44 ANCILLON-ANDAMAN ISLANDS. as this could be done with honour, and tive city, and was soon (1790) installed cers of the pope, maintained the military ANDAMAN ISLANDS; a group of islands ANDAMAN ISLANDS-ANDRAL. 45 respect in the lowest stage of barbarism.- tion, for instance, above the level of the In 1793, the English made a settlement, ocean, of Sorata is 25,250 feet; of Illiwhich received the name of Port Corn- mani, 24,200; of Aconcagua, 23,200; and wallis, on the N. E. coast of the Great of Gualtieri, 22,000; that of Chimborazo Andaman, intended for the reception of being only 21,423 feet. convicts; but it was abandoned a few years afterwards, on account of the ex-state on the borders of France and Spain, treme unhealthfulness of the climate. ANDERSEN (Hans Christian) was the son of a shoemaker at Odensee, in the island of Funen, and, on the death of his father, was destined by his mother for a mechanical employment. For this, however, he had no inclination; and his parent reluctantly consented that he should try his fortune in Copenhagen. Here he had long to struggle against an extreme degree of poverty. He applied to be allowed to make an attempt as an actor at the theatre, but was rejected, on account of the emaciation of his person. Some of his acquaintances having noticed the excellence of his voice, and its adaptation to singing, he was patronized by the leading professional musicians of the capital, and the career of prosperity at length seemed to be opened to him. His anticipations were not realized. In a few months, his voice failed, and he was obliged to look out for other means of support. Happily he had, by this time, attracted the attention of several literary men, who discovered in him a poetic talent, which, if cultivated, promised to produce much fruit. By their influence with the King of Denmark, he obtained admission, in 1828, to one of the public schools, of a higher order, to be educated at the expense of the state. A long period did not elapse before he appeared as an author. Some sonnets, and other fugitive productions, procured him the patronage of a number of very eminent men, such as Ohlenschläger, Örsted, Ingemann, &c. Through their solicitation, he received an allowance from the government to enable him to travel into foreign countries for his improvement. In 1833-34, he accordingly visited Germany, France, Switzerland, and Italy. The impressions made upon him in the last mentioned country excited him to the production of the most successful of his works,a poem entitled the " "Improvisatori." He has since written a number of fictions in prose and in verse, and one or two dramatic pieces, most of which have added to his reputation as an author. ANDES. Until lately, Chimborazo was universally supposed to be the highest peak of the Andes; but some others have been determined, by trigonometrical measurements, to be still higher. The eleva ANDORRA (Valley of). It forms a petty on the S. declivity of the Pyrenees, between Urgel and the French department of the Arriége, and contains 6 small towns and 34 villages. It is traversed through its whole extent by the Balira, which is a branch of the river Segre. Though so very inconsiderable, it is independent of its powerful neighbours, with a few exceptions only; such as that the first magistrate is always a Frenchman, appointed by, and holding his office, at the pleasure of the French government; and that the magistrate next in rank is selected by the bishop of Urgel, at intervals of every three years;-and likewise, that the sum of 960 francs is annually paid to France, the latter engaging, in return, to protect the independence of Andorra, and to admit the agricultural products of the valley into its territory free of duty, and that 450 francs are to be annually paid to the bishop of Urgel, on account of the spiritual charge which he exercises over its inhabitants. These are said to amount at present to 17,800 souls. They elect the members of their legislative council by the general suffrage of the citizens. The council, in its turn, chooses, from its midst, a syndicus for life, to whom is entrusted the executive powers of the republic in reference to its exterior relations, together with certain other officers styled consuls, who attend to municipal affairs, and to the due execution of the decrees of the legislature. The functions of the officer appointed by France, and whose rank, it would seem, is the highest in the republic, are extremely limited. Indeed, they are confined, almost or quite exclusively, to the nomination of the judges, whose decisions in the causes brought before them are subject to an appeal to the court of cassation at Paris, or to the bishop's college at Urgel.-The independence, such as it is, of the republic, dates from the reign of Charlemagne, and presents a remarkable phenomenon in the history of modern Europe. ANDRAL; the name of two distinguished French physicians, father and son.