a lofty range of granite mountains in Portugal, a continuation of the Spanish chain of Guadarrama, extending into the provuce of Beira. Its highest summit (the Cantaro Delgado) is 8000 feet high, and is covered with snow from October to June. The ridge contains some remarkable lakes, part of which are tepid. The mountain streams Condieira and Unhaes form fine cascades over the rocks. The scenery around is highly picturesque.

SERRE, COUNT DE. (See De Serre.) SERTORIUS, Quintus, a distinguished Roman general, born at Nursia, in Italy, at an early age served with reputation under Marius, against the Cimbri, and in Spain. As questor, in Cisalpine Gaul, he led a body of troops to the aid of his native country in the Social war (A. U. 663), and lost an eye in the war, in which he fought with his usual bravery. In the quarrel of Marius and Sylla, Sertorius at first took no part; but, in consequence of Sylla's opposition to his election as consul, he joined the party of Cinna, and thus became connected, contrary to his intention, with Marius. After the death of Marius and Cinna, Sylla. again acquired the ascendency, and Sertorius was proscribed, and fled to Spain. Here his talents found a wide sphere of action. He endeavored to gain the affections of the Spaniards, and to organize a force capable of resisting Sylla, who had sent a large army for the subjugation of Spain. The means of Sertorius were unequal to the conflict, and he embarked at New Carthage, passed into Africa, and took part in a war between the king of Mauritania and his subjects, on the side of the latter. Having gained several victories, and liberated the Mauritanians, he was requested by the Lusitanians, who were threatened with war by the Roman general Annius, to take command of their forces. Sertorius eagerly seized this opportunity of encountering Sylla. Invested with unlimited powers, he appeared at the head of the Lusitanians, who placed the most implicit confidence in him. Opposed to much superior forces, he displayed the talents of a skilful general, fatiguing the enemy by hasty marches, harassing them by ambuscades, attacking them in defiles, and avoiding a general engagement where he was not sure of the victory. With 8000 men, he was thus enabled to resist four Roman generals, at the head of 120,000 foot soldiers and 6000 cavalry, and to hold nearly all Spain against them. Even Marcellus, whom Sylla finally sent against him, and constantly reinforced with new troops,

could effect nothing, and suffered several severe defeats. The youthful Pompey (q. v.), who, after the death of Sylla, led an army into Spain, and acted in concert with Marcellus, met with no better success. Yet Sertorius, from love of his country, would have consented to submit, had the proscription against him been revoked. His fame even reached Mithridates, who offered him 3000 talents and forty ships of war, on condition of his forming an alliance with him. Sertorius, who fought with reluctance against Rome, and was unwilling to see the republic humbled or enfeebled, accepted the offer, on Mithridates consenting to restrict himself to the recovery of Bithynia and Cappadocia. He accordingly received the sum agreed upon, and was making preparations for pushing the war with greater vigor, when he perished by the treachery of his friends. Perpenna, who had formed a conspiracy against him, assassinated him at a feast, A. U. 682. Thus was Rome delivered from a formidable enemy, who equalled the greatest heroes of antiquity in military talents, while he surpassed most of them in the virtues of his character. SERUM. (See Blood.)

SERVANT. (See Master and Servant.) SERVETUS, Michael, a learned Span iard, memorable as a victim of religious intolerance, was born in 1509, at Villa Nueva, in Arragon. He was the son of a notary, who sent him to Toulouse for the study of the civil law. Excited by the discussions of the reformers in that city, he began to read the Scriptures, and conducted his researches with so free a spirit, that he printed a tract in disparagement of the orthodox doctrine of the Trinity, entitled De Trinitatis Erroribus (1531), which production was followed the next year by his Dialogorum de Trinitate Libr duo. His circumstances being depressed, he engaged for some time with the Frellons, booksellers of Lyons, as corrector of the press. He then went to Paris. where he studied physic, and carried into that science the same inquisitive spirit which distinguished him in theology He graduated at Paris, but quarrelled with the faculty, and repaired to Charlieu. near Lyons, where he practised three years, whence, at the instance of the arch bishop of Vienne, he removed to the latter city. During this time he was in constant correspondence with Calvin, with whom he discussed points of controversy, consulting him in respect to his writings and Arian notions. Of this confidence Calvin subsequently made a base use, by pro

