RAGUET-RANDOLPH.

RAMBERG died in 1840.

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RAMMOHUN ROY* was received in England with every mark of distinction and respect. His attainments, philanthropy, and pleasing manners, rendered him a welcome guest in every kind of assemblage, religious, political, literary, and social. His advice, too, was sought by the government on topics connected with India. He died at Bristol in 1833.

conducted the negotiation, that, when the | tion to Ceylon to rescue Sita from the tytreaty was ratified by the two govern- rant Rawana. The poem is thought to ments, he was appointed, upon Mr. Adams's have been composed before the Christian subsequent elevation to the presidency, to era; but there is no certain indication of be the first Chargé d'Affaires of the United its age. A translation of it was begun by States to Brazil. He remained there about Messrs. Carey and Marshman (printed at 5 years; and his conduct as a diplomatist Serampore), and another by A. W. v. was noticed by the president, in his mes- Schlegel (Bonn, 1829). sage to Congress, of December 4th 1827, with much approbation.-During Mr. Raguet's absence from the United States, he was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society; and a short time after his return home the degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by St. Mary's College in Baltimore. After his return to the United States, Mr. Raguet became the editor of several journals devoted to the advocacy of the doctrines of free trade; which he believed, in their practical application, to be essentially conducive to the prosperity of his own, as of every other country. These works were:-the "Free Trade Advocate" (Philadelphia, 1828-29); the "Banner of the Constitution" (Washington, 1830-31-32); the "Examiner and Journal of Political Economy" (Philadelphia, 1833-34-35); and the "Financial Register" (Philadelphia, 1837-38). He also published a treatise on Currency and Banking" (Philadelphia, 1839), which was republished the same year in London, and also translated into French by M. Lemaitre (1840). He will always be ranked among the distinguished American political economists. He urged his views with clearness, simplicity, and force, and made numerous converts to the doctrines which he taught. - Mr. Raguet died in Philadelphia, on the 22d of March 1842, in the 59th year of his age.

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RANDOLPH (John), or, as he was in the habit of styling himself, John Randolph of Roanoke, was born in June 1773, in Chesterfield county, Virginia. His father was a highly respectable planter of that state; and he was descended in the 7th degree from Pocahontas, the daughter of the Indian chief Powhatan, -a descent which he always took great pride in claiming. He lost his father when he was an infant; and his mother contracted a second marriage when he was only 10 years of age, with Judge St. George Tucker, who became his guardian. Mr. Randolph, according to his own account, laboured under very great disadvantages in his preparatory education. When, at length, sufficiently advanced in his studies, he went first to Princeton College, then a short time to Columbia College in the city of New York, and afterwards to William and Mary's, in his native state. When he had completed the usual course of study in the RAISINS (dried grapes) are distinguish- literary department of the last-mentioned ed by the places where produced or ex- institution, he attended there a course of ported,- -as Malaga, Valencia, and Smyr- lectures on law; and he next proceeded na; or from the variety of grape or mode to Philadelphia, in 1793, to prosecute his of preparation, as muscatels, blooms, sul- legal studies in the office of his uncle, tanas, lixias, and raisins of the sun. The Mr. Edmund Randolph, who, in the follatter are dried by solar heat alone; infe- lowing year, was appointed to the office rior kinds are dried in ovens; but the most of secretary of state. - But Mr. Randolph common way is to dip the grapes in a hot never engaged in the practice of the prolixivium of water and wood ashes (those fession which he had chosen. In 1799, of the vine branches or tendrils being pre- three years only after his return to Virferred) and a little olive oil, and after- ginia, he was elected to represent the inwards expose them to the sun. In the ley habitants of the district in which he reused for the Valencia lixias, a little slack-sided in Congress, which was a field far ed lime is also used. The finest in quality are the Malaga muscatels; the lowest, the black Smyrna raisins.

