Granja, he refused to take the oath of | 22.24. The atomic composition of animal fidelity to the constitution of 1812, being albumen has been stated to be as follows: disgusted, as he stated, with the practice 8 atoms of carbon, 1 of nitrogen, 7 of hyof taking new oaths on the occurrence of drogen, and 3 of oxygen. every political change; and quitting the service of his country, he withdrew into France, where he has since continued to reside. A pliable and skilful man of the world, Alava knew how to render himself personally acceptable to those with whom he held intercourse; and without, apparently, any very deep convictions founded on principle, he is one of a class of statesmen, not confined to the Spain of our day, who, unable to foresee or to direct the course of events, are but too ready to follow in their track, and thus to become dis-oil plant and of the poppy, the aroma of tinguished, as much for the versatility and inconsistency of their politics, as for any thing else.

heap of ruins and so it has remained; | even more, Arabs, Turks, Jews, Copts, most of the surviving inhabitants, who Greeks and Franks. The principal public were deprived of their homes, not having buildings, viz., the new palace, the customattempted to restore them, but having house, the arsenal, &c., were erected by since contented themselves with compa- his orders; and many of the best private ratively mean accommodations, hastily houses were built on a speculation, which prepared, in the outskirts of what may, has proved a successful one, of his son without impropriety, be called the former Ibrahim. Alexandria is now a consideracity. It is even doubtful whether that city ble naval port, and has an extensive comwill ever be rebuilt, notwithstanding its merce with Europe,—a commerce destined advantageous situation for commerce with to become yet more extensive, if, as is not the surrounding regions. As a place of improbable, the European trade to India residence, it is undesirable, not merely on should resume its ancient route by Egypt account of its liability to earthquakes, but and the Red Sea.-In this city the Euroalso because of the degree in which it is pean consuls for Egypt reside, and possubject to the devastations of the plague. sess peculiar privileges, and even jurisdicThis terrible disease has heretofore severe- tion, conceded to them by the pacha. The ly visited Aleppo, at an average interval Franks, or Europeans, are exempted from of ten years; and one of these visitations taxes or public burdens, and are amenable (that of 1797) is reported to have carried when defendants in a suit, or when charged off 60,000 persons. The climate, indeed, with any offence, only to their own consuin other respects, is reputed to be salubri- lar courts, and to the laws of their respecous to both natives and strangers; although tive countries. There is a commercial the former are apt to be attacked, once at court, with Frank judges, but presided least in their lives, by a peculiar disease, over by a Turk, for deciding questions beknown by the name of the ulcer, or ring- tween the Franks and natives, where the worm, of Aleppo. It is at first an inflam- latter are defendants. The streets of mation of the skin, subsequently becomes Alexandria are narrow, filthy, unpaved, an ulcer, continues for a year, and gene- and irregular, and the labouring classes rally leaves a scar for life. It usually of the people poorly clad, housed, and fed. fixes in the face; and an Aleppine is To these circumstances, together with the known, all over the East, by the mark left rains which fall abundantly in the winter by this disorder, the cause of which is un-season, has been attributed the periodical known, but suspected to be owing to some quality of the water.-Aleppo is famous for its gardens, which extend nearly 12 miles in length, and are separated from each other by stone walls. Their beauty, like the size and importance of the city, has been much exaggerated; yet, contrasting, as they do, with the general character of the surrounding scenery, they present a striking and very agreeable picture to the eye of a European.—There are, or rather were here, 10 or 12 Christian churches, and 3 Christian convents; Aleppo being resorted to by the Christians, in preference to most other Mohammedan cities, on account of the greater toleration, and even urbanity, with which they are treated.

visitation of the city by the plague. This terrible disease usually makes its appearance about the 20th of February, and ceases towards the latter end of June.The western harbour is no longer closed against foreign vessels. And the canal above-mentioned, called the canal of Mahmoudieh, which is 48 miles in length, extends from Alexandria to Atfeh on the Nile, 100 miles or more from Cairo.--See Egypt, (Sup.)

