JAMAICA JASMIN. other European emigrants; and the climate being there healthy and well adapted to the constitution of Europeans, the latter have recently formed several flourishing settlements. Projects have also been entertained for increasing the labouring population by carrying the liberated Africans thither rather than to Sierra Leone, as well as by the transportation of Coolies from Hindostan. It ought to be mentioned that a portion of the extraordinary falling off in the exports of sugar, above stated, is to be accounted for by the badness of the crops, at the period referred to and in the year preceding. In 1835, there were 311,692 blacks in the island; and the entire population has been recently estimated to amount to 370,000, or at most 380,000 souls. JANIN (Jules) was born at Ampuy, in the neighbourhood of St. Etienne in France, in December 1804, and went to Paris when in his 16th year, in order to complete his education. In 1823, he supported himself there by giving private instruction to a number of pupils. He was next led to try his skill as a journalist. In the first place, he was a contributor to the "Figaro;" in 1828, to the "Quotidienne;" in 1829, to the "Messager;" and in 1830, through the instrumentality of the duchess of Berry, he was engaged as a regular contributor to the columns of the "Journal des débats." On the annihilation of the royalist party, to which he had attached himself, his literary efforts were directed into a new channel,-that of the feuilleton, or vehicle for spirited and lively remark on the passing events, amusements, and lighter literature of the day. Here he has found his proper sphere; and his success has been so brilliant as to entitle him to be considered as the first feuilletonist of the French capital. He has also written a number of novels or tales, such as the "Contes fantastiques" (2 vols. 1833), the "Contes nouveaux" (2 vols. 1833), "L'âne mort et la femme guillotinée" (1829), "La confession" (2 vols. 1830), and "Barnave" (4 vols. 1831-32); all of them destined to pass rapidly into oblivion. One of his last publications, "Un hiver à Paris" (1843), possesses much of the merit of his communications to the journals above referred to; a merit, however, which is to a certain extent borrowed from our countryman, the ate professor Sanderson, whose admirable "Sketches of Paris" he has very freely used. JAROSLAW, the capital of the Russian government of the same name, is situated at the confluence of the Kotoresl with the Wolga, 212 miles N.E. of Moscow, and has VOL. XIV.-47 369 about 28,000 inhabitants. It has manufactories of cotton, linen, and silk goods, a number of tanneries, and tobacco, hardware, and paper-making establishments. Its leather and table linen, especially, are held in high estimation. Its trade is considerable. It is the residence of a bishop, and has an ecclesiastical seminary, a gymnasium, an hospital, foundling asylum, house of correction, and 2 workhouses. But the most remarkable institution in the place is the Demidow lyceum, which was founded in 1803, having a good library, a cabinet of natural history, a chemical laboratory, and a printing press, and ranks immediately after the Russian universities. The course of instruction is, indeed, the same as is given in the latter, and lasts for three years. The institution is placed under a lay-director and an ecclesiastic, and has 8 professors. JASMIN (Jacques), or Jacquou Jansemin, born in 1798, at Agens, in the S. of France, has obtained a high reputation as a poet in the patois, or peculiar dialect, of his native district. He has himself informed us in his "Soubenis" that he had no advantages of birth or fortune to boast of. His father was a tailor of Agens; and his grandfather had been a common beggar, wandering through the country from house to house. Jasmin was taught to read and write gratuitously in a seminary of priests, from which he was, however, after a time, dismissed, on account of some irregularities of which he had been guilty. Obliged to obtain in some way a livelihood, he became apprenticed to a hairdresser, and in due season set up a shop on his own account. But while pursuing his professional occupation in the day, he wrote poetry at night. His verses, when published, obtained immense applause. He was invited to read them to large audiences at Bordeaux and Toulouse, which bestowed upon him honours of a nature to be compared with those conferred, on like occasions, on the poets of ancient Greece. In the mean time, the productions of Jasmin had found their way to Paris, and many readers of poetry thought it worth their while to study the dialect in which they were composed, to be enabled to enjoy them. On the invitation of his admirers, he was induced to visit the metropolis. There the barber poet met with a splendid reception in the most opposite quarters. He had a complimentary entertainment given to him by the "coiffeurs" of Paris, he was a guest in the most brilliant salons; and dined