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RAMAYANA is the oldest of the two great Sanscrit epic poems, and describes the life and actions of the hero Rama and his wife Sita, and especially Rama's expedi

better suited than the bar for the exercise of his peculiar mental qualities. He was a member of the House of Representatives during the long period of 30 years, with the exception only of three intervals of two years each, in one of which (1825-27) he represented Virginia in the Senate of

the United States. He was a member of | entire success. In quickness of percep

tion, accuracy of memory, liveliness of imagination, and sharpness of wit, he surpassed most men of his day; but his judgment was feeble, or rarely consulted." The same writer adds respecting him, that

and courtesy. He was a kind master, a good neighbour, and, amongst his immediate constituents, was even popular. His friends have said that he possessed a deep vein of piety, which was, on some occasions, strongly developed. One of his most striking characteristics was, perhaps, his economy, which he rigidly practised, and, both in public and private affairs, diligently inculcated."

the convention which met at Richmond to revise the constitution of Virginia, in October 1829. In the course of its proceedings he spoke but once, and voted, in every instance, against the proposed innovations on the existing constitution. Gene-"he was capable of kindness, generosity, ral Jackson appointed him, in 1830, to be minister to Russia; but his stay at St. Petersburgh was extremely short. Having accepted of his appointment on condition that, if his health required it, he might spend the ensuing winter in the south of Europe, he had scarcely been presented to the emperor when he quitted the Russian capital. Instead, however, of proceeding, as had been his original intention, to the shores of the Mediterranean, he retraced his steps to England, and thence embarked for America. On his return home, he was once more elected to Congress. His health had long been declining, when, being on his way to embark from New York for Europe, in hope of receiving benefit from the voyage, he died at Philadelphia, on the 19th of May 1833. - From the period of his entering on public life, in 1799, until the spring of the year 1806, Mr. Randolph acted a conspicuous and a leading part in the ranks of the "republican" party. The occasion on which he first withdrew his support from Mr. Jefferson's administration, was on the resolution offered by Mr. Gregg for the non-importation of goods from Great Britain and Ireland. He was a vehement opponent of the measures of Mr. Madison while president. He was in favour of the election of Mr. Crawford to the presidency, in 1825; and, in 1829, was warmly enlisted in behalf of General Jackson, as a candidate for that office in opposition to Mr. J. Q. Adams. Mr. Randolph's speeches have been more fully and correctly reported, and have been more generally read, than those of any other member of Congress. In a notice of him in the "New York Journal of Commerce," the following account of his eloquence is given. "He never spoke without commanding the most intense interest. At his first gesture or word, the house and galleries were hushed into silence and attention. His voice was shrill and pipe-like, but under perfect command; and, in its lower tones, it was music. His tall person, firm eye, and peculiarly expressive fingers,' assisted very much in giving effect to his delivery. His eloquence, taking its character from his unamiable disposition, was generally exerted in satire and invective; but he never attempted pathos without

RANKE (Leopold), a professor in the university of Berlin, and one of the most eminent living historians of Germany, was born at Wiehe, in Thuringia, on the 21st of December 1795. Having been educated with a view to make the business of teaching his profession for life, he accepted, in 1818, the appointment of principal instructor in the gymnasium of Frankfort on the Oder. Here he devoted his leisure to historical studies. The first-fruits of these (1824) were a history of the people of Roman and Germanic descent (Geschichte der romanischen und germanischen Völkerschaften) from 1494 to 1535; which was speedily followed by an essay "On the Later Historians" (Žur Kritik neuerer Geschichtschreiber). Though these works were severely criticised in some of the German journals, they procured for him in 1825 an "extraordinary" professorship in the university of Berlin. Not long after his arrival in that city, he was permitted to absent himself for a time from his post, and was furnished by the Prussian government with the pecuniary means necessary for travelling in Germany, France, and especially in Italy, to collect materials in the libraries of those countries for additional historical works which he had projected, relating to the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries. The first of these works appeared in 1827, under the title of "History of the Princes and People of S. Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries," in which the affairs of Turkey and Spain are presented in quite a novel light. But however remarkable this work might be, it was far surpassed in importance by the "History of the Popes during the 16th and 17th centuries" (1834-36, 3 vols., 2d ed. 183739). Next came the "History of Germany during the period of the Reformation." And to these works, all of which have at

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and is, besides, a member of the "Société asiatique de Paris," and a corresponding member of most of the learned societies of the continent of Europe.

