decimal System, vol. v., p. 205.)

STEREOGRAPHIC PROJECTION. (See Projection of the Sphere.)

STEREOMETRY (from repos, solid, and ETPOV, measure); literally, the measure of solids; a branch of geometry, the name of which would make it applicable to the measurement of all solids, but which, in fact, is limited, by elementary geometry, to a certain number, and is made to embrace other qualities in addition to their solid contents. The solids of which it treats, are those inscribed within plane surfaces, and a few inscribed within curved surfaces, viz. the cylinder, cone and sphere all the others it leaves to the higher geometry. A solid, in geometry, is that which has length, breadth, and thickness. If the body in question is a prism (q. v.), its height indicates how many layers, each equal to its base, must be laid one above the other, in order to form the solid figure; in other words, the contents of the prism are equal to the product of the height multiplied by the base. The same is the case, as will be readily seen, with the cylinder. (q.v.) A prism of three sides may be divided, as is easily shown by actual cutting, into three pyramids (q. v.), each of three sides, of the same height and base with the prism. A prism of many sides, and a pyramid of many sides, may be divided into as many three-sided prisms or pyramids as the base has sides; hence the contents of every pyramid are equal to a third of the product of the height multiplied by the base. The same is the case with the cone (q. v.), which has a circle for its base, i. e. a polygon of innumerable sides, and, therefore, can be considered as a pyramid. A sphere (q. v.) may be considered as composed of an infinite number of pyramids, all of which have their vertices in the centre of the sphere its contents, therefore, are equal to a third of the product of its surface (which makes the sum of the bases of all these pyramids) and its radius. These are the chief points of stereometry; but it also teaches how to compare the various solids with each other, and to ascertain their superficial contents. See Hossfeld's Lower and Higher Practical Stereometry (1812, 4to.); see, also, the article Stereometry in the fourth volume of Klügel's Mathem. Dictionary (in German), by Molweide (Leipgic, 1823).

STEREOTYPE PRINTING. (See Printing.) STERLING; an epithet of English money of account. It is by some derived from easterling, a name by which the Hanseatics were called in some of

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the western countries of Europe; others derive it from the Anglo-Saxon steore (rule, or law). (See Coins.)

STERN; the posterior part of a ship, or that part which is presented to the view of a spectator, placed on the continuation of the keel, behind.

STERN-POST; a long, straight piece of timber, erected on the extremity of the keel, to sustain the rudder and terminate the ship behind. It is usually marked, like the stem, with a scale of feet, from the keel upwards, in order to ascertain the draught of water abaft.

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STERNE, Lawrence, a divine, and an original writer, the son of a lieutenant in the army, was born at Clonmell, in Ireland, in November, 1713, and was put to school at Halifax, in Yorkshire, in 1722, whence he removed to Cambridge, and studied for the church. He took his degree of master of arts in 1740, before which he was advanced; and, by the interest of doctor Sterne, his uncle, a prebendary of Durham, he obtained the living of Sutton, a prebend of York, and, subsequently, by the interest of his wife, whom he married in 1741, the living of Stillington, at which, and at Sutton, he performed the clerical duties for nearly twenty years. During this period, he appears to have amused himself with books, painting, music, and shooting, but was little known beyond his vicinity, the only production of his pen being his humorous satire upon a greedy church dignitary of York, entitled the History of a Watch Coat. In 1759, following, appeared the two first volumes of his celebrated Tristram Shandy, which drew upon him praise and censure of every kind, and became so popular that a bookseller engaged for its continuance on very lucrative Accordingly a third and fourth volume appeared in 1761, a fifth and sixth in 1762, a seventh and eighth in 1764, and a ninth, singly, in 1766. If, in the groundwork of this extraordinary production, a resemblance may be traced to the ridicule of pedantry and false philosophy in Scriblerus, the style and filling up are chiefly his own, although he borrowed entire passages from Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy, and the works of bishop Hall and others. In 1768, he produced his Sentimental Journey (in 2 vols., 12mo.), which, by a number of pathetic incidents, and vivid strokes of national and characteristic delineation, is rendered extremely entertaining, and acquired a more general reputation than even its predecessor. In 1760 appeared two volumes of Ser on

terms.

of Mr. Yorick, to which he added two additional volumes in 1766, with his own name. He died of pulmonary consumption, in March, 1768, leaving a widow and one daughter. The latter, who was married to a French gentleman, published a collection of her father's letters, in three volumes, 12mo., to which were prefixed memoirs of his life and family. In the same year, an anonymous editor published Letters between Yorick and Eliza, which were regarded as the authentic correspondence, in a strain of high sentimental friendship, between Sterne and Mrs. Draper, an accomplished East Indian lady. His private character was by no means honorable to his genius, affording another proof that the power of expressing and conceiving strong feelings by no means implies that they will influence the conduct.

