114

BOISSY D'ANGLAS-BOLIVIA.

chiefly to the difficulties which have been encountered in bringing its products to market. The people have not yet learned to avail themselves of the navigable affluents of the Amazon and La Plata, by means of which an intercourse might be opened with the ports on the E. coast of S. America; and, at present, the trade with Europe takes place wholly through the ports of the Pacific, which cannot be reached except by toilsome passages. The

time, he surrendered himself a prisoner at the island of Oléron, in order, by so doing, to prevent the spoliation of his family. From his imprisonment he was only liberated after the revolution which made Bonaparte First Consul. He was named by the latter, in 1800, to the Tribunate, of which body he was elected president in 1803; and he became a member of the Senate, with the title of count, in the beginning of the following year. On the restoration of the Bourbons, in 1814, hav-country to Cobija, the only Bolivian port, is ing given his adhesion to the new government, he was made a Peer of France by Louis XVIII. On account of his having taken his seat in the Chamber of Peers during the hundred days following the return of Napoleon from Elba, his name was, after the second Restoration, stricken from the list of the Peers, but was, in a few weeks, replaced on it. His course was henceforth entirely consistent with the principles avowed by him in the earlier period of his political career. He was an advocate for the law of elections, for the institution of the jury, and the liberty of the press. He was a member of the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres, and was much occupied with literary pur-rections of the inhabitants of the departsuits. Of the works published by him, the principal are the "Recherches sur la vie et les écrits de Malesherbes” (3 vol. | 1819), and the "Etudes littéraires et poétiques d'un vieillard" (6 vol. 1826). Boissy d'Anglas died on the 20th of October 1826, at the age of 70.

BOLE.* There are a great variety of boles. They are sometimes used medicinally. Generally, they are reddened by oxide of iron; as is the case in the Armenian bole, which is used in tooth-powder, and to give colour to the fish-sauce called essence of anchovies.

BOLIVIA* is divided into the six departments of La Paz, Oruro, Potosi, Cochabamba, and Santa Cruz de la Sierra, the first three having their chief towns of the same names, and the chief towns of the others, in the order in which they are mentioned, being Oropesa, Chuquisaca, and San Lorenzo de la Frontera. The population of Bolivia has been very variously estimated, at from 600,000 to 1,800,000 individuals; three-fourths of whom are Indians, and the remainder, except a few negroes and people of colour, are of Spanish descent. Of the chief towns, Chuquisaca, which is the seat of government, has about 18,000 inhabitants; La Paz is said to have 40,000, Potosi 35,000, and Oropesa 25,000.—The commerce of Bolivia is inconsiderable, owing

traversed by but one road, that from Oruro, and it is practicable only for mules and lamas. Cobija, though a free port, is therefore but little frequented; the Bolivians preferring to obtain their foreign im ports through Arica and Tacna, ports of Lower Peru, notwithstanding a transit duty of 3 per cent. is there imposed upon them. These imports mostly consist of hardware and a few articles of finery. The exports are nearly confined to the precious metals, and a few other commodities having a great value in a comparatively small bulk.—The constitution bestowed upon Bolivia by Bolivar soon became exceedingly unpopular, and after repeated insur

ment of La Paz, towards the end of 1827, General Sucre, with the Colombian troops which he had retained, was constrained to leave the country. A new Congress, which assembled on the 3d of August 1828 at Chuquisaca, essentially modified the constitution, and chose General Santa Cruz to be the president of the Republic. Santa Cruz declined the honour conferred on him; whereupon the presidency was usurped by General Velasco, who was, however, deposed by the Congress in the month of December following. That body then elected General Blanco in his place. He, in his turn, lost his life in an insurrection which occurred on the last day of the year. A provisionary government was then established, by whom General Santa Cruz was once more invested with the dignity of first magistrate. The latter no longer hesitated to comply with the wishes of the majority of his fellow-citizens, and coming in May 1829 to La Paz, succeeded in restoring the country once more to a state of tranquillity. In 1831, he introduced a new code of laws, the "codigo Santa Cruz," brought order into the finances, and concluded a treaty of amity and commerce with Peru. He was the author, besides, of various measures of a nature calculated to promote the prosperity of Bolivia, for which a happy future seemed to be opening. But Santa Cruz

BOLIVIA-BOMBAZINE.