tracted general attention, in other countries as well as in Germany, are to be added the "Conspiracy at Venice in 1688" (1831); the "Servian Revolution" (1829), the result of a visit which he made to RASK* made an attempt in 1826, by his Servia; numerous articles published in the "Essay of a scientific system of (Danish) "Historico-Political Gazette," a journal Orthography," to alter the existing mode established and edited (1831-36) by Ranke, of writing of his countrymen, but without together with others inserted in the "An- success. In the following year, he pubnals of the German Empire, under the lished a dissertation on the Egyptian chroHouse of Saxony" (vols. 1-3, 1837-40); nology, and another on that of the Heand lastly, a dissertation, read by him to brews; and, about this period, he also pubthe Academy of Sciences of Berlin, on the lished a dissertation on the age and auHistory of Italian Poetry." —The pro-thenticity of the Zendavesta. Having been ductions of Ranke are defective in their proportions. To one, indeed, not already, in a certain degree, familiar with the events of the times to which they relate, they cannot fail to appear often obscure and unsatisfactory, on account of the haste and carelessness with which he treats of matters already exhibited with sufficient ability and correctness by other authors; and which he even supposes his readers to be sometimes so well acquainted with, as to allow of his passing them over altogether without notice. Nevertheless, the extent of his researches, the honest and skilful use which he has made of his materials, and the interest of his narrative, have placed him in the first rank of the living historians of Germany.

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elected president of the Iceland Society of Literature, and of the Society of Northern Antiquities, he took an active part in their publications, though occupied, besides, with an Armenian dictionary, a theory of the parts of speech in the Italian language, a grammar of the Low German, and with an English grammar. In 1828, he published a concise grammar and vocabulary of the Acra tongue, spoken by the negroes on the W. coast of Africa, in the neighbourhood of the Danish settlement of Christianborg. He next applied himself to the preparation of a Moso-Gothic dictionary, and a sketch of the Malabar languages; at the same time investigating the affinities between the Laplandic language and those of N. Asia. He was appointed professor of Oriental Languages, and (1829) principal librarian, in the university of Copenhagen. His edition of the fables of Lokman, which appeared in 1832, evinced only a limited acquaintance with the Arabic; and, indeed, his merits as a linguist consisted in a comparative knowledge of the different languages which he had studied, rather than in an intimate acquaintance with any one of them.-He had just completed his Lapland Grammar, when he died at Copenhagen, on the 4th of November 1832.

RAOUL-ROCHETTE.* This distinguished archæologist travelled through Italy and Sicily in 1826-27, examining the monuments of antiquity which they contain, with the eye of an artist. A new impulse was thus given to his labours. In 1828, he published the "Monuments inédits d'antiquité figurée grecque, étrusque et romaine" (in fol.); in 1828-30, " Pompéi, choix d'édifices inédits, 1re partie" (in fol.); and in 1836, “Peintures antiques inédites, précédées de recherches sur l'emploi de la peinture dans la décoration des édifices sacrés et publics chez les Grecs et RASPAIL (François Vincent) was born les Romains" (in 4to). These different in January 1794, at Carpentras, in the works, together with a “Mémoire sur les French department of Vaucluse. He was représentations figurées du personnage educated in the seminary (theological) of d'Atlas" (1835), are merely fragments of Avignon, and the "Restoration" found him a history of ancient art, for which M. a Roman Catholic priest. Obnoxious to Raoul-Rochette has been for more than the new government, because, when France 15 years preparing materials, and for the was invaded by the allied armies, he had sake of which he made an excursion to urged upon his flock the necessity of ralGreece so late as the year 1842. Besides lying around the standard of the emperor the works, too, already mentioned, M. he became an object of royalist persecu Raoul-Rochette is the author of a great tion. Quitting the exercise of his eccle number of memoirs, dissertations, and ar- siastical functions, he went to Paris, aimticles, inserted in various learned collec- ing to obtain there eventually a professorLions and journals, and in the "Biographie ship of Natural History or Chemistry, sub universelle." He is the "perpetual secre- jects to which he had long devoted a con· tary” of the “ Académie des Beaux-Arts,” | siderable portion of his leisure moments.

