of Truth" (1842), two dramas, and a novel,-together with an "Abstract of the principal Chinese treatises on the cultivation of the mulberry tree, and the management of the silk-worm." tant. JULIUS (Nicholas Henry) was born at Altona, in the duchy of Holstein, in October 1783, and was intended by his father, who had established himself as a merchant in Hamburg, for the mercantile profession. But by the careful education which was bestowed upon the son, he acquired a taste for knowledge inconsistent with this design. The commerce of Hamburg, as well as almost every other part of the European continent, being, besides, in a very depressed condition, he engaged, with the consent of his friends, in the study of medicine, first at Heidelberg, and then at Wurzburg. He commenced the practice of medicine at Hamburg in 1809. On the organization of the Hanseatic legion in the spring of the year 1813, he joined its ranks as a volunteer. His professional services, however, were speedily put in requisition. He made, accordingly, the campaigns of 1813 and 1814 as a physician in that of 1815, he acted in a military capacity, as a lieutenant and adjuWhen peace was concluded, he returned once more to Hamburg, where he practised his profession till the year 1825. In this year, he went on a journey to England, Scotland, and Ireland, with the object in view of examining their different charitable institutions, and espe.cially their prisons and systems of prison discipline. The observations which he made on this journey produced so powerful an impression on his mind, that he resolved to devote himself henceforth to the discovery, and introduction into his own country, of the best methods of treating the subjects of crime, as well in reference to the great purpose of their reformation, as to the general interests of the community. Giving up his practice at Hamburg, he removed in 1827 to Berlin, and delivered in that city a course of lectures on prison discipline, which were printed in the following year, and attracted in a considerable degree the attention of the public, and also of the government. From 1829 to 1834, too, he published at Berlin a journal especially appropriated to the same subject, the "Jahrbücher der Straf- und Besserungsanstalten." During the same period, he was employed by the Prussian government to visit the different provinces of the monarchy, and to report to it concerning the state of the prisons in them, making at the same time such suggestions as he might judge to be useful. The years from 1834 to 1836 were spent by him in the United States and Canada; his chief object being here, as elsewhere, the examination of the prisons and the systems of prison discipline. One result of this journey was his work entitled "Nordamerikas sittliche Zustände" (2 vols. 1839). After another journey through S. Germany, and still another into Poland, both of them undertaken with the same objects in view as his previous ones, he returned to take up his residence at Hamburg. JULLIEN.* Besides contributions to the journals named in a previous article, M. Jullien is the author of a "Sommaire d'un entretien avec le premier consul;" a "Mémoire sur l'organisation à donner aux divers États d'Italie, destinée au premier consul," published by Schoel, in his collection of official documents relating to Napoleon, and in which he developed his favourite scheme of an Italian Confederation; a work entitled "Essai général d'éducation physique, morale et intellectuelle;" an Exposition de la méthode de Pestalozzi;" and an "Essai sur l'emploi du temps." 66 JUNOT (Madame), duchess of Abrantes, was born on the 6th of November 1784, at Montpellier, in the S. of France. She was a descendant, by the mother's side, of the Comneni, emperors of Constantinople. One of this family had removed, in the 17th century, from Greece to the island of Corsica, where the mother of Madame Junot was born, and where she herself was brought up, in the same town with Napoleon Bonaparte (Ajaccio). Her father was M. de Permon, who, by his employments in the civil department of the French army, had been enabled to accumulate a very large fortune. The intimacy which had long existed in Corsica between her family and the Bonapartes was continued through all the phases of the revolution, the consulate, and the empire, and contributed, on her marriage with General Junot, to the extraordinary favour and lavish means of expenditure bestowed by Napoleon upon the latter. During a considerable number of years, her residence was the centre of the most distinguished and brilliant society of Paris; by continually mingling with which she was enabled to collect without any trouble that mass of light description and anecdote, constituting the contents of the 18 volumes of memoirs subsequently published by her. At the period of the restoration of the Bourbons, she disappeared