115

the mean time thinking to embrace the opportunity of the unsettled condition of the affairs of Bolivia, to gain possession of the province of La Paz, which he was desirous of annexing to his own government, penetrated with a considerable force as far as Viacha, somewhat in advance of the city of that name. There he was attacked and his army totally routed by the Bolivians, on the 18th of November 1841, he himself being numbered among the slain. Ballivian, at the head of the victorious army, now, in his turn, advanced into Peru, threatening to reduce it to a state of subjection to Bolivia; but, through the interference of Chili, a treaty of peace was concluded, June 7th 1842, between the contending parties, by which Ballivian agreed to evacuate the Peruvian territory, and to restore the relations of the two states to what they were previously to the commencement of hostilities.

BOLLMAN* (Erick) died at Kingston in the island of Jamaica, December 10th 1821.

became ambitious of extending his autho- | partisans, these deemed it expedient to rally rity over a wider extent of territory, and in support of general Ballivian, who had also scrupled not, in consequence, to involve put forth claims to the high office in queshis country in war with Peru. On pre- tion. Bolivia, nevertheless, was not yet tence of mediating between the opposing destined to relapse into tranquillity. Gencandidates for the presidency of that re-eral Gamarra, the president of Peru, in public, he invaded it at the head of all the forces which he could muster. In a battle which was fought near the city of Cusco, on the 8th of August 1835, he defeated the Peruvian general Gamarra, and proceeded, in the spring of 1836, to complete the object that he had aimed at. He assumed the title of the Pacificator of Peru, and was declared to be the supreme chief of the three states of N. Peru, S. Peru, and Bolivia. According to the constitution then framed by him for the confederation, while the several states composing it were to have their own local governments, he himself was to preside over the common interests of all, as the chief magistrate of the central government, under the designation of Protector. The jealousy of the neighbouring states had, however, in the mean time been excited, and particularly that of Chili. The hostilities with that republic, which began in 1836, were protracted, through the years 1837 and 1838, into 1839; on the 20th of January in which year Santa Cruz suffered a total defeat at Jungay from the Chilese, and an auxiliary force of Peruvians commanded by his old antagonist, General Gamarra, who now became president of Peru. General Velasco, who commanded the forces in Bolivia, next seized the opportunity afforded him to declare war against Santa Cruz and the Confederation, and on being appointed by the Congress, then in session at Chuquisaca, president pro tem., hastened to conclude a peace with Chili. No resource remained to Santa Cruz, but to consult his safety by embarking at Guayaquil for the neighbouring republic of Equador. But by one of those singular changes of public sentiment and of fortune so often occurring in the new S. American states, and, on account of our very defective knowledge of the circumstances under which they have occurred, so incomprehensible to us, scarcely had the ex-protector made his escape from his enemies, when a reaction in his favour took place ia Bolivia, and his former official career was pronounced, by a formal act of the Congress, to be free from all blame. The president Velasco was even arrested and deposed, and Santa Cruz once more nominated to the presidency. Still as it was impossible for the latter to arrive in sufficient time to secure the ascendancy of his

BOLOGNIAN STONE; a sulphate of baryta, which is found near Bologna in Italy, and which, when heated with charcoal, becomes a powerful solar phosphorus. The light given out is especially strong when it is pulverized and kneaded into a paste with linseed oil.

BOLTON, OF BOLTON-LE-MOORS; a flourishing manufacturing town of England, in the county of Lancaster, with 50,163 inhabitants. It is situated in a marshy region, and is divided by a small rivulet into Great and Little Bolton. A canal connects it with Manchester and Bury; and it is owing to its improved communications, as well as to its command of coal, that it has become one of the principal seats of the English cotton manufacture. Six millions of pieces of muslin are stated to be annually produced. - Sir Richard Arkwright, the inventor, or, at all events, the introducer of the spinning-jenny, was a native of Bolton. Crompton, the inventor of the mule-jenny, was a native of Bolton parish.

BOMBAY.* See India, (Sup.)

BOMBAZINE; a twilled fabric, having its warp of silk, and its weft of worsted. The worsted is thrown on the side which has a twill upon it. It was formerly made entirely for mourning garments, but it is

BOMBAZINE-BONNYCASTLE.

now manufactured of various colours. | up, as occasional sources of nutriment; for Bombazines are woven with silk of the natural colour, and dyed afterwards. BOMBELLES* (Louis Phil., count of) was Austrian ambassador, in 1829, to queen Donna Maria da Gloria in London, in 1834 at the Court of Turin, and in 1837 at Berne, in Switzerland.