--Guillaume Andral, born at Espédaillac, in the department of the Lot, in 1769, was professionally attached to the army at an early age. In the course of the revolutionary struggles, he had the good fortune Academy of Sciences in 1842. In ANDRIEUX* was born at Melun. 1829, he became perpetual secretary of the French Academy; and in this situation he took so exceedingly active a part in the preparation of the "Dictionnaire de l'Académie," that he used to say "Je mourrai du dictionnaire." His tragedy of "Brutus," which was represented in 1830, was eminently successful. He died on the 10th of May 1833. ANGERS; the Juliomagus of Cæsar, on the river Mayenne, the chief town of the French department of "Maine et Loire," with a population, in 1836, of 35,901. It is generally ill built, and the streets are narrow and crooked. The principal edifices are the castle and cathedral. The castle, once the residence of the dukes of Anjou, serves at present as a prison for the city, and a powder-magazine. The cathedral, begun in 1225, is of large dimensions, and has its front ornamented by two symmetrical spires, each 225 feet high. Angers is the seat of a royal court for the departments of Maine and Loire, Sarthe, and Mayenne, and it has also a tribunal of original jurisdiction. There are here an academy; a royal college; a school for the deaf and dumb; a secondary school of medicine; a school of arts and trades, being, with the exception of that at Chalons-sur-Marne, the only school of the kind in France; a school of design; and an agricultural society.. And the place possesses, besides, a public library of 28,000 volumes; a museum with about 600 pictures, many of them good; a cabinet of natural history; and a botanic garden. There is a cotton-mill, and manufactures of sail-cloth, linen, starch, &c.; a sugar refinery; a wax refinery; and tanneries; and extensive slate quarries are situated in the neighbourhood. to make the intimate acquaintance of Mu- tion. He was admitted a member of the rat, by whom his merits were very highly appreciated. On the latter becoming king of Naples, he appointed his friend to be the first physician of his court. In this office Andral continued until the restoration of the ancient dynasty to the throne of that kingdom in 1815, when he returned to France. The remainder of his life was spent at Paris, in the exercise of his profession; and in the period of the cholera (1831) especially, he was remarked for the assiduous attentions which he cheerfully rendered to the sick. He wrote a number of dissertations on medical subjects, which contributed to the estimation in which he was held.-Gabriel Andral, the son of the former, was born at Paris in 1797, where, on his return with his father from Italy, he pursued his studies at the college of Louis-le-Grand. He received the degree of doctor of medicine in 1821; and, in less than two years afterwards, was elected a member of the Academy of Medicine, and a professor in the Faculty of Paris. Scarcely 30 years of age, he was appointed to fill the chair of Hygiene in that Faculty, as also to be one of the physicians of the hospital of La Pitié. His writings have been very numerous. Having for a time contented himself with the publication of several memoirs on medical subjects, he ventured to present to the medical world (1823-31) two systematic works, the one entitled "Clinique médicale," and the other "Précis d'anatomie pathologique." The first of these, consisting of a series of observations made by the author on the diseases of the chest and abdomen, has passed through four editions, and has been translated into most of the languages of Europe. It effected a great change in the medical opinions of the day, by overturning the system of Broussais, which had hitherto enlisted so many ingenious minds in its support. The second of the two works above mentioned surpassed every other work on the same subject that had previously appeared. In 1830, Andral was transferred from the professorship of hygiene to that of internal pathology; and since 1839, he has filled the chair of general pathology. Besides his lectures, which have been always distinguished for their ability, he has continued, with success, his career as an author, by the publication of his researches, both new and inresting, sur les altérations du sang dans les maladies," and of his annotations on the work of Laennec,- annotations regarded as worthy of being annexed to the production of the discoverer of ausculta ANGLESEA.