almost entirely from public observation, and was, indeed, soon almost entirely for JUNOT JUSTE MILIEU. gotten in the scene of her former splen- | dour. But after 1830, her literary performances replaced her in a conspicuous position. Her" Mémoires," already mentioned, is by far the most important and effective of the productions of her pen. She is the author, also, of several novels, the best of which is the "Amirante de Castille," in which she has attempted to describe Spain and the court of Madrid, in the reign of Charles III.; of "Une soirée chez madame Geoffrin;" of the "Souvenirs d'ambassade;" and the "Salons de Paris;" and she has written "Mémoires contemporains," and Les femmes célèbres de tous les pays, leurs vies et leurs portraits." She died in 1839. -- 66 JUSSIEU (Antoine Laurent de), born at Lyons in 1748, came to Paris in 1765, where he studied medicine. The thesis which he prepared, on presenting himself as a candidate for his doctor's degree, was judged to be possessed of so high an order of merit, as to induce his appointment, at the age of only 22 years, to the post of suppléant (substitute or assistant) to Lemonnier, who was then the professor of Botany. Three years afterwards, his memoir on the ranunculuses, in which the natural principles of the classification of plants, suggested by his uncle, Bernard de Jussieu, were for the first time applied, opened to him the doors of the Academy of Sciences. In 1789, he published his "Genera Plantarum," a work which had the greatest influence, not on the progress of botany only, but on that also of every other science presenting a vast number of objects to be classed according to their analogies or resemblances, more or less marked. The revolution suspended for a season the scientific labours of Jussieu. Having been elected by his section a member of the municipality of Paris, he was charged, in 1792, with the administration of the hospitals and almshouses of the capital; and to him the ameliorations which, about this period, began to be introduced into these establishments, are in a great measure owing. When the Garden of Plants was reorganized, in 1793 under the name of the Museum of Natural History, he was appointed to the professorship of rural botany. In 1804, he became a professor in the faculty of Medicine, and, 4 years afterwards, titulary counsellor of the university of Paris. His death occurred on the 25th of September 1936, at the age of 88.-Besides being the author of a great number of memoirs, and of articles, published in different scientific 375 collections, and of the "Genera plantarum secundum ordines naturales disposita," to which reference has been made above, he has also published a "Tableau synoptique de la méthode botanique de B. et A. L. de Jussieu" (1796), a “Tableau de l'école de botanique du Jardin des Plantes de Paris, ou Catalogue générale des plantes qui y sont cultivées" (1800); together with a " Rapport de l'un des commissaires chargés par le roi de l'examen du magnétisme animal," which appeared in 1784. It seems that Jussieu dissented in opinion from his colleagues on this occasion, recognizing the reality of the singular effects produced by Mesmer, which they were unwilling to do, and attributing them to the action of animal heat. JUSTE MILIEU; a term now commonly employed, not only in France, but likewise elsewhere, to denote a system of politics equally removed from a blind adherence to the institutions and legislation of the past, and an undue readiness to adopt changes promising to be productive of eventual advantage to a community, or to society generally, how injurious soever they may be to existing interests or classes, a system regarded by its advocates as the height of wisdom, and by its adversaries as a base and cowardly compromise of right with wrong, and on the part of the rulers of a country, a sacrifice of patriotism on the altar of selfishness. This term has come into vogue since 1831; in the beginning of which year it was made use of by Louis Philippe, when addressing a deputation of the national guard of one of the departments, in reference to the policy by which he intended that the course of his own government, as well foreign as domestic, should be guided. Little, however, is gained by the use of it, even though it be granted that truth, and the conduct which it is fitting for the rulers of a people to pursue, do in reality lie between two extremes, both of which are carefully to be avoided. The question must, in every practical case, present itself:- What is the "juste milieu?" or at what point between the extremes does it lie? And the reply to this question must necessarily be as various as the varying opinions of men.