'BONNYCASTLE (Charles) was born at Woolwich in England; at the Military Academy of which place his father, John BONE.* The anima matter of bones Bonnycastle, was professor of Mathemaamounts on an average to about half their tics. He was intended for the employment weight, or, when dried, to between 30 and of a builder in the service of the govern40 per cent., so that they contain a large ment, and was actually placed with a masrelative proportion of nutritive matter. ter-builder for this purpose. But not likThe bones, including their animal matter, ing the occupation, or for some other reaare the most durable parts of the animal son, he abandoned it; and he afterwards fabric. Hence the proposal of storing them | travelled with Lord Pomfret, assisted his

BONNYCASTLE-BOPP.

117

father in the preparation of several ele- | ding-sail-boom, &c.-The term boom dementary books on mathematical subjects, notes also a strong chain or cable stretched and occasionally wrote articles for ency- across the mouth of a river or harbour, clopædias and other works published in with yards, topmasts, or spars of wood, numbers. Mr. Bonnycastle was selected fastened to it, to prevent an enemy from as the first professor of Natural Philosophy entering. in the University of Virginia, by Mr. F. W. Gilmer, who was sent to England by the visiters of the university to choose professors for several of the departments. He arrived in the United States with Dr. Dunglison, the professor of Medicine, and Mr. Key, the professor of Mathematics, (now of the London University), in February 1825. He was an excellent mathematician, and likewise exceedingly well informed on the various branches of physical science, which he taught to large classes of students. The classes of mathematics in the university, however, were still more numerously attended; and Mr. Bonnycastle therefore was, at his request, transferred to this department, on the return of Mr. Key to his native country, in 1827. He was the author of a treatise on "Inductive Geometry," and of several memoirs on scientific subjects.-He married in Virginia; and left behind him, at his death, which occurred in October 1840, a widow and three children.

BOOTON; an island lying off the S. E. extremity of the island of Celebes. On the E. side of Booton, there is a deep bay, called by the Dutch Dwaal, or Mistake Bay. There is danger, in calm weather, of ships being drawn, by the set of the currents,.into this bay; in which case, they can only get out again at the coming in of the W. monsoon. When Mr. de Clerc was on his way to assume the government of Banda, he was detained during a whole year in this inlet. The inhabitants are Mohammedans, and have a king of their own, who is independent of any other power.-The Dutch East India Company formerly maintained a settlement on the island, to which they every year sent an officer to destroy the clove trees. This was done under a treaty with the king of Booton, to whom about £30 sterling were paid for the privilege, and for the assistance which he bound himself to give in accomplishing the proposed object. The Dutch officer employed received the appropriate name of the extirpator.

BONPLAND (Aimé) was set at liberty by Dr. Francia in November 1829, when BOPP* (Francis). Besides the works on he proceeded to Buenos Ayres. Thence Sanscrit literature before mentioned, Bopp he wrote to Alexander de Humboldt that published, in 1829, the “Diluvium cum he only awaited the arrival of his collec- tribus aliis Mahabharati episodiis;" and tions from Paraguay to return to Europe. he has also presented to the public his He afterwards, however, altered his mind, views of the grammar of the Sanscrit lanand returned to Paraguay. From Monte-guage, in three separate publications; viz. video, he wrote to Humboldt, towards the the "Ausführliches Lehrgebäude der end of the year 1840, that it was his intention to remain in that country for some time longer, since, now Francia was dead, he would be able to make his researches with little or no further obstruction; and that, in the event of his dying suddenly, his herbarium and manuscripts would be found in the best order. This is the last which has been heard from him. His observations on the herbarium, collected by Humboldt and himself, have been incorporated by Kunth in the "Nova genera et species plantarum" (12 vol. 1815-25.)

Sanskritsprache" (1827); the "Grammatica critica linguæ sanscrita" (2 vol. 1829-32); and the "Kritische Grammatik der Sanskritsprache" (1834). To these he has added (1830, 2d ed. 1840) his "Glossarium Sanscritum." In short, no other writer has done so much to facilitate and promote the study of Sanscrit literature as Bopp. His principal merit, however, is his analysis of the grammatical forms of the various languages of IndoGermanic origin, by means of which he laid the true foundation of the science of BONSTETTEN* died at Geneva, February comparative or general grammar. The 3d 1832. Besides his works already men- principal work on this subject, of which he tioned, his "Letters to Matthison," from is the author, is his "Vergleichende Gram1795 to 1827, were published in the last-matik des Sanskrit, Zend, Griechischen, mentioned year; and his "Letters to Lateinischen, Litthauischen, AttslawisFrederica Brun," down to 1828, edited by chen, Gothischen und Deutschen," in 4 Matthison, appeared in 2 volumes in 1829. parts (1833-42); and his researches on BOOM, a nautical term, denoting a long this subject have been further prosecuted pole to extend the bottoms of particular in his dissertations, communicated to the sails, whence jib-boom, main-boom, stud- Academy of Sciences of Berlin, and after

