As hard as stone.
As long as this.

As tall as that.

As sweet as sugar.

How old is he.?

Gabatò catigás.
Ganitò cahaba.

Ganiyán catáas.

Gaasúcal catamís.

¿Gaanò siyá catandá.?

Ca is also used as a particle expressing past time with some roots importing time.

Yesterday.

Last night.

The day before yesterday.

Cahapon.
Cagabi.
Camacalauà.

Ca has a limitative force when applied to roots of numerable things.

Ca may be repeated to express a greater degree of limitation.

This limitative force of co is also applied to actions which require time for their accomplishment. The sense imparted by the English verb "to have just" may be expressed this way in Tagalog. The first syllable of the root should be repeated in this kind of expressions, with the subject in the possessive case, for these are passive clauses.

He has just come down.

I have just arrived.
They are just gone out.
We have but come upstairs.

This same construction may also "as soon as," "immediately," etc.

No sooner did he start speaking than he was miscarried.

As soon as I arrived there, I was given food.

Immediately that he left, he saw you.

Capapanaog pa niyà.
Cararating co pa.
Caalís lámang nila.
Capapanhic lamang namin.

be made to mean "no sooner than,"

Cauiuica niyà,i, nagcamalí na.
Casasápit co doon ay pinacáin acó.
Capanáo niyà ditò ay naquita ca niyà.

The same construction (that of ca and the repetition of the first syllable) with the subject in the nominatve case, serves, in actions admitting degrees of intension, to exhort, to excite to do the work in the manner energetic possible.

Pray most devoutly to the Holy Virgin
Beware, be careful, be cautious.
Behave most judiciously.

It has been seen in the preceding

most

adjectival root and the latter is repeated, exclamative adjectival expressions.

are formed.

How amiable.!
How pitiful.!

Caibigíbig.
Cababaghabag.

How disgusting.!

Cadumaldumal.

How admirable, wonderful.

How prodigious.

time.

Catac-hatac-há, catacatacá.
Caguilaguilalás.

This same arrangement forms some adverbs or adverbial expressions of

Suddenly.

All at once.

Off hand.

Caalamalam.
Caguinsaguinsa.
Caracaraca.

Ca, in this construction, it should be noticed, carries the sense to the highest degree of intension and it is even applied to some roots of things as in cataloctaloctocun which means the very summit of the mountain, the peak. Dóon sa cataloctaloctocan nang bondoc na yaón, ¿may batis bagá.?

Is there any spring yonder at the summit of that mountain.?

Ca with the suffix an-han forms the superlative degree of adjectives, the root being repeated as already explained.

Some adverbs of time are formed in the same manner.

Lastly.
Finally.

Catapustapusan.

Cauacasuacasan.

The repetition of the root may be dispensed with if some adverb or word importing time comes in the expression.

To leave for, to go away.

To carry away.

To exile.

This very week I shall leave.

When he was on the point of dying.

When he was about to kill them.

Pánao, mamánao.
Magpánao.
Magpapánao.

Capanaoan co itòng lingo.
Niyóng camatayan na niyà
Niyóng capatayan na sa canilà.

FIFTY NINTH EXERCISE.

Do you wish to accompany me.? Yes, I will accompany you, where do you go.? I am going to fish whith a rod. Why do you scorn your fellow-citizens.? I don't scorn them. But you find faults with them, do you not know it is improper to find faults whith others.? What do you admire most.? I admire the marvelous things made by God and espocially I admire the beauty of the stars on the skies. Can they be trusted.? They cannot be trusted. May not they then be intrusted with that business. I don't know. May I still become healthy.? You may still get healthy. Can you go to Manila.? I cannot go to Manila, for I am ill. Can your brother go to Manila.? He cannot go to Manila, because he is very busy. May this medicine alleviate the suffering of the patient.? It may alleviate it. Where is the nobility (aristocracy) of this town.? They are at church. Has this house any bathroom.? There is here a bath-room for grown up people; young people bathe at the river. What do natives use for drinking.? Natives use cocoa-nuts as drinking vessels. Where is the pedestal of this image.? It is in the cell. Where do the native people assemble.? They assemble at the cock-pit.

Does your friend own any sugar plantations.? He does not own any sugar plantation, but he owns two cocoa-nut farms, When did you arrive.? I have just arrived. Where is your master.? My master is just gone out. Did you see her husband.? He had just got into the house when I saw him. Do you wish to dine with us.? No, I have just dined. What shall we do.? Think on it carefully and be on your guard. What has happened to you.? No sooner did I start walking than I stumbled. Where did you slip down.? There, there is a slippery place and I came across a place full of stones. Did you find the book.? As soon as I started looking for it, I found it out. How long is it.? It is as long as this. Is that wood hard.? It is as hard as stone. What a bat is it like.? It is as a bird when flying. Whom are you conversing with.? I converse with my fellow inmates. Whom are you going to take as a companion for the journey.? Your enemy. Are they orphans.? They are, how sad it is to be an orphan. Did you taste pineapples.? Yes, how sweet they are.! What do those people do at the beach.? They are bathing, how indecorous to see male and female people bathing together. Did you swim.? Yes, I did, how amusing swimming is.

SIXTIETH LESSON.

YCAANIM NA POUONG PAGARAL.

PARTICLES FORMING SUBSTANTIVES AND ADJECTIVES. (continued)

IN. MA. MACA.

In is a prefix, a suffix or an insertable particle; hin, its more sonorous form, is always a suffix.

In is prefixed to or inserted in nominal roots to form derivatives denoting resemblance or sharing of the properties possessed by the root.

A berry, octogonal Anything cut up)

in shape.

in an eight-sided Balingbing. (shape.

Night scenting Anything resem

Binalingbing.

flower.

Verdure, culinary vegetables, gard

en stuff.

Needle.

bling such flover. (
Anything sharing
in the green Gúlay.
colour.
Needle pointed

Sampaga

Sinampaga.

Guinúlay.

Carayom.

Quinarayom.

rice.

The first syllable of the root (as for the present tense) should be repeated for anything which is permanent in kind, as these are but participial

In, either prefixed or inserted, is the well known form of the past participle which, generally, stands for the direct object.

The sweetheart or the beloved person.

The esteemed person.

The already known person.

Ang sinisintà.
Ang minamahal.
Ang quinocoan.

My property, what is held as mine.

Others' property, their property.

What is yours. (plur.).

Ang inaaquin.

Ang quinacanilà.

Ang iniinyö.

The same composition is likewise used to mean the passive effect of some destructive agent.

What is destroyed by mice.

ants.

Ang dinadagá.
Ang linalangam.

Bananas are done away with by Ynoouac ang saguing.

crows, ravens.

Every present or past stage of a bodily complaint is expressed by the root of the latter with in either prefixed or inserted.

The same is the case with the root of any limb or part of the body capable of being affected by pain.

Stomach.

John suffers from the stomach.
Breast.

I suffered from breastache.

Sicmura.

Sinisicmura si Juan.
Dibdib.

Dinibdib acó.

In or hin, is suffixed to roots of the above said complaints to express their suffering either at some future time or if they appear as chronic or habitual, forming, in the latter case, nouns expressive of the patient.

In or hin, suffixed to verbal transitive roots stands for the thing or work which is the result of the accomplished action, if the verb admits of the in passive for the direct object.

But if the thing on which the work remains patent is meant, the an passive particle is used.