—But in consequence of the vagueness which seems to be involved in the very nature of the term as it has been defined, it has come to be applied to denote the system of policy which has actually been generally pursued by Louis Philippe since he became king of the French; and, especially, as exemplified during the administration of Casimir Périer. K of whom 15,000 were Mohammer of the diminution of te his gavity ASAN. Population in 1833, 57,000; | of the seconds' pendulum, his investigation dans: the remainder, with the exception of a few Protestants, belong to the Greek church. The university, which was founded in 1804, but not opened till 10 years afterwards, had, in 1835, 70 professors and other instructors, and 238 students; but the number of both professors and students has since been augmented. There is a library of 30,000 volumes; an excellent philosophical apparatus; a mineralogical cabinet; an observatory provided with the best telsecopes; a botanical garden; an anatomical museum; a collection of coins; a mechanical institute; a chemical laboratory; a hospital for clinical instruction, &c. One of the principal objects of the university is to supply instruction in the eastern languages, or in Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Chinese, Armenian, Tartar, and Mongul. Kasan has also one of the 4 great theological seminaries of the Russian empire; a gymnasium; a school for the education of teachers, &c. It has also several literary and philanthropical societies; and several journals and other works, some of them in the Turkish and others of the languages just mentioned, issue from its presses. from the pole to the equator, his employment of the pendulum for the important purpose of finding the minute variations of the force of gravity in different parts of a country whose substrata consist of materials having different degrees of density, and his invention of the instrument called the "floating collimator," have made his name extensively known. Captain Kater was the author of a considerable number of papers on scientific subjects, most of which were inserted in the "Philosophical Transactions." He combined patient industry, minute observation, and mechanical skill, with high powers of reasoning. And many of the learned societies of his own country and of the continent of Europe testified their sense of his merits, by enrolling him among their members. He died in London, on the 26th of April 1835. KEAN* (Edmund). Having returned to England from his second visit to America, he performed until 1829 at Covent Garden Theatre, and subsequently at Drury Lane; but, having to contend with the feelings excited against him on account of his former and continued immoralities, with a success very inferior to what he had formerly enjoyed on the same boards. died in May 1833, in extremely embarrassed circumstances; although it has been estimated that, in the course of his theatrical career, he had received sums amounting to £176,000 sterling. He KELP. It has been recently found that the alkali required for the manufacture of glass and soap can be obtained more abundantly from sea-salt than from kelp; and this is, at present, used chiefly as a manure, especially for dry soils, the salt contained in the kelp being a powerful absorbent of moisture from the atmosphere. It has, however, lately acquired much importance as a source of iodine. KATER (Captain Henry) was born at Bristol in England, April 16th 1777. Both his parents are said to have been distinguished for their scientific attainments, and to have united in inspiring him, from his earliest years, with a taste for physical investigations. After some time, however, his father placed him in a pleader's office that he might be prepared for the profession of the law. Here he remained about two years diligently prosecuting his legal studies; but on the death of his father at the end of this time, he abandoned the law, and obtained a commission in a regiment then stationed in India. He was engaged in the trigonometrical survey of that country under Colonel Lambton, and published a description of a peculiarly KEMPELEN.* The automaton chesssensible hygrometer, which he had con- player, contrived by the baron de Kempestructed, in the "Asiatic Researches." His len, a few years ago, was taken by Mr. close application to study in a hot climate, Maelzel, its proprietor, to be exhibited during 7 years, greatly injured his consti- in the Havanna. Upon his death, in tution, and was the cause of the ill health that city, some one brought it back to the under which he suffered to the close of his United States, and sold it to a number of life. He went on half-pay in 1814, from gentlemen; who, after occasionally exhiwhich period he devoted himself entirely biting it for charitable purposes, have to science. His trigonometrical operations, placed it, among other curiosities, in the his experiments for determining the length | Philadelphia Museum. KÉRATRY* was re-elected a deputy in | tained at the count's expense. The complete course