ducing his letters and manuscripts as matters of accusation against him. In 1553, Servetus published his matured theological system, without his name, under the title of Christianismi Restitutio; but Calvin took care that the magistrates of Vienne should be duly informed of it, and Servetus was committed to prison, whence he contrived to escape, and thereby avoided that fate from Catholic hands which he was soon after to suffer from those of the reformers. Purposing to proceed to Naples, he imprudently took his way through Geneva, where Calvin induced the magistrates to arrest him on a charge of blasphemy and heresy, advanced against him by a person who had been a servant in Calvin's family. In order to ensure his condemnation, his various writings were sifted for accusations; and, as a proof of the malignity and injustice which he en-. countered, it may be mentioned that one of the charges was extracted from his edition of Ptolemy's Geography, in which he asserted that Judea had been falsely extolled for its beauty and fertility, modern travcllers having found it both sterile and unsightly. The magistrates of Geneva were, however, aware that many eyes were on them, in respect to this extraordinary treatment of a person who was neither a subject nor a resident, but, properly speaking, a traveller kidnapped in his passage. They thought proper, therefore, to consult the magistrates of all the Protestant Swiss cantons, who referring the matter to their divines, the latter unanimously declared for his punishment. As he refused to retract his opinions, therefore, he was condemned to the flames, which sentence was carried into execution the 27th of October, 1553, in the forty-fourth year of his age. Servetus is numbered among the anatomists who made the nearest approach to the doctrine of the circulation of the blood, as appears from a passage in his De Restitutione Christianismi. The life of Servetus has been written in Latin by Mosheim (Helmstädt, 1728).

SERVIA (Turkish, Serf-Vilajeti); a province of European Turkey, bordering on Walachia, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Albania, Bosnia and Hungary, from which last it is divided by the Danube. It contains 19,500, or, according to some, 21,200 square miles, and 960,000 inhabitants. This thin population is owing, partly to the desolating wars to which the country has been exposed for centuries, but principally to the oppression of the Turkish government. Servia contains immense forests; but the soil is very fer28

VOL. XI.

tile, and cattle are raised in large numbers. Agriculture and commerce are in a very low condition. There are no manufactures except some of cotton. The country forms a part of Rumili, and is subject to a pacha, who resides at Belgrade, the capital. Besides Belgrade (q. v.), Semendra and Nissa are the most important cities. In the fortified village of Passarowitz (q. v.), July 21, 1718, a peace was concluded between Austria and the Porte, very advantageous to the former. On the plains of Cossova or the Amselfeld, on the borders of Bosnia, the Turkish sultan Amurath I, in 1389, defeated the Servians; and, Oct. 19, 1447, in the same place, Amurath II triumphed over the Hungarian and allied forces under John Hunniades, and was stabbed in his tent by Milosch Kobilitschk, a Servian. Servia is a part of ancient Illyria, which the Romans reduced under their dominion. The proper name of the province was Moesia. Belgrade (Taurunum) belonged to Lower Pannonia. About the middle of the seventh century, Sclavonic tribes overspread all these regions. One of those tribes, the Servii (Serbi), a branch of the Sarmatians, to which the emperor Heraclius had previously assigned a portion of Macedonia, expelled or subdued the aborigines, the Illyrians, and kept possession of their country. From them it derived the name of Servia, which at that time included Bosnia (q. v.).-The Servians were almost incessantly involved in quarrels with the Greek emperors, Hungary, and the republic of Venice, and, notwithstanding their valor, were generally worsted. After they had been under the dominion of the Greek emperors for many years, though governed immediately by their own princes, they formed an alliance, in 1150, with Hungary, to oppose the emperor Manuel Comnenus. Manuel defeated them in 1151. A second attempt to make themselves independent was equally unsuccessful. Isaac Angelus, the Greek general, afterwards emperor, defeated them, in 1193, on the Morava. In the ninth century, Budimir, the first Christian prince, divided the country into several provinces. One of them, Bosnia, afterwards withdrew from the general government, and eventually came into subjection to Hungary, though it retained its own ru lers. In the beginning of the fourteenth century, Milatin Urosch, king of Servia, was compelled by Charles I, king of Hungary, to cede a part of his territory. King Stephen Duschan (who reigned from 1336) made many successful expeditions

