Méry, who had belonged to the former of these, were not competent to commence successfully a new career in a field entirely new to them. After continuing, besides, to write for a time in a republican spirit, Barthélemy surprised his friends by becoming a defender of the decree of the government declaring Paris in a state of siege (1832). Public opinion was loud in condemning this step; and it was even insinuated that he had been bribed by the government. His poem, entitled "Ma justification," had not the intended effect of allaying the feeling which existed to his disadvantage; whereupon he set out on a journey to America. Barthélemy has, since then, published a translation of Virgil into French verse.

BASIN, in physical geography, is the space of country drained by a particular river, as the basin of the Thames, Rhine, St. Lawrence, Mississippi, &c. In geology, it denotes depressed portions of strata, forming a hollow surrounded by hills, as the London basin, the Paris basin, &c.

hibition, issued by the late government, | former period; and the classic yielded to against all associations or combinations of the romantic school. Barthélemy and students. This was followed by such a demonstration of public opinion, as at once to make him fully aware of the loss of his former popularity, and to incapacitate him from being henceforth of any real service to the government. He drew up a bill relative to the subject of elementary instruction in France; but so defective in its nature, that, when presented to the chamber, it was not only condemned by the opposition to the ministry, but was disapproved of by many of their supporters; and he was obliged to withdraw it. On Lafitte's retirement, Barthe became Keeper of the seals (garde des sceaux). He subscribed the removal from office of Comte, Odillon Barrot, and others, with whom he had once entertained a community of opinion; was a partaker in the famous ordinance put forth by the government, after the events of June 1832, declaring Paris in a state of siege, and which was declared. to be illegal by the Court of Cassation; evinced an extraordinary zeal in the prosecution of the press, and of political associations; and, in 1834, originated the law for materially restricting the right of the people to associate together, with the view of accomplishing, by so doing, any public object. On the change of administration in the last-mentioned year, he was compensated for the loss of office, by the sinecure post of first president of the Court of Accompts, until the fall of the doctrinaire ministry in April 1837, when he once more became garde des sceaux, or minister of justice. In this situation, he took part in framing the amnesty granted for political offences; although, by his influence, it was considerably restricted in its application. Without contributing, in any great degree, to the support of the Mole ministry, he continued a member of it, till its dissolution in April 1839.

BARTHÉLEMY* (Auguste Marseille). In conjunction with his friend Méry, he had contributed, by satires on the government of the Restoration, to render it odious to the people, and to effect its overthrow. Yet this event, so long the goal of his aspirations, at once, from its very nature, annihilated his importance. The satirist's Occupation was gone; his friends were in power. But this was not all. With the revolution of July was, very naturally, associated a change, to a certain extent, in the prevailing literary tastes of the day. The same reverence as heretofore could no longer be paid to the writings of a

BASQUES. The population of this race has been lately estimated as high as 370,000 in Spain, and 130,000 in France. Their language is composed of a number of dialects, all having a common origin, yet so distinct from each other, that the inhabitants of one province can scarcely understand those of another. Hence is it that, in Spain, they do not say the Basque people or nation, but the Basque nations (las naciones bascas). The Basques retained their peculiar laws and privileges down to the year 1805, when these were very much infringed upon; and the attempt, made in 1832, to deprive them altogether of these privileges, especially of the so-called fueros, was the principal cause of their support of the pretensions of Don Carlos, and of the civil war in the north of Spain. The contest, too, only ceased when the privileges in question were solemnly confirmed to them by the treaty of Vergara. See Spain, (Sup.).