STERNHOLD, Thomas; the principal author of the metrical version of the Psalms long used in public worship in our churches, and not yet entirely discontinued. He was a native of Hampshire, and educated at Oxford, and became groom of the robes to Henry VIII, who left him a legacy of 100 marks. He held a similar office under Edward VI, in whose reign he died, in August, 1549. The principal coadjutor of Sternhold, in his versification of the Psalter, was John Hopkins; and the names of these persons have become a proverbial designation of bad poets. Sternhold also produced Certayne Chapters of the Proverbs of Solomon, drawen into Metre, which were published after his death.

STERNUTATION. (See Sneezing.) STESICHORUS; a Greek lyric poet, born at Himera, in Sicily, about B. C. 612. He composed a number of works, which were highly esteemed by the ancients. Horace speaks of Stesichori graves camane; and Dionysius Halicarnassus says, that he had all the graces of Pindar and Simonides, while he surpassed them both in the grandeur of his subjects. He was the first who introduced into the ode the triple division of strophe, antistrophe, and

epode; and he is said to have thence derived his name, which was before Tisias. A few fragments of his works, to the amount of fifty or sixty lines, alone remain. See Kleine's Stesichori Fragmenta (Berlin, 1828), with a preliminary treatise.

STETHOSCOPE (from ornos, chest); an instrument consisting of a short tube, widening towards one end, with which physicians have, for some years, been accustomed to examine the internal state of the human body (e. g. in diseases of the lungs and other internal organs, also in hernia, and the condition of women in pregnancy, &c.), by applying the stethoscope to the chest or abdomen, and putting the ear to the narrower end. Many disorders may be distinguished very clearly in this way; and the instrument has proved, in the hands of many physicians, a useful invention. See Laennec, Auscultation Médiate (Paris, 1819).

STETTIN; a town of Prussia, capital of Pomerania, and of a government and circle of the same name, situated on the Oder, about 60 miles from the Baltic, 80 miles north-east of Berlin; lon. 14° 46′ E.; lat. 53° 20' N. It stands on an eminence on the left bank of the Oder, and has three suburbs, five gates, and several squares. The principal public buildings are the castle, government house, arsenal, barracks, hospitals, exchange, theatre, and public library. It has five Lutheran churches, an academical gymnasium, college, &c. Population, 32,191. Stettin is a place of extensive trade, the great outlet of the manufactures of Silesia, and the depot of colonial goods and foreign fabrics required by that province, as well as by Berlin, and other towns in Brandenburg. The number of vessels entered here, in 1814, was 1534; cleared, 1180. Vessels drawing more than seven feet water stop at Swinemunde. (See Oder.) The leading articles of export are linen, corn, and timber; of imports, coffee, sugar cotton, dye-woods, and wine. ufactures are very various.

The man

APPENDIX.

RHYTHм, in general, means a measured division of time. The rhythm, in dancing, is made manifest to the eyes by steps, and, in music and language, to the ears by tones. (See the beginning of the article Dancing.) We must refer the fondness for rhythm, in the human mind, to its love of order, harmony, symmetry, which lies at the basis of all the arts. As song, music and dancing sprung from the same sources, and, in the earliest periods of nations, are actually united, the rhythm of all three has much in common. The rhythm of poetry is susceptible of the same exact divisions of time as the rhythm of dancing and music; but rhetorical rhythm is satisfied with a pleasing cadence of syllables an approximation to the rhythm of verse, particularly at the beginning and end of periods. The orator or eloquent prose writer arranges his words in an expressive and pleasing succession, but he does not follow precise rules, like the versifier. The poetical rhythm, like every species of rhythm, requires a succession of motions of regular duration, which, variously interrupted, must yet be obvious, and combined according to the rules of beauty and grace, so as to form a harmonious whole. In order to make rhythm please, its constituent parts must excite the feeling of variety in harmony or unity. The various parts must form a whole, and exhibit a beginning, middle and end, by a measured rise and fall. Those parts which receive the ictus, the stress, of the rhythm are called arsis (elevation), the other parts thesis (positio, depression). To denote the arsis, the common acute accent is used ('), e. g. Singula quæque locum teneant sortita decenter. The arsis must by no means be confounded with the long syllable, nor the thesis

with the short syllable. As the short syl lable is the smallest constituent part of a verse, it is considered as the original unit for the measure of time in the rhythm and is called a time, or mora. The abso lute duration of this unit depends upo the quickness or slowness with which the rhythmical composition is uttered. The smallest rhythmical magnitude is the foot by which every union of arsis and thesis is understood. A single word may constitute a foot; or the beginning and end of the foot may be in the middle of words, as in the following verse:

Contém-nil, ár-tibús-que ví-vit dé-ditúm turpís-si

mis.

Rhythm can be imagined without words, and may be indicated by notes, or other signs of long and short syllables. Hence the rhythm may also be divided differently from the words, as we have just seen; and the division of the words should not agree with the rhythmical feet, except where a rhythmical series is concluded, or the pausing of a part of the same requires a break in the text. In all other cases, the divisions of the rhythm ought to separate the parts of words as much as possible, which is called cæsura. (q. v.) The Greeks distinguished the feet according to the number of units of time contained in them. The Romans divided them, according to the number of syllables, into four of two syllables. eight of three syllables, and sixteen of four syl lables, and called them, with the Greeka thus:

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