with Louis Philippe at Neuilly. Satiated, at length, with the at tentions thus heaped upon him, he returned to Agens,- -to resume his professional labours! His principal productions are "Lou Chalibary" (le Charivari), a mock-heroic poem in three cantos (1825); and "Las Papillotos" (les Papillotes), being a collection of minor poems, all of them possessing a high order of merit, (1835-42). JAUBERT (Pierre Amédée Emilien Probe) was born at Aix, in the south of France, in 1779. He went to Paris in 1793, and became, two years afterwards, one of the first pupils of the school of living Oriental languages. In 1798, he was one of the four young orientalists who were selected to accompany the expedition to Egypt. He went with Bonaparte into Syria, and was one of the few who returned with him to Europe in the autumn of 1799. Soon afterwards, he was appointed interpreter to the government, and then professor of the Turkish language in the "école spéciale des langues orientales." In 1802, he accompanied Colonel Sébastiani to Egypt, Syria, and the Ionian islands, and was sent, in 1804, to Constantinople. He was intrusted also, about this time, with a mission to the Shah of Persia, which he executed to the satisfaction of his government. Napoleon granted him a pension, in 1807, of 4000 francs, which continued to be paid to him till the fall of the empire in 1814, and which was again awarded to him by a law passed in the year 1820. During the period of the empire he was appointed successively auditor of the council of state, "secrétaire interprète" of the ministry of foreign relations, and “maître des requêtes.” The emperor, moreover, bestowed upon him a gratuity of 100,000 francs; and in 1815, during the 100 days, conferred upon him the post of chargé d'affaires of France in Turkey. On the speedy restoration of the Bourbon government, he was recalled from this mission, and deprived of his office of "maître des requêtes." This was, however, restored to him in 1818; and he was then despatched by the government on a new mission to the east, the objects of which were to establish friendly relations with the tribes inhabiting the region of the Caucasus, the Bukharians, and Persia, and to make inquiries concerning the species of goats that furnish the hair from which the shawls of Cashmeer are fabricated. He returned to his own country in 1829, by way of the south of Russia, and the Black and Mediterranean Seas. In 1830, he was elected a member of the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres; and he has subsequently been promoted to the dignity of a peer of France, and ap pointed director of the "école spéciale des langues orientales vivantes."-M. Jaubert is the author of a "Voyage en Arménie et en Perse" (1821); of "Éléments de la grammaire turque" (1823); and of a translation of the Geography of Edrissey; &c. JAVA. Since the restoration of this island in 1816 to the Dutch, in conformity with the terms of the treaty of Paris, the government has made extraordinary efforts for its improvement, by the formation of roads, and by encouraging the investment of European capital in the cultivation of the soil. The most important natural production is teak, which would be largely exported were the trade not subjected to a rigid monopoly. The chief objects of cultivation are rice, coffee, and sugar, the produce of which has been very greatly increased of late years. Tobacco, and a variety of other tropical articles are also produced; and vast sums have been recently expended by the government in attempts to grow indigo, tea, and silk,though, as respects the last two, with but little success. Few places anywhere can exhibit such an expansion of trade as has occurred of late years in Java. The imports into the island, which, in 1827, including specie, amounted only to 17,656,201 florins, increased in 1839 to 24,961,012 florins; while, in the same period, the exports increased from 14,868,227 florins to 56,718,833 florins, or £4,726,570. The increase in the production of sugar in Java has been most extraordinary, the quantity exported in 1837 having been 25 times greater than in 1826; and the increase in the growth of coffee has been even greater than that of sugar. In 1839, the government announced that the cultivation of spices, previously prohibited in Java, would for the future be free to all parties desirous of engaging in it, and that every facility would be given to such persons, by supplying them with whatever information, and even the seed, they might require. This measure is stated to have been preparatory to the abandonment of the Spice Islands, which have been a source of expense rather than of profit to their possessors.