BATAVIA,* in the island of Java. Since 1816, when it was restored to the Dutch, its population has been on the increase. According to a census taken in 1824, there were in the city and precincts, 3025 Europeans and their descendants, 23,108 Javanese and Malays, 14,708 Chinese, 601 Arabs, and 12,419 slaves; amounting in all to 53,861 persons, exclusive of the garrison. The number of inhabitants may now be estimated at from 60,000 to 70,000. In 1828, the value of the imports into Ba

tavia was 17,976,094 florins, and that of | ralists who accompanied him in this exthe exports 17,499,341 florins. The prin- pedition was made by them a subject of cipal articles imported were cotton goods, bitter complaint. An account of it has wines, copper (chiefly from Japan), and been published by Péron, under the title opium; those exported were coffee, rice, of "Voyages aux terres australes." tin, bird's-nests (eaten as a delicacy in the east), tobacco, &c. Next to Holland, the chief trade is with England, China, Japan, and the United States of America.— The health of Batavia has been much improved since 1816; partly by the building of a new town on the heights a little more inland, where the government function aries and principal merchants have their residences; and partly, also, by the demolition of useless fortifications, the filling up of some of the canals, cleaning of others, and the widening of several of the old streets.

BAVARIA.* The population, at the end of the year 1837, was 4,315,469. Of this number 3,033,159 were Roman Catholics; 1,216,310 Lutherans and Reformed; 1000 Mennonists and Moravians; and 61,000 Jews.-The annual revenue and expenditure was fixed, by the budget for 1837-43, at 30,000,000 florins. The public debt amounts to about 130,000,000 florins.— The code Napoleon is in force in Rhenish Bavaria; but in other parts of the kingdom there is an extreme difference in the proceedings as to civil matters. The penal code, introduced in 1813, might be much improved, both in its regulations and in the form of its procedure. There is a

BATTEL; a trial by combat which was formerly allowed by the law of England, where the defendant, in an appeal of mur-high court of appeal and cassation at Muder or felony, might fight with the appellant, and thereby make proof, according as he was the victor or not, of his innocence or guilt. It is only of late years that this barbarous law has been abolished.

nich; and in each of the provinces an inferior tribunal, to which an appeal lies from the courts of primary jurisdiction in the towns, and from the seignorial and cantonal courts of the country districts. A law has been passed providing for the pur

BATTUE; a term indicating a practice of huntsmen, which consists in encompass-chase of the seignorial jurisdictions by paying a certain portion of the forest, and in endeavouring, by beating the bushes and with loud exclamations, to bring out wolves, foxes, or other animals of the chase.

ing an equivalent to their proprietors.-Of late years, the attention of the Bavarian government has been laudably directed to the education of its subjects; the Prussian BAUDIN (Nicolas), well known as a na-system being adopted as a model for its vigator, was born at the Isle of Ré, on the imitation. Attendance at school is impeW. coast of France, in the year 1750. rative on all children who have not reAfter spending a number of years in the ceived permission to be instructed by primercantile service, he was appointed, on vate tutors. Bavaria had, in 1837, besides the reorganization of the French navy, in primary schools, 78 Latin schools, which 1786, a lieutenant. The next information prepared boys for the gymnasiums or lywe have of him is that he was the captain ceums; 25 gymnasiums; 6 lyceums or of a vessel which sailed under Austrian high schools, preparatory to the universicolours from Leghorn to India, to make ties; and the 3 universities of Munich, collections in natural history for the em- Wurtsburg, and Erlangen, the two former peror of Germany. In another voyage, of which are Catholic institutions, and the undertaken by the orders of his own go- last a Protestant one. There are, ordinavernment, he brought to France, from the rily, upwards of 1300 students in attendWest Indies, some valuable collections of ance at the university in Munich, and 400 the same description. He was then pro- and 300 each in the others. In addition, moted to the rank of captain, and des- too, to the schools already mentioned, a patched, in the command of a ship, to number of schools of arts and of rural ecoChina, conveying with him a young Chi-nomy, polytechnic institutions, seminaries nese, who was desirous to return to his native country. From China, Captain Baudin proceeded to the Isle of France, and thence to New Holland, the coasts of which he had been directed to explore. In performing this task, his health was seriously impaired; and he died, in consequence, at the Isle of France, whither he had returned, on the 16th of September 1803. His harsh treatment of the natu

for the education of teachers, theological seminaries, schools for civil engineering, for military science, for the fine arts, &c., have been established in different parts of the kingdom.-Until the formation of the Prussian commercial league, which has opened a great extent of country to the products of Bavaria, its natural facilities for commerce were defeated by its own prohibitory regulations, and those of mort