RATISBON.* Population in 1839, 21,904. |—At Donaustauf, on the Danube, about 6 miles distant, is the Valhalla, a fine Doric marble temple, built by the present king of Bavaria, for the reception of statues and busts of the distinguished men of Germany. This edifice was commenced in 1830, and finished in 1842.

RAU (Charles Henry); a professor in the university of Heidelberg in Germany, and distinguished by his writings on political economy, as well as the prominent part which he has acted in the Chambers of the grand duchy of Baden. In his legislative capacity, he drew up several reports in relation to the German Customs' Union. His most important work is his "Manual of Political Economy" (Heidelberg, 1826– 37). Since the year 1834, he has been one of the editors of the "Archiv der politischen Oconomie und Policeiwissen. schaft."

and for the investigation of which he had "Cigarettes de camphre" and "Lettres the greatest predilection and aptitude.' sur les prisons de Paris" (2 vols.). His His first scientific memoir was presented last work is entitled "Histoire naturelle ⚫to the Institute in 1824. In 1825, he be- de la santé et de la maladie chez les végé came generally known as the editor of the taux, chez les animaux en général, et en Natural History part of Ferrussac's "Bul- particulier chez l'homme" (2 vols. 1843). letin des sciences;" and he continued to be occupied in this capacity until 1829, when he seceded from it, in consequence of a quarrel with some of the other parties engaged in the Bulletin. Jointly with Saigey, he then established a separate journal, styled the "Annales des sciences d'observation;" which, however, owing to the limited capital at the disposal of the publishers, was suspended in the course of the following year. Besides his contributions to the journals just mentioned, Raspail composed, at the same period, a number of very valuable "memoirs" for the "Annales des sciences naturelles," and the " Mémoires du Muséum d'histoire naturelle"-Raspail had already shown, by his pamphlet, published in 1822, and entitled "Sainte liberté! ton nom n'est pas blasphème," how susceptible he was of being seized with a political enthusiasm. But the revolution of July excited his feelings to the highest pitch. During the conflict of the three days, he was one of the combatants in the ranks of the people. Nor did his interest in politics cease with the victory which he had contributed to achieve. Disappointed, like so many others of his associates on this occasion, in the expectations which he had formed from the new government, then substituted in place of the monarchy of Charles X., he became one of its most zealous and active opponents. He wrote against it in the public papers, and in 1834-35 was the editor in chief of the republican journal, styled the "Réformateur.” He was one of the founders of the society of the "Amis du peuple;" and when this association was obliged to dissolve itself, he joined that of the Rights of Man. He was several times placed under arrest, and once condemned to six months' imprisonment. At length, his republican zeal was cooled by the utter fruitlessness of the efforts and sacrifices which he had made; and he confined himself, subsequent to the year 1835, almost exclusively to his scientific pursuits. These had, indeed, not been wholly intermitted, ever in the midst of his greatest political activity. In 1831-32, he published a "Cours élémentaire d'agriculture et d'economie rurale" in 5 volumes (2d ed. 1837); in 1833, his "Système de chimie organique;" in 1837, his "Système de physiologie végétale" (2 vols.); in 1839, the

RAUCH. The reputation of this emi nent artist has suffered no diminution from his later works, either statues or busts.— During the year 1844, he was still residing in Berlin, diligently occupied with the preparation of an equestrian statue of Frederick the Great.

RAUMER. To the writings of Raumer before mentioned, are to be added the "History of Europe since the end of the 15th Century" (8 vols., 1832-43); the "Fall of Poland" (1832); “England in the Year 1835;" "Queen Elizabeth and Mary Stuart" (1836); “Frederick II. and his Time" (1836); “Europe, from the close of the Seven Years' till that of the American War" (3 vols., 1839); “Italy" (2 vols., 1840); a translation of the "Orations of Eschines and Demosthenes on the Crown;" and another of "Sparks' Life and Correspondence of Washington" (2 vols., 1839).