-The colonial government at Batavia is invested with authority over all the Dutch colonies in the eastern seas. The governor-general is assisted by a secretarygeneral, and a council of 4 members, who are required to be natives of Holland, or of Dutch extraction, and at least 30 years of age, and who are prohibited from exercising any other functions. Besides a number of other tribunals, justice is ad JAVA-JOMARD. ministered in the last resort in a supreme court at Batavia, which also has original jurisdiction in all cases above the value of 500 florins. The Chinese are governed by their own laws, under functionaries chosen by them, who are responsible to the government for the behaviour of the rest. The most unlimited religious toleration subsists; and ministers of all Christian sects are equally remunerated out of the public treasury. Superior schools are established in the chief towns, and primary schools in most of the residences. There is a considerable military as well as naval force, maintained by the colony; and of the army, the European portion usually amounts to as many as 8000, that is to a third of the Europeans serving in British India. But notwithstanding the heavy expenses incurred by the government, Java is one of the few colonial dependencies that, in ordinary years, remit a considerable revenue to the mother country. JAY* (Antoine) was elected a member of the Chamber of Deputies by one of the arrondissements of Paris, in 1827. After the revolution of 1830, he was chosen a member of the Academy of Sciences, and also of the French Academy. To his works already mentioned may be added an Éloge de Corneille;" Considérations sur l'état politique de l'Europe" (1820); and "La conversation d'un romantique" (1830). 66 66 371 JoLSTS, in architecture, are the timbers of a floor to which the boards or laths for the ceiling are nailed. They either rest on the walls, or on girders, or sometimes on both. JOMARD (Edme François) was born at Versailles in France, in 1777. He was one of the first pupils admitted to the Polytechnic School, on its organization in 1795; and in 1798 he accompanied the expedition to Egypt, in the capacity of a topographical engineer. During the stay of the French in that country, he was actively engaged in the duties pertaining to his department, and in the performance of which he was subjected continually to great personal danger, since almost every foot of ground to be measured was liable to be disputed by the enemy. His attention, during the same period, was directed to the exact observation and delineation of the Egyptian monuments. On returning to Europe in 1802, he was appointed by the French government to superintend the topographical surveys which were then making in the Upper Palatinate. He was, however, recalled to Paris in the following year, in order to co-operate in the preparation of the "Description de l'Egypte," and on the death of Conté soon afterwards, he was selected to succeed the latter as secretary of the board of commissioners, who were charged with the execution of that work. And again, in 1807, he succeeded Lancret as the commissioner to whom was especially entrusted the engravings of the plates and its printing, which occupied him during a period of more than 18 years. His own contributions to this great work amount to as many as six of its volumes. He is the author, besides, of a great number of dissertations and essays, published separately, or in different collections, for the most part relating to the antiquities and geography of Egypt and the neighbouring parts of Africa.-Another subject in which he has been much interested is that of public, and particularly mutual, instruction. This first attracted his attention when on a visit to England in 1814, for the purpose of examining the specimens of Egyptian antiquities to be met with in that country. The French government were, on his return to Paris, induced to associate him with Degerando, Laborde, Lasteyrie, and GauJOINTURE, in law, is a settlement of tier, as a commission for introducing the lands and tenements made on a woman in system of mutual instruction into France. consideration of marriage; ordinarily an-M. Jomard was elected a member of the estate for life. By a statute of Henry VIII., a jointure was made a bar of dower, if granted with certain requisites. JENA.* There are 28 ordinary, and 17 extraordinary professors, in the university of this city. Its annual expenditure amounts to about 38,000 rix dollars. Besides the funds whence the means of meeting this expenditure is derived, there is a refectory fund (Speise-anstalt), supported by endowments, and yearly grants from the grand dukes of Saxe-Weimar, Coburg, and Meinungen, which furnishes daily meals at several ordinaries for 132 indigent students, and another fund which is employed in pensioning the widows of professors. For some time past, the average number of students has been about 500. JERMOLOFF* (General) died in 1833. JEROME BONAPARTE,* after residing for some time at Schönau, near Vienna, removed to Lausanne in Switzerland, where he lost his wife in 1835. He has subsequently taken up his abode at Florence. Academy of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres, in 1818; he was one of the founders of the Geographical Society, in 