of instruction appointed for the pensioners lasts three years, and the subjects taught them are scientific agriculture, and the sciences relating to it; the law-of property, as affecting landlords and tenants; together with practical husbandry, and the breeding of horses and cattle. Others, not pensioners, are at liberty to select such parts of the course as they may think proper, and to limit themselves to one or two years only of the whole time prescribed. In the Georgicon provision is also made for teaching girls the branches of knowledge connected with housekeeping. The institution is, moreover, amply provided with all the apparatus and other means for rendering the instruction communicated effective. The town has, besides the Georgicon, a Catholic gymnasium, and a high and a normal school: and it contains also 1822, but on the next dissolution of the chamber of deputies, failed of maintaining his seat in that body. He continued, how ever, his warfare against the existing administration of the government, with the greatest keenness and activity, in the columns of the "Courrier français," of which journal he was one of the proprietors and "collaborateurs." He was, in consequence, twice subjected to prosecution by the government; but succeeded, in both instances, in obtaining an acquittal. In 1827, he was again elected a deputy, from the department of La Vendée. From this period until the revolution of 1830, he continued on all occasions to support the cause of liberal principles. He was one of the 221 members of the chamber who voted the famous address to Charles X., and one of the members also who protested against the ordinances of the 27th of July, of the year just mentioned; and he co-a fine castle, in which count Festetits reoperated in all the proceedings which led sides, 2 Catholic churches, a convent, and to the establishment of the new govern- an hospital. ment. He was made a member of the chamber of Peers in 1837. The last three literary productions of M. Kératry, so far at least as we are aware, are" Frédéric Styndall, ou la fatale année" (5 vols. 12mo. 1827); "Saphira, ou Paris et Rome sous l'empire" (2 vols. 8vo. 1836); and "Une fin de siècle en huit ans" (2 vols. 8vo. 1839). Besides the numerous works published separately by him, he has contributed extensively to several encyclopædical collections, especially on historical subjects, and the philosophy of the fine arts. KERSEY, and KERSEY MERE. Kersey is a kind of coarse cloth, usually ribbed, and woven from long wool. Its name is probably a corruption of Jersey, where it is said to have been first manufactured. Kerseymere, on the other hand, is a thin stuff, generally woven plain from the finest wools; and hence it has been inferred that these two terms, whose meaning is so distinct, cannot be referred to the same origin. Accordingly, kerseymere is conjectured to have derived its appellation from Cashmeer, a country which produces the finest wool, and is most celebrated for the excellence of its woollen fabrics. now KEW. The gardens here are opened daily, during all seasons, from one to three o'clock in the afternoon. KHARKOW, Or CHARKOW; the capital of the government of the same name, in the S. of European Russia. It has 4 fairs in the course of the year, at which an extensive trade is carried on in woollens, cottons, and silks. This town is, however, at present most remarkable on account of its university, founded by the emperor Alexander, and first opened in January 1805. It had, in 1838, as many as 71 professors and other instructors, and 383 students. It possesses a library which, in the year just mentioned, contained upwards of 35,000 volumes, a philosophical apparatus, a museum of natural history, and a cabinet of eastern medals which has recently received considerable accessions.—Kharkow contains a cathedral, a gymnasium, a theological seminary, &c., and has a population of about 13,000. KHIVA; an independent khanat of Turkestan, in Central Asia. Its dominion is believed at present to extend between the 36th and 44th degrees of N. lat., and the 52d and 64th of E. long., having E. the Karakalpack territories and Bokhara, S. AfghanKESTHELY; a town of Hungary, near istan and the Persian province of Khoras the W. end of lake Balaton, about 100 san, W. the Caspian, and N. the Kirghees miles S. of Presburg, with 8000 inhabit- Steppe and the Sea of Aral. The popuants. It derives a considerable importance lation of this extensive territory is esti from the great school of agriculture found- mated by Sir A. Byrnes at only 200,000 ed here by count George Festetits, and at most, nearly the whole surface consistknown as the Georgicon, which has seve-ing of unproductive sandy wastes. A ral professors and practical teachers, main- portion of it owes its fertility to the river VOL. XIV.