of its neighbours. Although sounder views | was the wish to prevent the abuse of this

in this respect are beginning to be enter- right which has led to the enactment of a tained, and although the government has law that "no marriage between people given a powerful impulse to industry, by without capital shall be allowed, without establishing mechanics' schools, annual the previous permission of the poor instiexhibitions, and prizes, and still more by tutions," that is, of the persons in each the abolition of the pernicious privileges provincial district elected to superintend of guilds and corporations, a vast deal yet the management of the poor, who are remains to be done in removing the obsta- bound to refuse such permission, unless cles which trammel the productive powers they see a reasonable prospect of the parof labour. One hears with surprise that ties being able to provide for the children here the number of labourers permitted to that may be expected to spring from the reside in towns, the number and distribu- proposed union. To insure their vigilance, tion of trades, the prices of bread and meat, it is enacted that the members of poor inand even the introduction of new machi- stitutions neglecting to enforce this law nery, are all determined by artificial ar- "are to answer for the maintenance of the rangements, dependent on the calculations said families, should they not be able to and estimates of the minister of the inte- maintain themselves." A law of this sort rior, and enforced by means of a system must tend powerfully to prevent improviof passports and a preventive police.-dent unions; and we are assured that it The "Bavarian Bank" at Munich, esta- has retarded the increase of population, blished, in 1835, on shares at 500 florins and has had a most salutary effect in averteach, has functions assigned to it of the ing extreme poverty, and consequent misemost various nature. It is not merely a ry. Whether it has operated in a manner bank of deposite, transfer, discount, and injurious to the public morals, it would be issue, but it insures lives, grants annui- difficult to say. One thing, however, in ties, and lends money on mortgage of real this connection, is remarkable, to wit, the estate, three-fifths of its whole capital be extraordinary proportion of illegitimate to ing appropriated in the last mentioned legitimate births, which is as I to 4.4 in manner. The present capital amounts to the kingdom generally. At Munich half the sum of 10 millions of Rhenish florins; the births are illegitimate; a fact, to a it may, however, be increased to 20 mil- certain extent, to be accounted for by the lions. The bank is prohibited from issuing residence in that city of the court, of a notes under the denomination of 10 florins; numerous garrison, and of a great influx of and to be provided with the means of strangers.-The following are the princimeeting its engagements, it is required to pal towns of Bavaria, with their population have a disposable fund in coin, at all in 1840: Munich, 93,435; Nuremberg, times, of one-fourth of the amount of the 44,863; Augsburg, 34,273; Wurtsburg, 27,notes issued by it, together with double 353; Ratisbon, 21,904; Bamberg, 21,251; that of the remaining three-fourths in Baireuth, 16,949; Fürth, 14,766; Anspach, mortgages. All the mortgages, too, of 12,690; Passau, 10,820; Amberg, 10,788; the bank must be on property not previ- Landshut, 10,224; Ingoldstadt, 10,195; ously mortgaged; and the property must Erlangen, 9957; Aschaffenburg, 9497: be of at least twice the value of the mort- Speier, 8700.-The constitution bestowed gage. The money thus loaned is to be by the king of Bavaria upon his people, in repaid by yearly instalments of a per cent- 1818, was sufficiently restrictive in its chaage on the amount of the original sum, so racter, but was carried into practical opeas to complete the repayment in a period ration in a spirit of still greater illiberality. of 43 years. A commissioner is appointed All opposition to the measures of the adby the king to superintend or inspect the ministration for the time being, as well as transactions of the institution; which is, every proposition made in the representabesides, subject to the usual control of a tive chamber for an enlargement of popucommittee selected for that purpose., Whe- lar privileges, seemed to be regarded as ther owing or not to the complicated cha- evidence of the existence of seditious and racter of the business performed by it, it disorganizing intentions; and the indivibecame, not long after going into opera- duals most actively concerned were, in tion, involved in embarrassment; from consequence, considered to be proper obwhich, however, it has since happily re- jects for the surveillance, and even hoslieved itself, and now possesses the confi-tility, of the government. Great hopes dence of the public.-In Bavaria, all des- were, however, entertained of an improved titute persons have a legal claim to relief condition of things, on the accession to the from the public; and. most probably, it|throne of the present king, Louis I.. in