ALFORT; a château in the department of the Seine, about two leagues distant from Paris, famous for its veterinary and agricultural school, established in 1767 on the plan of Bourgelot, with a botanic garden, an extensive collection of natural history, a cabinet of comparative anatomy and pathology, a library, and an amphitheatre or lecture-room, in which the pupils are taught the veterinary art and rural econo

ALEXANDRIA,* in Egypt. At the period of the French invasion of Egypt, Alexandria had declined to such a degree as not to contain more than about 7000 inhabit-my. ants. An impulse was then given to its prosperity, so that, some two or three years before the completion of the canal from it to the Nile, its population was estimated at 14,000; and this number has since been increased, in consequence of the measures adopted by Mehemed Ali, to 30,000, or

The botanic garden is rich in rare plants, and is one of the finest in Europe. Nothing of the kind, too, can exceed the stables destined for the sick animals, which are brought here to be cured, and to serve as subjects for the instruction rendered. And among the objects of interest to which the attention of a visiter is pointed at Al

fort, are a hydraulic machine of Périer for | administration and institutions of the counsupplying the establishment with water, a try after the forms and usages of the flock of merino sheep, and another of Cash- French. The latter, too, had been guilty, mere goats.-Dogs suspected of having not to say of the injustice, but of the gross the hydrophobia are brought here from impolicy, especially at so early a period Paris, to be experimented, upon with a of their government, of destroying a numview to the discovery of the best method ber of mosques, and seizing upon lands of treating that terrible disorder. Physio- appropriated to sacred purposes; thus logical experiments are also made on the aggravating the religious antipathy prelarger animals, which have sometimes led viously entertained towards them, as Christo interesting results. tians. Nor had the French authorities in Algiers the apology to offer that these outrages were irregularities which had been committed without their sanction, but which they would take the proper measures in future to prevent or punish. The mode adopted by General Clausel, to put a stop to these irregularities, was by taking the matter into his own hands, and confiscating the whole. of the property in question, together with the estates of the dey, of the beys, and of the expelled Turks, in direct violation of the terms on which the capital was surrendered. Such was the hostile spirit excited among the native tribes, that no Frenchman felt himself in security even in the immediate vicinity of the city; and the administration of Clausel presents to us an incessant series of petty conflicts, productive of no permanent results to compensate for the blood shed and money expended. (See France, App.) In these circumstances, while large tracts of land were purchased on speculation, they remained without settlers from Europe; and all serious attempts to colonise the country seemed to be indefinitely postponed. The general, at length, saw nothing better to be done than to conclude a treaty with the bey of Tunis, by which the provinces of Constantine and Oran were transferred to the brothers of the bey, on condition of their paying an annual tribute of a million of francs, and of their promoting, to the extent of their power, the settlement of the French in the country. On the non-ratification of this treaty by the government at home, and the recall of General Clausel, the whole of the French troops in Africa consisted only of 9300 men able to do duty.-With so diminutive a force, it would have been surprising, could his successor, General Berthezène, have been able to accomplish any thing of moment. His administration of the government of Algiers is, on the contrary, only remarkable for his unsuccessful expedition against Medeah, and the losses inflicted upon his troops during their retreat from that place. At the close of the year 1831, he was, in his turn, superseded by Savary, Duke of Rovigo,

ALGIERS, or ALGERIA, as it is now styled by the French. The necessity of providing against the not improbable occurrence of a war nearer home had led, after the revolution of July, to the diminution of the French forces in Algiers, already ředuced, within three months after their landing, by the loss of 15,000 men killed, wounded, or sick. General Clausel, who succeeded Marshal Bourmont as governor of the province, and commander-in-chief of the army, found himself in circumstances to call for the exercise of the greatest degree of prudence, as well in his intercourse with the natives, as in his military operations. Instead of aiming directly at the conquest of the country, he sought to extend the influence of France by the establishing of tributary rulers in the provinces, to the E. and W. of the capital. Acting upon this system, he evinced the utmost activity and energy in yielding a timely assistance to such of those rulers as required it, when attacked by the hostile Arabs, and in punishing those among them who were faithless in their engagements to him. And every thing, perhaps, would have gone on favourably, but for faults of administration, which had been early and irretrievably committed, and by which the enduring hostility of the inhabitants had been aroused. One of these faults was the entire expulsion of the Turks, who had hitherto governed the country, instead of making use of them as instruments for its government, and as a means of gradually accustoming the people to the dominion of the conquerors. Oppression is ever felt to be doubly severe at the hand of a new master. It was, therefore, quite natural, that the various tribes of Bedouins and Cabyles, who occupied the interior of the country, should have been excited to resist, with a determined spirit, the invaders of their territory, whom they regarded, besides, with a fanatical abhorrence, as the enemies of God and their prophet. Another fault, equally great with that already mentioned, and a consequence of it, was the attempt to reorganize the