-48 about 1200 or 1500 inhabitants; all males, no women being allowed to reside in it. KIEF; capital of the Russian government of the same name, and the former resi dence of the grand dukes of Russia, on the Dnieper, a little below the confluence of the Desna with that river, in lat. 50° 27' N., and long. 30° 27′ E. It contains about 40,000 inhabitants. The principal structures are the cathedral of St. Sophia, founded in 1037, and an object of the greatest veneration on the part of the Russians; the monastery of Pitchersk, the tower or belfry of which rises to the height of 304 feet, and is deemed by the Russians a master-piece of architecture; the university buildings; the exchange, with a hall capable of accommodating 9000 persons; and the arsenal, erected by Cathe Oxus and the canals communicating with it. The climate and products of Khiva are much the same as in Bokhara; and the inhabitants, though of the same race, are more barbarous. According to Burnes, the Khivans are at best an organized banditti, protected by the natural strength of their country.-Khiva, the principal town, and residence of the Khan, is situated on an irrigated and fertile plain, near the Oxus, 290 miles W.N.W. from Bokhara, and 720 miles S.S.E. from Orenburg, on the high road between these two cities. Its population is of a very mixed character, and amounts probably to from 10,000 to 12,000 persons. Its chief trade is in slaves, for which it is the largest mart in Independent Turkestan.-The Khivans having captured at different times a number of Russian subjects, and detained them in a condition of slavery, a Russian force at-rine II., a large and handsome building, tempted to penetrate into their country, in 1839; but General Petrofski, who commanded it, after encountering the greatest difficulties on his march through desert regions, and losing great numbers of his men, found it expedient to order a retreat, before accomplishing the object of his expedition. A similar attempt made by the Russians, in 1717, by order of Peter the Great, had been attended with no better success. The expedition of General Petrofski, it was, that gave rise, a few years since, to the idea that the emperor Nicholas had then a design to establish at Khiva an advanced post, looking towards a future contest, for the dominion of Asia, with the present rulers of Hindostan. KIACHTA.* According to Klaproth, the accounts of the Russian commerce with China have been much exaggerated. In 1831, the Russian exports, by way of Kiachta, amounted to 4,655,536 francs, and the imports to 6,758,858 francs. The exports are furs, sheep, and lamb-skins, Russian and Silesian broad-cloths, Russian and morocco leather, coarse linens, cattle, and especially bullion; for tea, raw and manufactured silks, nankeens, porcelain, sugarcandy, rhubarb, tobacco, musk, &c. Of these last, tea is by far the most important, and the quantity of it imported and consumed in the Russian empire is rapidly augmenting. Goods may be conveyed from Kiachita to European Russia either by land or water. In the former mode, the journey occupies a year, and, in the latter, three years, or rather three very short summers, the rivers being for a great part of the year frozen over.-The Chinese or Mongolian town, situated on the opposite bank of the river from Kiachta, has containing an extensive supply of arms.— The theological academy of Kief, founded in 1661, is one of the most celebrated in Russia. In 1830, it was attended, according to Schnitzler, by 1500 pupils. The former gymnasium of this city was transformed, in 1833, into a university, intended to replace that of Wilna, in Lithuania, which was suppressed after the late Polish insurrection. It had, in 1838, 63 professors and assistants, and 259 students, with a library of more than 45,000 volumes. In the next year, however, the courses of instruction were, for political reasons, suspended. Packet KIEL. Population, in 1840, 11,000.Since 1834, it has become the seat of the supreme court of appeal for the duchies of Sleswick, Holstein, and Lauenburg. A good deal of trade is carried on. boats sail regularly for Copenhagen; and the road from Hamburg being equal to any in England, this route is much frequented by travellers visiting the Danish metropolis. The Holstein canal, forming a navigable communication between the Eyder and the Baltic, unites with the latter two miles from the town.-The university, by the last information, had 300 students, and maintains its reputation. KILT, a loose dress extending from the belly to the knee, in the form of a petticoat; worn in the Highlands of Scotland by men, and by children in the Lowlands. The Highlanders designate the kilt as the filibeg. This singular national dress is fast hastening into disuse; and but for a few Highland regiments in which it is still maintained, it would probably long ere now have been universally superseded by the dress of the Lowlanders. |