RAWLE (William); an eminent lawyer and jurist. He was descended from an ancient and respectable family, resident in the county of Cornwall, in England, from a very early period. Francis Rawle, the first of the name in this country, arrived in Philadelphia, from Plymouth, on the 23d of June 1636. He belonged to the Society of Friends, and appears to have emigrated in consequence of his opposition to the established church. He was accompanied by his only son Francis,

who, soon after, married one of the two was his only appearance on the stage of daughters of Robert Turner, a wealthy politics. Though frequently solicited, at and influential person, who was high in subsequent periods, to accept public apthe confidence of William Penn, a mem-pointments, and enter into political life, ber of the provincial council, and filled he uniformly declined. The only public various other offices of great trust. Fran- office he was ever induced to hold, was cis Rawle, jun., who was a man of strong that of Attorney of the United States for mind and considerable attainments, pub- the District of Pennsylvania, which, withlished a pamphlet, entitled "Ways and out solicitation, was conferred on him by means for the inhabitants on the Delaware General Washington. His commission to become rich: wherein the several was dated on the 18th of July 1791; and growths and products of these countries he resigned it, voluntarily, on the 6th of are demonstrated to be a sufficient fund May 1800, in the administration of Mr. for a flourishing trade." This work Adams. During his term of office, it bewas remarkable, as well for having been came his duty to prosecute the offenders (it is believed) the first original work, on against the authority of the general goany subject of general interest, which had vernment in the insurrections of 1794 and appeared in Pennsylvania, as for having 1798;. one of whom, John Fries, was capibeen the first book printed by Franklin, as tally convicted and sentenced to death, but he informed the subject of this article at afterwards pardoned. Though engaged his table at Passy, near Paris, in the pre- in the arduous duties of a very extensive sence of a company of high rank and con- practice, he was a member of most of the sequence. The third son of Francis Rawle, scientific, literary, and benevolent institujun., was William, whose only son was tions of the day, to several of which he Francis. Both these gentlemen were mer- devoted much time and attention. In the chants, and possessed enlarged and culti-year 1822, he was chosen Chancellor of vated minds.-William Rawle, the son of the Associated Members of the Bar of the last-named Francis, was born in Philadelphia, on the 28th of April 1759. He was educated principally at the Friends' Academy in this city, where he pursued his studies with an assiduity and devotion to literature, which terminated only with his life. His immediate relations and connections, who were adherents of the royal cause, having been obliged to leave Philadelphia, he accompanied his mother and step-father to New York, where he read law under the direction of Mr. Kempe, an eminent member of the bar in that place. In further prosecution of his legal studies, he sailed for England, by way of Ireland, on the 13th of June 1781; and, on the 17th of the following August, was admitted into the Society of the Middle Temple. He returned to Philadelphia on the 17th of January 1783, after having passed several months in France. He immediately declared his allegiance to the existing government, to the principles of which he had always been sincerely attached; though the circumstances in which he was placed had prevented him from following the dictates of his own inclination and judgment. He began his professional career on the 15th of September 1783, by being admitted to practise in the Court of Common Pleas of the county of Philadelphia. On the 25th of July 1786, he was chosen a member of the American Philosophical Society; and in October 1789, a member of the Legislature of Pennsylvania. This VOL. XIV.-65

Philadelphia, before whom he delivered several interesting and instructive discourses, which were published by the association. The commission of President of the District Court for the City and County of Philadelphia was twice tendered to him by Governor Heister, and respectfully declined. In June 1825, the Historical Society of Pennsylvania was established, of which he was unanimously chosen president. He delivered, in the month of November following, the inaugural address before its members, and from time to time made other contributions to it, which have been preserved in its printed transactions. In the course of this year (1825), he published "A View of the Constitution of the United States of America," which has passed through several editions, and has been spoken of in terms of high commendation by those best qualified to give an opinion relating to it. In September1827, the degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by the College of New Jersey. In the year 1830, Governor Wolfe appointed him, in conjunction with Thomas I. Wharton, Esq., and the Hon. Joel Jones, a commissioner "to revise, collate, and digest all public acts and statutes of the civil code of this state as are general and perm2nent in their nature, and to consider and report what alterations and improvements are required therein." Though undertaken at the advanced age of upwards of seventy years, yet, during the four years