October 1825, who was understood to have list, and other matters having reference to a decided taste for the sciences, and espe- the public revenue and expenditure. The cially for the fine arts, and, on various oc- government, which, during the whole of casions, to have expressed very liberal the session, had been zealously supported sentiments. Accordingly, in the earlier by the upper chamber, at length, tired part of his reign, some important reduc- with a fruitless contest, came to the resotions were made in the public expendi- lution of dissolving the chambers, on the tures, in both the civil and military de- 31st of December 1831. Notwithstanding partments; a million of florins from what this step, the agitation of the public mind was thus saved being added to the sinking continued, and did not attain to its height fund, for extinguishing the public debt; till the "festival of the constitution," as it and the remainder made to contribute to was called, in the month of May followthe erection of public buildings, of a splen- ing, at the castle of Hambach, where did character and in an elegant taste, in 20,000 persons from different parts of the capital and elsewhere, as well as for Germany assembled, displaying the anthe purposes of education, more especially cient colours of their common country, for the richer endowment of the university singing patriotic songs, and drinking toasts of Munich, which was removed, in 1827, in honour of the French who had achieved from Landshut to that city. In the same their liberation, and of the Poles who were year, the censorship of the press on all then struggling to accomplish theirs, from journals, not political, was entirely abro- their oppressors. Then, however, a reacgated; and a commercial union was ef- tion, as is natural after every exaggeration fected with Wurtemberg. About this pe- of the ordinary tone of public sentiment, riod, however, the government excited ensued; the agitation subsided, and gave considerable dissatisfaction, on account of place to tranquillity. In this state of the restoration by it, in consequence of a things, the government cast aside all preconcordat with Rome, of several religious tence of moderation; and such among the orders and convents. Next came the revo- more conspicuous of its opponents as failed lution of July 1830, in France, which, in in making their escape from the kingdom Bavaria, as in others of the German states, by flight, were subjected, as a punishment, without inducing any popular tumults, ve- or in revenge, for their alleged political hemently agitated the minds of men, and offences, to a protracted imprisonment, or alarmed the security of the existing autho- were obliged to solicit forgiveness before rities. This alarm became apparent as the portrait of the king!-An important the elections approached of members to event in the later history of Bavaria was the representative chamber of 1831, when the selection, by the London Conference, the government unexpectedly exercised its of May 7th 1832, of the king's second son, constitutional right of refusing to certain Otho, to be king of Greece; and a still public officers, who had been chosen mem- more important one was the accession of bers, leave of absence from their posts Bavaria, in conjunction with Wurtemberg, Juring the session of the chambers, and to the Prussian Customs' Union, on May when it also, without any such constitu- 15th of the following year. At the meettional right, issued a decree restricting, in ing of the chambers in the spring of 1834, a still greater degree than heretofore, the after the unfortunate result of the course liberty of the press. After the opening of pursued by them at their preceding sesthe session, indeed, the government, think- sion, it is not surprising that the members, ing it had gone too far, dismissed from his although mostly the same individuals as post the minister who had originated the then, should have come prepared to acquiobnoxious decree, and exhibited a willing- esce passively in the measures proposed to ness to compromise the questions, which them on the part of the government.— it had thus itself brought to an issue be- The year 1835 was remarkable for the tween it and the representative body, by opening of the first railroad constructed in the passage of laws that, under other cir- Germany, that from Nuremberg to Fürth. cumstances, would have been readily as-Since then, the successive sessions of the sented to; but in the prevailing excite- legislature have been chiefly occupied in ment, cherished as it was by the political the calm consideration of the means of journals of the country which had, in the promoting the material interests of the mean time, ventured to exercise an unli-country, and many useful laws have been mited freedom of discussion, the compro-enacted; the only exceptions, calling for mises offered were promptly rejected. Dif-mention here, to the general remark just ferences, likewise, arose between the par-made, being certain differences which ties, concerning the amount of the civil arose from the denial by the king of the VOL. XIV.-13

right of the chambers to inquire into the appropriation of the moneys, granted by them, to their destined purposes, and from the constantly augmenting influence of the ultra catholic party in the affairs of the state,-exemplified by a regulation promulgated by authority, that the protestant equally with the catholic soldiery should bend the knee on the elevation of the host, as also by the continued increase of the monastic institutions of various kinds. The number of these, which in 1831 was 42. amounted in 1840 to 105.