* The Marquis of Anglesea was again appointed, under the administration of Earl Grey, in 1831, to be Lord Lieutenant of Ireland; in which office he was, however, superseded by the Marquis of Normanby in 1833. ANGORA* has been latterly said to contain about 40,000 inhabitants. It has been long celebrated for its breed of goats, and its manufacture of camlets, a species of cloth made of the hair of these animals; which is of a beautiful silky texture, hanging in long locks down to the middle of their legs, and is shorn twice in every year. That the climate has an influence, perhaps to quite an equal extent with anything in the breed of the animals, to ANGORA-ANTRUSTIONS. produce the peculiar fleece in question, is apparent from the fact that the rabbits, and even the cats in Angora, have unusually long and fine hair, and also from the circumstance of the rapid degeneracy of the hair of the Angora goat, when transported to Europe from its native spot. 3000 bales of this hair, in the form of yarn, are said to be annually exported to Europe from Angora. ANGOULEME.* Excepting during his Spanish campaign, the Duke of Angoulême took no part ostensibly in public life. After the revolution of July, he united with his father (August 2d 1830) in abdicating his rights to the throne of France, in favour of his nephew, the Duke of Bordeaux, and accompanied the ex-king first to Holyrood, thence to Prague in 1832, and in 1836 to Goritz. On the death of Charles X., he became the head of the elder branch of the House of Bourbon; and the companions of his exile treated him with the respect due to a king, by the title of Louis XIX. ANGOULEME.* At the period of the revolution of 1830, the duchess d'Angoulême was on a journey to the S. E. departments of the kingdom. She hastened in disguise, by way of Dijon, to join the other members of her family at St. Cloud, and accompanied them in their exile. 47 composed of a governor, a council of 12, and an assembly of 25 members. The planters of Antigua have been remarkable for leniency to their slaves. ANTILLON, a learned Spaniard, was born at Santa Culalia, a village of Aragon. He studied jurisprudence and the exact sciences at the university of Salamanca, and was appointed professor of astronomy, geography, and history, in the royal seminary for the education of the children of the nobility, at Madrid. While occupying this office, he composed several works adapted to the instruction of his pupils, and which were very successful. On the French invasion of 1808, he returned to his native province, and became a member of the junta of Teruel. After the fall of Saragossa, he repaired to Seville, where he co-operated with several other literary men, devoted to constitutional principles, in the editing of various patriotic journals. From Seville the advance of the enemy obliged him to proceed with the central junta to Cadiz; and shortly after his arrival there, he was appointed a judge of the royal court of Majorca. In this island he published a liberal journal, called “The Patriotic Aurora." When the French army evacuated Andalusia, he was elected a representative from Aragon to the constitutional Cortes, in which body he distinguished himself by his strenuous support of liberal principles. The opinions express ANILLEROS; a Spanish political party, so called. They constituted the moderate portion of the principal actors in the revo-ed lution of 1820-23; they possessed the chief influence, occupied the offices, directed the decisions of the Cortes, and had for leaders such men as Arguelles, Martinez de la Rosa, Morillo, and San-Martin. ANTHRACITE. * See Coal. ANTIGUA.* The population of this island is stated to have amounted, in 1787, to 5000 whites, and 45,000 black and coloured persons. It would, therefore, seem to have been decreasing for a considerable period; for in 1831, there were only 29,839 inhabitants of all descriptions in the island. In 1837, however, we are told that the whites and people of colour together amounted only to about 2000, and the blacks, all of whom were enfranchised in 1834, to about 33,000.-There has been a considerable falling off in the exports of produce from Antigua since 1834; partly, perhaps, in consequence of deficient harvests, but in a greater degree, probably, from the emancipation of the slaves. See West Indies, (Sup.) The shipping entered inwards, in 1833, was 33,654 tons, employing 2370 men; outwards, 32,002 tons, and 2183 men.-The legislature is by him rendered him odious to Ferdinand VII., who, on returning to Spain, ordered Antillon to be arrested, and brought before one of the commissions, organized at that period more for the purpose of condemning the accused, than of trying whether they were guilty or not. But before the formality of a trial could take place, he sickened, and was removed by death from the vengeance of the tyrant. The most important work published by Antillon is a geographical one, which has been translated into French under the title of "Géographie physique et politique de l'Espagne et du Portugal." ANTOECI, used in geography to denote the inhabitants of the globe who live under the same meridian, but on opposite parallels of latitude. The hours of the day or night are the same to each, but the seasons of the year are opposite; that is, when it is summer with the one, it is winter with the other. ANTOMMARCHI died in St. Jago de Cuba in 1838. ANTRUSTIONS, a class of persons among the Franks, who were the personal vassals or dependants of the kings and counts. 