1821; he JOMINI. His last work, published at St. Petersburg in 1830, is entitled "Tableau analytique des principales combinaisons de la guerre et de leurs rapports avec la politique des états." JORULLO; an active volcano of Mexico, in the state of Valladolid, in an extensive plain, 70 miles S. S. W. of the city of that name, and 80 miles from the Pacific, remarkable not only for its extent, but as being the only volcano of any consequence that has originated in New Spain since its conquest by Europeans. Its origin was, perhaps, one of the most tremendous and extraordinary phenomena that has ever been witnessed; for in one night (in 1759) there issued from the earth a volcano 1600 feet high, surrounded by more than 2000 apertures, which still continue to emit smoke. Although the subterranean fire seems to have lost its former violence, and the volcano and the surrounding plain begin to be covered with vegetables, the ambient air was not long since still heated to such a degree by the small ovens or furnaces, that the thermometer at a great distance from the surface, and in the shade, rises as high as 109° of Fahrenheit; and, for many years after the first eruption, the plains of Jorullo, even at a great distance from the scene of the explosion, were uninhabitable from the excessive heat. JOSEPH BONAPARTE* quitted the United States in 1832, and resided a number of years in London. In 1841, he went to Genoa, where he had a meeting with his two surviving brothers, Louis and Jerome. He subsequently went to reside at Florence. He died there July 28th 1844. After was appointed, in 1828, Custos or Curator | the suppression of the Normal School, in of the Maps and Topographical Plans or 1822, deprived him of the other. M. JoufCharts preserved in the Royal Library at froy thereupon delivered a number of priParis; and in the following year he ob-vate courses of lectures on his favourite tained the appointment of principal libra- subjects, which were attended by many rian in that institution. of the men who have since risen to political or literary eminence in France. In 1824, he founded, in concert with MM. Dubois and Damiron, the well-known journal entitled the "Globe," and was an active contributor to its columns until August 1830, when it became the organ of the St. Simonian doctrines. Previous to this, in 1829, M. Jouffroy had been appointed "suppléant" to M. Milon, the professor of the History of Ancient Philosophy in the Faculty of Letters of Paris. the revolution of 1830, M. Cousin having succeeded M. Milon, M. Jouffroy was selected to succeed his former instructor as adjunct professor to M. Royer-Collard in the chair of the History of Modern Philosophy; and he was, at the same period, restored to his former office in the Normal School. This office, however, he resigned in the course of the year, on being appointed to the professorship of the History of Ancient Philosophy in the College of France; the labours of two professorships furnishing sufficient occupation for his time. In 1833, he was elected a member of the Institute (Academy of the Moral and Political Sciences). In 1837, he was promoted from the office of adjunct to that of the principal professor of the branch which he was called to teach in the Faculty of Letters; but his bad health induced him, in that year, to resign his other professorship. His continued illness obliged him, soon afterwards, to retire altogether from the business of public instruction.-M. Jouffroy was a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1831 till his death in the winter of 1842. In this body he made a number of well-prepared speeches, which, in several instances, attracted in a considerable degree the public attention, especially one in 1839, relating to the "eastern question," then the subject of so much excitement.-Some of the lectures delivered by M. Jouffroy were taken down in short-hand, and published under the title of "Cours de droit naturel" (2 vols. 1834-35). He is not the author of any one work of much importance; but his contributions to the "Revue des deux mondes," to the "Globe," as well as to other collections or journals, are regarded by his countrymen as possessing a high order of excellence. He published, also, French translations of Dugald Stewart's Philosophical Essays (1826.—3d ed. 1841) JOUFFROY (Théodore Simon) was born at Pontets, a small village in the mountains of the Jura, in the French department of the Doubs, in the month of July 1796. In 1814, he was admitted a pupil of the Normal School of Paris, where he applied himself with diligence and zeal to the study of intellectual and moral philosophy, under the direction of Cousin. He was appointed in 1817, by Royer Collard, who was at that time president of the committee of public instruction, to be at once "maître de conférences" in the Normal School, and "suppléant" to the chair of Philosophy in the "Collége Bourbon." The feeble state of his health obliged him to resign the latter situation in 1821; and JOUFFROY-JULIEN. and of the entire works of Reid: the former of these was accompanied by a valuable introduction; and the latter by a preface of the translator, - a number of biographical notices of the different philosophers of the Scottish School,-a translation of Stewart's Life of Reid, and a variety of extracts from the lectures of Royer-Collard. JOURDAN (Marshal) was minister of war, for a few days, after the revolution of July 1830, and the accession of Louis Philippe, an event which met his hearty concurrence. He was then appointed governor of the "Hotel of the Invalids," an office which he held till his death, in No vember 1833. JUGGERNAUT.