BAY, in geography; a portion of the sea, inclosed between two capes or headlands, so that the opening is in the widest part, and the inlet gradually narrows within. It is thus distinguished from a gulph, in which the opening is comparatively narrow. But the distinction is not always strictly observed; Baffin's Bay and Chesapeake Bay in N. America being, for example, more properly gulphs.

BAY SALT; a large-grained salt obtained by the spontaneous evaporation of seawater in large shallow pits (bays) exposed to the full influence of sun and air. All coarse-grained salt is frequently known under the name of bay salt.

ors, to bear in with the land or harbour. To let the ship sail more before the wind, is to bear up. To put her right before the wind, is to bear round. A ship that keeps off from the land, is said to bear off. When a ship that was to windward comes under another ship's stern, and so gives her the wind, she is said to bear up under her lee, &c.

BEAU IDEAL. See Ideal.

BEAUMARCHAIS.* The claim of the heirs of Beaumarchais on the government of the United States was, at length, allowed for in the settlement, in 1835, of the claims of the United States on France for spoliations committed by the latter power on American commerce, during the domination of Napoleon.

BEAUMONT (Elie de), a distinguished French mineralogist and geologist, was born at Lanon, in the department of Calvados, on the 25th of September 1798. He was educated in the College of Henri IV., in the Polytechnic School, and the School of Mines. In 1824, he received the appointment of an engineer of the mines; in 1829, that of professor of geology in the School of Mines; and, in 1832, the same professorship in the College of France. In BEACH; a shelving tract of sand or shin- the following year, 1833, he became the gle washed by the sea or a freshwater chief engineer of the mines, and was electlake, and interposed between the water ed a member of the Academy of Sciences and the land on which vegetation grows. He has made a number of scientific jour The beach of the ocean is, generally speak-neys, especially one to England in 1824 ing, little more than the space between low and high water mark; the beach of a lake, that between the water marks of the highest and lowest ordinary level of the lake. An inland sea without tide, such as the Mediterranean, has, commonly, very little beach, except on flat coasts, where the waters are apt to rise and fall" Annales des mines," the "Annales des considerably, according to the prevailing winds.

BEAM of a ship. The beams of a ship are the great cross-timbers which hold the sides of the ship from falling together, and which also support the decks and orlops. Hence a wide vessel is said to have more beam than a narrow one. A vessel is said to be on her beam-ends, when she inclines so much on one side that her beams approach a vertical position. When this is the case in a heavy gale, there is often no other resource to right the ship than cutting away the masts.

BEARING, in geography and navigation, is used to denote the direction of one place from another, in reference to the meridian, or north and south line, passing through the latter. When a ship sails towards the shore, she is said, in the language of sail

and another to Algiers in 1838, both by the direction of the government. Although not the author of any extensive systematic work, he has made numerous and able communications, on mineralogical and geological subjects, to the French journals and dictionaries of science, especially to the

sciences naturelles," the " Bulletin géologique," and the "Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles." His most important papers are, however, those contained in the series of "Mémoires pour servir à une description géologique de la France," published by him in conjunction with Dufrénoy, in 4 volumes (1833-38). Since 1825, also in conjunction with Dufrénoy, he has been engaged in the preparation of a geological map of France on a large scale.

BECKFORD (William) was a son of Alderman Beckford, who died while lord mayor of London in 1770, and from whom he inherited a large fortune, consisting chiefly of extensive estates in the island of Jamaica, and also of the estate of Fonthill, in Wiltshire. He is said to have thus come into a revenue exceeding £100,000. Already before his father's death, he had