118

BOPP BORY DE ST. VINCENT.

wards published in a separate form, "Uber | quired the sovereignty of this portion of die keltischen Sprachen" (1839), "Uber the island in 1787, by cession from the die Verwandschaft der malaiisch-polyne- sultan who then ruled over it. The W. sischen Sprachen mit den indo-germanis- coast was ceded to them in 1780, by the chen" (1841), and "Uber das Albanesische." He has, moreover, written a review of the works of J. Grimm and of Graff on the grammar of the German language (1836). BORGHESE (prince) died at Florence, May 8th 1832.

king of Bantam. They have two small stations here, at Sambas and Pontiana, about 90 miles apart. Settlements of Chinese occupy the intermediate territory, where alone the valuable mines of diamonds and gold are situated; but, controlled and oppressed as these Chinese have been by their European neighbours, they have not latterly worked the mines to the same extent as formerly. The Dutch revenues are chiefly derived from monopolies of salt and opium imported by them; the first-mentioned article chiefly from Java, &c., in vessels chartered by the government, and sold at seven times the cost and charges of importation,—the interior being entirely dependent on the coast for its supply: other resources are from capitation taxes on the Chinese, and imposts on their entering or leaving the Dutch settlements, through which only the produce of their industry can find its way to a market. The population of the Chinese and Dutch territories has been estimated by Mr. Earl to be

Chinese..

(90,000 in the Dutch settlement) Malays....

Bugis

Arabs..

Javanese and Amboynese soldiers.....
Dutch..

Dyaks.

150,000

50,000

..........

10,000

400

150

80

250,000

460,630

BORGHESI (Bartolomeo, count), distinguished by the attention which he has paid to ancient coins and inscriptions, was born at Savignano, in Italy, July 1781. His taste for literary pursuits was very early developed under the instruction of his father, himself eminent for his literary acquirements. The young Borghesi, when only in his 11th year, published an essay on a copper coin. On the death of his father, he continued his studies at the Collegio dei Nobili, and the College of San Luigi, at Bologna. Returning in 1800 to his native town, he co-operated in the formation of the "Academia Savignanese,” and commenced his antiquarian researches, with the object in view of preparing an improved edition of Muratori's Annals, which he was, however, obliged to give up on account of the enfeebled state of his health. In 1802, he went to Rome, and applied himself more particularly to the study of inscriptions. After an absence of some time at Milan, where he lost no opportunity to prosecute his favourite studies, he returned to Rome, and undertook, at the request of pope Pius VII., to arrange a catalogue of the collection of coins in the Vatican, asking for his labour the singular reward, the only one which he was willing to receive, of being exempted from the observance of the fasts of the Romish church.-Since the year 1821, Borghesi has resided at San Marino, and, in May 1842, was sent to Rome as an ambassador from that republic, to treat with the papal government in relation to the taxes imposed by it on salt and tobacco. This has been his only political employment; and he has refused every proposition made to him from abroad of a nature to remove him from San Marino, or to BORY DE ST. VINCENT* was placed in restrict his independence. His principal 1829, by the French government, at the work is entitled "Nuovi frammenti dei head of the scientific expedition which fasti consolari capitolini illustrati" (2 vol. was destined to explore the Morea and the 4to, 1818-20). He has made important neighbouring islands. How actively he additions to Forcellini's Latin Lexicon, as performed the duties assigned to him aplikewise to Perticari's improved edition of pears, not only from the work entitled the "Dellamondo" of Faccio degli Uberti. " Expédition scientifique en Morée” (1832), BORNEO. The Dutch have had a fac- and edited by him, but more especially Lory at Bandjermassing, on the S. coast, from the botanical section of it (Partie boever since the year 1747; and they ac-tanique) prepared by him exclusively, as

Total...

BOROUGH ENGLISH, a customary descent of lands or tenements, in certain places in England, by which they descend to the youngest, instead of the eldest son; or, if the owner have no issue, to the younger, instead of the elder brother. The reason assigned for this custom is that the youngest is presumed, in law, to be least able to provide for himself.

BORSHOLDER; one of the inferior magistrates among the Anglo-Saxons, whose authority extended only over one tithing, consisting of ten families. He was elected by the adult males in the tithing.