to the Porte only the kharadsh, which amounts to one ducat for every father of a family, and one piaster for every other member. No Servian is permitted to reside permanently in Turkey, and no Turk in Servia. Belgrade and all the Turkish fortresses in Servia are occupied by Turkish troops. In case of a war between the Porte and any foreign power, the Servians are to furnish 12,000 men. The orders of the vizier, who remains with the Turkish garrison in Belgrade, are committed for execution to prince Milosch. This ruler, in 1825, put down, with an iron hand, a rebellion excited by his own severity, and was rewarded for it with the high office of hospodar. In the war of Russia with the Porte in 1828, the Servians were ready to rise in support of Russia. See Ranke's Serbische Revolution (Hamburg, 1829).

Servian Language and Literature. The Servian language, generally called the Illyrian, is a Sclavonic dialect, and, among all the southern Sclavonic idioms, the most powerful. It is spoken by five millions of people, from the Culpa to the Timeck. The Sclavonic dialect, spoken in Bulgaria and Bosnia, differs little from the Servian. Recently the Servian has been more cultivated. In 1814, Wuk Stephanowitsch published, in Vienna, a Servian, grammar (translated into German, with a preface by J. Grimm, and remarks by Vater, Berlin, 1824). In 1819, he published his Dictionary of the Servian Language, with German and Latin Definitions, containing above 30,000 words in common use. In the Servian poetry, the excellence of which Göthe and Grimm have acknowledged, a Sclavonic character of rude energy is united with an Oriental warmth. In 1823, Wuk Stephanowitsch published three volumes of Servian poetry, at Leipsic, which have been translated into German. Some of the songs are uncommonly fine. In 1826, he published Danitza (i. e. Morning Star), an annual for ladies, in Servian. The most recent publications in Servian literature are Simeon Milutinowitsch's Serbianka, a series of Servian heroic songs, which celebrate the insurrection of Servia, of which he was an eye-witness (4 vols., 12mo., Leipsic, 1827), and two Servian translations of Horace's Ars poetica (Vienna, 1827), in hexameters, and in the heroic measure of the Servians. Both are by Johannes Hadsitsch (under the name of Milosch Swetitsch). The Servian prose has produced little besides theological and religious works. In fact, the lite

rary dialect is not yet settled: the Serviau scholars are not agreed whether the arti ficial book language, formed after the ecclesiastical Servian, and which has been in use for almost four centuries, or the common dialect of the country, shall become the language of literature. In the former Raitsch has written his History of various Sclavonic Tribes (Vienna, 1792, 4 vols.). See Bowring's Servian Popular Poetry (London, 1827).

SERVICE TREE (sorbus); a pretty large European tree, closely allied to the apple and pear, but easily distinguishable by its pinnated leaves. The flowers are numerous, disposed in corymbs at the extremities of the branches, and are succeeded by very small, rounded or pearshaped fruit. This fruit is excessively austere and astringent before perfect maturity, is little esteemed, and difficult of digestion, but, notwithstanding, is sometimes eaten when in a state of incipient decay. The tree attains the height of forty or fifty feet, but the growth is exceedingly slow, the trunk hardly acquiring the diameter of a foot in a century. The wood is very hard, compact, solid, fine-grained, and susceptible of a brilliant polish. It is in great request among turners and cabinet makers, and is very dear, especially the larger pieces. The service tree grows wild in most parts of Europe, and is, besides, occasionally cultivated. -The mountain ash is a second species of sorbus, often cultivated as an ornamental plant. It does not exceed the height of twenty or twenty-five feet, and is found wild in many parts of Europe. We have in the northern parts of the U. States, a species of sorbus (S. Americana), closely resembling the mountain ash, and also frequently cultivated in European gardens. It is found wild as far south as lat. 43°, and is frequent in Canada. Another species (S. microcarpa) inhabits the range of the Alleghany mountains.

SERVILE, a Spanish word of the same meaning with the English servile, was the name given to the opponents of the liberal changes, contemplated by the cortes, from their first session in 1808. In 1823, when the French put down the liberals, the apostolical party (so called) obtained the ascendency.

SERVILE ARTS. (See Arts.)

SERVING is the winding any thing round a rope to prevent it from being rubbed the materials used for this purpose, which are called service, are generally spun-yarn, small lines, sennit, or ropes, sometimes leather, old canvass, &c