FIFTY SECOND LESSON.
YCALIMANG POUO,T, DALAUANG PAGARAL.

PECULIARITIES.

Proper auxiliary verbs, as they are conceived in other languages, do no exist in Tagalog; but, in a certain sense, it may be said that ualá, in the negative, mayroon and may, but especially the latter, in the affirmative, are used somewhat after the manner in which "not to have", "have not", etc.; "to have", "have", etc., are used in English, only that they adapt themselves to every tense. The English impersonals "there to have", "there not to have"; "there not to be", "there to be", "there is", "there is not", etc., followed by a noun in a partitive sense or a past participle, may be translated, respectively, by may and wald, with the proper tense in Tagalog after them.

Has he not eaten any bread.?

He has eaten some bread.

Is there no one eating.?

There is nobody eating.

¿Ualá siyang baga quinaing tinápay.? Siya,i, may quináing tinapay.

¿Ualá bagáng cungmacáin.?

Ualáng cungmacáin.

Was there no one who told it to him.?&Ualáng nacapagsabi or macapagsabi

There will not be anybody to go there. Will there not be any one whom to give their quilt.?

There will be nobody whom to give
their quilt to.

Does he buy?, is he buying.?
He buys, he is buying.
Have you drunk any wine.?
I have drunk some wine.

Will your sister cull out of these
flowers.?

She will cull some of these flowers.

It is agreed between them not to pay it.
It was enacted to serve in the army.

It will be resolved to proceed up

to the end.

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sa caniyà.?

Ualáng nagsabi diyán sa caniyà.

¿Ualá bagáng paroróon.?
Ualáng paroroon.

¿Ualá bagáng mabiguián nang cúmot
nilà.?

Ualáng mabiguián nang canilàng củ

Mayroon is used for "to have to" with the agent in the nominative case and the verb which stands for its direct complement following in the corresponding tense or that peculiar to Tagalog, in the passive.

What have they to say.?
They have to say that....
Had you to buy something.?
We had to pay the debt.
Shall I have anything to do.?
You shall have to sweep the door-sill.

¿Mayroon bagá siláng sasabihin.?
Mayroon silang sinasabi na....
¿Mayroon bagá cayóng binibiling ano-
mán.?

Mayroon camíng binayarang ótang.
¿Mayroon bagá acóng gagaoin.?
Ycao ay mayroong naualisang pintoan.

May is also used before a common noun in a sense of ownership,

parentage or appertenance.

The owner, the proprietor.

the father, one of the parents.
The maker.

Author, inventor, fabricator, designer.
Who composed these verses.?
The Creator.

The powerful man.

The Almighty.

The lover.

Who is the owner of this farm.?
Our neighbour is the owner.
Who is the father of this maid.?
The Chinaman at the corner is the
father.

Who are the inventors of this kind
of pillow.?

The Japanese are the inventors.
Who is the Creator of everything.?
God, our Lord is the Creator and the
Almighty.

Ang may ari.
Ang may anac.
Ang may gauá.
May cathá.

¿Sino ang may cathá nitòng tula.?
Ang may lalang, may capal.
Ang may capangyarihang tauò.
Ang may capangyarihan sa lahat.
Ang may sintà.

¿Sino ang may ari nitong búquid.?
Ang aming caapirbáhay ang may ari.
¿Sinong may anac ditò sa dalaga.?
Ang insic sa suloc ang may anac.
¿Sino sino ang mañga may cathá
nitong ganitong olonan.?
Ang mañga taga Japon ang may cathá.
¿Sino ang may capal sa lahat?
Ang Dios, Panginoon natin, siyá
ang may lalang at ang may capang-
yarihan sa lahat.

May=mey is put before substantive roots having a passive force, and converts them into adjectives.

May-mey is still used preceded by sa for the preposition "near".

Near the tree.

Sa may cáhoy.

house.

church.

bahay.
simbahan.

What is that near the border of the Anò caya yaóng na sa may tabi

sea.?

That near the sea is a pirogue.

nang dagat.

Yaong na sa may dágat ay isàng bangca.

Another peculiarity of Tagalog is the using of some roots in an absolute impersonal verbal manner for every tense. The roots roots most commonly made use of in such way, are:

Not knowing.

Refusing, not willing.

Ayauán.
Ayáo.

It is, was, will be said; he, she, they, Dáo, conó. says, say, said; will be said.

Dáo and conó are always postponed to the verb, dáo being far more.

Ayáo governs the noun or pronoun in the nominative or possessive case, according to whether the sentence is active or passive.

Are you not willing to enter.?

I refused to marry.

ŁAyáo cang pumásoc.?

Nayao acóng magasáua, or, ayáo acóng nagasáua.

Will you refuse to give my money ¿Ayáo mong ysaolí ang salapí co.?

back.?

Ayauán auán is used absolutely in a grudging manner for "I don't know", "I don't · care".

Do you know what your master said.? ¿Naaalaman mo cun ano ang sali nang iyong pañginóon.? Ayauán, auán.

I don't know, I don't care.

Although ibig is sometimes used actively, it adapts itself better to the passive.

Do you wish to read.?

I wish to read the book.

Did he wish to work.?

He wished to pay his debt.

iYbig mong (ca) bumasa.?

Ybig cong basahin ang libro.

¿Yníbig niyang magtrabajo? (1).