48 ANTRUSTIONS-ARABIA. They were not dependent on them on ac- | tain minor forts, or fortified posts, were sur. count of the lands which they held by their grant, but often, in consequence of being such dependants, they received from them lands or benefices, that, becoming hereditary, assumed the character of fiefs. ANTWERP. Population (1844) 74,300. Since 1827, it has had a bank of discount and circulation. On the dissolution, in 1830, of the union between Belgium and Holland, which had added materially to the prosperity of Antwerp, this city became a portion of the former kingdom. -When the revolutionary party obtained possession of the city, General Chassé, who commanded the troops that had occupied it, withdrew with them into the citadel; and, irritated by the spirit of defiance in which the armistice had been broken by the Belgians, he bombarded the city during seven hours (October 27th), burning to the ground a number of houses, and damaging others. And again in 1832, the city was in imminent danger of destruction. A French army of 50,000 men, under Marshal Gérard, advanced, with the concurrence of the British government, to compel the delivery of the citadel by the Dutch to the Belgians, in conformity to the treaty of the 15th of November 1831, concluded between the five great European powers. To accomplish this object, a formal siege was necessary; and this siege could be most advantageously conducted from the fort of Montebello, which is an outwork of the fortifications of the city. Previous to the commencement of the operations, it was proposed to General Chassé that the city should be spared by being regarded by both parties as neutral ground. To this the latter objected, unless the attack should be made exclusively from the quarter opposite to the fort above mentioned. Marshal Gé ̧rard, in his turn, refusing his assent to this proposal, a most disastrous fate seemed to await Antwerp and its inhabitants. But the attack upon the citadel was made on the side of Montebello; and the Dutch general did not fire on the city, deterred by the threat that his government would be made responsible for all the mischief dóne, in case he should do so. Antwerp, however, did not escape altogether uninjured during the siege. A good many of the balls, discharged by the French batteries from the opposite side of the citadel, fell into the city, not only injuring a number of buildings, but also killing some of the inhabitants. After the citadel had been almost reduced to a heap of ruins, General Chassé capitulated, December 23d. rendered, on the 30th of the same month, to the Belgian troops. But the Dutch still refusing to deliver up the forts of Lillo and Liefkenshoek, the garrison of the citadel of Antwerp was marched off to France as prisoners of war, to serve as hostages for the future surrender of those forts to Belgium. APIARY; a place for keeping bee-hives, which should be selected with great care. It should be sheltered from the wet, as well as from the extremes of heat and cold. It should face the south, be defended from high winds, and not within the sphere of offensive smells, or liable to the attacks of hostile vermin. APPEARANCE, in law, denotes the act whereby a defendant in an action recognises the process by which that action is commenced against him; originally by appearing in person, or by attorney, in court; now by filing a common or special bail on any process, if issued out of a court of judicature. ARABIA. The interior of Arabia, during the conquests of the Caliphs, presents to us very few events of more importance than the every-day occurrences of Bedouin life, or the progress of the caravans, through the desert, to Mecca; and subsequently to that period, it exhibits everywhere the appearance of an almost utter exhaustion. Of the events forming an exception to our general remark, we may mention the subjection of Yemen, in the 16th century, by the Turks, and the expulsion again of the latter, in the following century; the dominion maintained by the Portuguese over Muscat from 1508 to 1659; the conquests achieved by Oman in India and Persia; the sovereignty acquired by the Turks over Hedjaz, and the risk they incurred of losing it through the transient successes obtained by the Persians, towards the end of the 16th century; and, at length, the revival of the spirit of fanaticism in the Arabian peninsula, by the rise of the Wahabees, in 1770. The moral influence of the last mentioned event still endures, although the political met before long a check from the neighbouring country of Egypt. Mehemed Ali subdued the coast of Hedjaz, as well as various portions of that of Yemen; and, in 1818, his son, Ibrahim, inflicted a severe blow upon the Wahabees by defeating them in a great battle, and by the destroying of their capital, Deraiyah. He incurred a large expenditure to maintain his superiority in Arabia, which secured to him a monopoly of the Cer-commerce of the Red Sea; but the events |