province of Oran, was carried on with great activity, till the conclusion of the treaty, known as the treaty Desmichels, by the terms of which, the emir engaged to deliver up the prisoners he had taken, and to keep the peace in future, on condition of his having a monopoly of the trade with the French in corn, and the privilege of procuring arms and ammunition in the French ports. This treaty, or rather the attempt, on the part of General Desmichels, to keep its terms, last mentioned, secret from his own government, caused him to be removed from his post as governor and military commander in the province of Oran.

who brought with him from France an | hand, with Abd' el Kader, in the western additional force of 16,000 men. The new governor, not satisfied with the superior resources thus placed at his disposal, hesitated not to employ for his purposes fraud as well as force, and to be guilty of a barbarous cruelty; and the separation of the civil from the military administration, which had been latterly effected, seemed scarcely any check upon his proceedings, His two most noted exploits were the extermination of the Arab tribe of El-Uffia, on account of a robbery committed by them, not merely the able-bodied men, but old men, women, and children, being surprised and massacred in the night time, -and the execution of two Arab chiefs, Towards the end of the year 1834, the whom he had contrived to get into his government having come to a determina power by a written assurance of safe con- tion, on the report of two committees of duct. Exasperated by proceedings like inquiry, to maintain and colonize its posthese, those tribes which had hitherto re- sessions on the Barbary coast, the adminismained quiet embraced the cause of their tration of the latter was again reorganized. countrymen, and the French experienced Drouet, Count d'Erlon, was appointed renewed attacks in every quarter. The governor-general of the colony; and unexpeditions undertaken by the Duke of der him were also appointed a commander Rovigo, in October 1832, did not alter the of the troops, a commander of the naval general aspect of affairs. It was only in forces, a military intendant, a civil intenthe province of Constantine that any ad- dant, and a director of the finances. Trivantage of consequence was gained by the bunals of justice, also, were established, French. In the province of Oran, in the on the principle of both French and natives opposite direction from Algiers, the power enjoying the benefit of their respective and influence of Abd' el Kader was con- systems of law. The comparatively trantinually extending itself, and, aided and quil condition in which the new governor stimulated as he no doubt was by the Em- found the country entrusted to his charge peror of Morocco, threatening to become, enabled him, for some time, to direct his sooner or later, sufficiently formidable to attention chiefly to the improvement of the overthrow the French dominion in Africa. civil and police arrangements. At length, (See Abd' el Kader, Sup.) In March however, hostilities were renewed with 1833, the declining health of the Duke of the Hadjutes in the neighbourhood of AlRovigo obliged him to return to France, giers, and subsequently with the indeleaving General Avizard provisionally in fatigable Abd' el Kader. The latter had charge of the government.—On the death employed the interval, since the conclusion of the latter, shortly afterwards, this pro- of his treaty with the French authorities visional charge was entrusted to General in Oran, in extending his influence among Voirol. The system of action pursued by the Arab tribes, and in procuring a suffihim was the exact opposite of that which cient supply of the articles necessary for a has just been described. He sought to renewal of the war, which could scarcely maintain pacific relations with the Arabs, fail, sooner or later, to occur. Whatever while he was anxious to promote the ma- may have been his intentions in this reterial interests of the colony. With the spect, the first offensive movement was exception of several expeditions under- made by his enemies. He was charged taken to chastise the tribe of the Hadjutes by them with an infraction of the treaty for depredations committed by them, and by the purchase of arms and ammunition the capture of Boujeiah, towards the end from foreigners, and they made a military of September 1833, nothing occurred in demonstration from Oran, which was the the province of Algiers, or in the country signal of hostilities. The advantages to the east of it, of any importance; and gained by Abd' el Kader over the French in the neighbourhood of the capital, many general Trézel (See Abd' el Kader, Sup.) of the tribes, which had hitherto been hos-led not only to his removal from his comtile, acknowledged themselves subjects of mand, but also to the recall of the Count France, and a tolerable state of tranquillity d'Erlon.-General, now Marshal Clausel, prevailed. The contest, on the other once more assumed the government of the

ALGIERS.