* The famous temple of Juggernaut constitutes a part of an establishment comprising 50 temples dedicated to various duties, and is a structure imposing only from its vast dimensions; its execution is rude and inelegant, and its form is unpleasing to the eye. Besides the grand festival which takes place in March, at the period of the equinox, there are 12 other principal, and many minor festivals, celebrated throughout the year. The worship of Juggernaut is attended by every sect and class of Hindoos, who meet on equal terms, all caste being abolished within the precincts of the temple. All the land within a distance of 20 miles from it is accounted holy by the Hindoos, and is held rent free by the cultivators and others, on condition of their performing certain services in and about the temple. The priests, and other persons deriving their subsistence from the establishment, are said to amount to 3000 families, exclusive of 400 families of cooks, to prepare the holy food so much sought after by pilgrims. -That excess of fanaticism, which is said to have prompted the pilgrims to court death, by throwing themselves in crowds under the wheels of Juggernaut, has long ceased to actuate the worshippers of the idol. During 4 years that Mr. Mansbach witnessed the festivals, only three cases of self-immolation occurred: one of these was probably accidental, and the two others were suicides, committed by sufferers to rid themselves of painful diseases.-On account of the clamour raised in England against the government of British India for promoting idolatry, as was alleged, by continuing to exact taxes on the pilgrims to Juggernaut, Gaya, and other places, which had previously been done by the native sovereigns, these taxes have been repealed. The natives have been extremely well pleased by this act of liberality on 373 the part of the government; and the 'number of pilgrims to the various shrines has, in consequence, since greatly increased. JUJUBE; a fruit of the plum kind, produced in the south of Europe, Persia, and other countries. The Asiatic is much darker than the European, which is of a reddish yellow colour. The best are fresh, plump, and well dried. What is sold under the name of jujube paste professes to be the dried jelly of this fruit, but is, in fact, a mixture of gum arabic and sugar slightly coloured. JULIEN (Aignan Stanislas), a distinguished oriental scholar, was born at Orleans, in France, September 21st 1799. He discovered at an early age a great aptitude for the acquisition of languages. While a pupil at the college of his native city, and pursuing, under the direction of his instructors, the prescribed studies of the institution, and chiefly the Latin language, he secretly, and unaided by any one, acquired a knowledge of the Greek, and so extensive and accurate a knowledge of it, that, on the establishment of a Greek professorship in the college, before he had completed the whole of the usual course of study, he was selected to fill it. Coming to Paris in 1821, and making the acquaintance of M. Gail, he made so favourable an impression on the latter, as to be soon selected by him to be his assistant (suppléant) in the professorship of Greek literature then held by him. In the same year, M. Julien commenced authorship by the publication of a translation of the Greek poem of the "Rape of Helen," by Coluthus. He applied himself, in 1822, so diligently and successfully to the study of the Chinese language, under the direction of M. Abel Rémusat, that in 6 months he was enabled to present to the Asiatic Society the first book of a Latin translation of the philosopher Mengtseu, which the Society judged worthy of being published at its expense. Before the expiration of the year, there also appeared translations by M. Julien of several pieces from the modern Greek, which language also he had contrived to learn. In July 1832, he was invited to fill the chair of Chinese literature, become vacant by the death of Rémusat; and from this period he has found occupation for himself, almost exclusively, within the limits of the department thus assigned him; giving to the world, from time to time, a number of translations into the French of Chinese works, such as "The Book of Rewards and Punishments" (1835), the work of the philosopher Lao-tseu, entitled “The Book |