Yníbig niyang bayaran ang caniyang ótang.

Will your friend be willing to come Yibiguin bagá nang caibigan mo pahere.?

He will be willing to come here to see you.

ritò.?

Yibiguin niyàng paritohan ca niyà.

Dápat and súcat, as absolute impersonal verbs, are used in passive sentences; dapat, generally for reward, and súcat for penalty.

It is just to punish him.
It will be right to hang them.
He deserves to be granted the prize.
They deserved to obtain the office.

Súcat siyang hampasín or parusahan.
Súcat siláng bitayin.

Dápat siyang pagcalooban nang ganti.
Dápat nilang camtán ang catongcolan.

Tapus and yari are used with the particle na after them; tapus, may indifferently refer to time or work,

yarí, only to the work.

Tapús na ang olán.

Sa bouán nang Noviembre tapús na or
matatapus ang taghabagat.
¿Yarí na ang gauá mo.?
Yarí na.

(1) The letter j, which is exotic, is still retained in some Sp. words as trabajo, etc.

Gáling, as many other roots, may be used without the proper composition for the sake of briefness when stress on the action can be dispensed with and the tense is determined otherwise or is tacitly understood.

Where do you come from.?
I come from Tayabas.

Yesterday, when we met your servant,
where was he coming from.?

He was coming from the well.

¿Sáan ca gáling.?

Gáling acó sa Tayabas.

Cahapon, nang nasalobong namin ang
alila mo, ¿sáan siyá gáling.?
Gáling siyá sa bucal.

In the same way, many other verbal roots can be used absolutely in the imperative for briefness' sake, especially when the verb is used without any direct or indirect complement. This manner of using the verb is greatly in use among natives and is somewhat interjectional.

Sometimes the imperative is used with the verbal ligament for a greater emphasis if the verb ends

Kill it.
Receive it.
Wrap it.
Drink.

in a consonant.

Patayi.

Tangapi.

Baloti.

Ynomi.

It is not only in the imperative that the root alone, can be used without the verbal particle. Some verbal roots when they are not carried away from their original sense by some modifying verbal particle, are used for every tense if the latter is otherwise determined by some other words.

What do you bring.?

I bring nothing to-day.
Yesterday I brought some fruit.
What will he be willing to have
to-morrow.?

What does he say.?

He says that.

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¿Ano ang dalà mo.?
Ualá acóng dalà ñgayón,
Ang dalà co cahapo,i, buñga.

¿Anòng ibig niyà búcas.?

¿Anòng sabi niyà.?

Sabi niyà,i,..

(1).

Some compound words either nouns or adjectives, are fit to be used absolutely as verbs.

Wise, learned.

Does he know.?

Do you know how to read.?
No, sir, I cannot read.

Do they know how to speak English.?
They do not know how to speak Engl-
ish; but they know how to speak Ta-
galog.

Need, want; it is necessary.
What do I need.?

Marúnong.

¿Marúnong siyá.?

;Marúnong cang bumasa.?

Hindí po, di acó marúnong bumasà. ¿Marúnong siláng magüicang inglés.? Hindí silá marunong magüicang inglés; ñguní,t, marúnong silá magüicang tagalog.

Cailangan.

¿Anòng cailangan co.?

(1) We insist that this important point be not lost sight of by the student.

Had you anything to eat.? I had nothing to eat. I had nothing to eat. Has he not seen my brother? He has not yet seen him. Has he not slept yet.? He has not yet slept. What was there included in the business.? There was included in the business the paying of his salary. What will there be looked upon.? There will be her marriage considered. Have you anything to tell me.? Yes, I have something to tell you. Have you anything to do.? Yes, I have something to do. Has he anything to desire.? He has nothing to desire. Have you said anything.? I have said nothing. Has he killed a man.? He has killed a man. Who is the father of this child.? Peter is the father of this child. Who is the maker of the world.? God, our Lord, is the maker. Are you perchance the owner of this land.? I am not the owner, but my brother-in-law. Who are the owners of this forest.? The landlords of the town are the owners of the forest. What is that near the church.? That near the church is a

very beautiful tree. Who is sick.? My father is sick. Are they the culprits.? No, they are not the culprits. Is the master learned.? He is very learned. Where is your servant coming from.? He is coming from the river. Is this book concluded.? It is not yet concluded. Is the month ended.? It is ended. Ought he to be punished.? He ought not to be punished. Are your cousins worthy of reward.? They deserve a reward. Is he willing to write.? He is willing to write. What does he say.? He says he is a stranger. Ask him whether he knows how to play the harp.? He says he knows. Do you want this flower.? Yes, Sir, if you want, it, take it. Do you know my friend loves you.? I don't care. Don't they wish to go to school.? They school.? They don't wish to. Why.? Because they say they are not willing. What do you say.? I say it is not possible. Does he know how to sew.? He does not know how to sew. Can you speak Tagalog.? I can speak Tagalog. Are you a judge of writing.? I am not a judge of writing. Are you acquainted with cooking.? I am not acquainted with it. Is it necessary to take a bath.? It is not necessary to take a bath. Is it necessary.? It is necessary. Is it necessary to say it.? It is necessary that I should declare it. Where is your father.? Our father is dead, we are orphans. Did John leave off gambling.? He has not yet left it off. Who is that man.? He is an unfortunate. What is that crown of.? It is of pure silver. Is it his