nobscot, 45,705, C. Bangor; Waldo, 41,509, C. Belfast; Piscataquis, 13,138, C. Dover; Franklin, 20 801, C. Farmington; Aroostook, 9413, C. Houlton. These counties contain about 498 townships, or settlements, some of which have but few inhabitants.

This state is hilly rather than mountainous. East of the White Mountains, in New Hampshire, an irregular chain of highlands extends eastwardly to the north of the sources of the Kennebec and Penobscot rivers, and passing south of the sources of the Aroostook river, terminates on the eastern boundary of the United States, at Mars Hill, near the river St. John. Katadin Mountain is the most elevated summit of the chain, and rises between the east and west branches of the Penobscot river. It is 5335 feet high. A chain of highlands extends in a north-west direction, from near the north-west source of the Connecticut river, dividing the waters which flow into the St. Lawrence, from those which flow into the Atlantic Ocean and the Bay of Fundy. This continuous and somewhat irregular chain is of an average height of about 1400 feet, and in many parts much higher. The new road from Hallowell to Quebec crosses this range, over an elevation of 2000 feet. The interior of Maine rises so rapidly from the sea-coast as to prevent the flow of the tide far up its navigable rivers.

The rest of Maine is hilly, though the hills are not generally very elevated. The country along the sea-coast, and inland from ten to twenty miles, consists of rocks, water, woods, and generally a poor soil, with some fertile spots. The best lands are between the Penobscot and Kennebec rivers. The mountainous region in the north-west has a poor soil. East of the Penobscot river the soil is rocky and sterile, excepting around the sources of the St. John's river and its tributary streams, and especially in the territory formerly in dispute.

The soil, where once properly cultivated, is adapted to the growth of Indian corn, or maize, rye, barley, oats, peas, hemp, flax, potatoes, turnips, and most kinds of kitchen vegetables. Wheat is also grown, but not in large quantities. The forests consist chiefly of white pine and spruce trees, in large quantities, suitable for masts, boards, and shingles; and also of maple, beech, white and gray oak, and yellow birch. The land between the Kennebec and Penobscot rivers is well adapted to the purposes of agriculture and grazing. With good cultivation land of average quality yields forty bushels of maize to the acre, from twenty to forty bushels of wheat, and from one to three tons of hay. Apple, pear, plum, and cherry trees flourish; the peach tree does not thrive.

Bounty paid on quantity of wheat raised in 1837; viz., on 1,019,906 bushels, 77,314 dollars; in 1838, bounty paid on 1,107,849 bushels of wheat, 87,352 dollars; bounty paid in 1838 on 1,630,996 bushels of Indian corn, 66,328 dollars.

"Previously to the year 1807, when the wars in Europe gave to the United States a great share of the carrying trade of the world, commerce was so profitable, and the facilities for carrying it on in Maine were so great, that agriculture was greatly neglected for this superior source of wealth; but afterward, when an embargo, and non-intercourse, and war, crippled the resources of commerce, the inhabitants of Maine were driven from the seaboard on to the lands in the interior; and from that time the agricultural resources of the state have been more extensively developed. Much of the land is well adapted to grazing, and cattle and sheep are raised in great perfection. Sometimes the crop of Indian corn suffers from the shortness of the season. Among the fruits, apples, pears, plums, and melons suc

ceed well.

"The facilities which Maine enjoys for commerce are very great. The rivers are extensively navigable, and numerous bays and inlets on the coast, protected as they often are by islands, furnish more good harbours than are found in any other state in the union. Ships are extensively built, not only for their own use, but for a foreign market. The fisheries furnish employment to many of the inhabitants, and are not only a source of wealth, but a nursery of seamen. Lime is exported, chiefly from Thomaston, to the amount of about 1,000,000 dollars annually. A fine building granite, chiefly from Hallowell, which is of a light colour, is also extensively exported. Maine, in point of shipping, is the third state in the union.

On July 9th, 1837, it sunk to Such extremes

"The climate of Maine, though subject to great extremes of heat and cold, is generally favourable to health. The cold of winter, though severe, is steady, and is less injurious to the constitution than the sudden changes so frequent in many parts of the country. Near the ocean the heat of summer is greatly tempered by the sea breezes. The season of vegetation, at its greatest length, extends from April 21st to October 16th, though the vigour of vegetation does not continue more than three months and a half. 1838, the thermometer rose to 100 deg. above zero, and on January 26th, 27 deg. below zero, which may be regarded as the extremes of temperature. are of short continuance. "Maine has a number of fine rivers. Among these is the Penobscot, 250 miles long, and navigable for large ships to Bangor, 52 miles from the ocean. The tide here rises from 20 to 25 feet, and is of itself sufficient to float large ships, and greatly facilitates the entrance and departure of vessels. The Kennebec has a course of about 250 miles, and is navigable for large ships to Bath, 12 miles from the ocean; and for vessels of 150 tons to Hallowell, 40 miles from the sea; and for sloops of 100 tons two miles farther, to Augusta; and for boats to Waterville, 18 miles above Augusta. The Androscoggin rises in New Hampshire, but runs chiefly in Maine, and unites with the Kennebec, 20 miles from The Saco rises in the White Mountains in New Hampshire, but soon enters Maine, and, pursuing a south-eastwardly direction, discharges itself into Saco Bay. It is navigable for ships six miles to Saco falls. The Damariscotta is chiefly an arm of the sea, has a tide of ten feet, and is navigable for large vessels 18 miles, to Nobleboro. The Sheepscot is a small river, with a large bay at its mouth, which forms the harbour of Wiscasset, one of the finest in the state. All these, above the navigation for vessels, as well as many others, have numerous falls, and furnish many excellent mill seats. The Piscataqua river forms the boundary of Maine on the west, but runs chiefly in New Hampshire.

the ocean.

"Maine has numerous lakes and ponds in the interior. The largest lakes are Moosehead, which is 50 miles long, and from 10 to 15 broad; and Umbagog, which lies partly

in New Hampshire, and is 18 miles long and 10 broad. But so numerous are the smaller lakes and ponds, that it is computed that one-tenth of the surface of the state is covered with water.

"The coast of Maine abounds with islands, the largest of which is Mount Desert, in Frenchman's bay, and is 15 miles long and 12 broad. Long island, Deer island, and Fox islands, are on the west side of Penobscot bay. The principal bays are Penobscot, 30 miles long and 18 wide; Casco bay, extending 20 miles between Cape Elizabeth and Cape Small Point, containing many islands; and Passamaquoddy bay, lying between Maine and New Brunswick, six miles deep and 12 wide. The shores of Maine are bold and rocky, and have many inlets."-United States' Gazetteer for 1840.

The most commercial cities and towns are Portland, on Casco bay; Bangor, on the Penobscot; Hallowell, on the Kennebec; Thomaston, on the St. George river; Bath, on the Kennebec ; Belfast, on a branch of Penobscot bay; and Wiscasset, on a bay at the mouth of the Sheepscot; also Augusta, Gardiner, Brunswick, Waldoborough, Frankfort, Prospect, Bucksport, Camden, Gorham, Wells, and Eastport.

COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS.-There were in Maine, in 1840, 70 commercial and 14 commission houses engaged in foreign trade, employing a capital of 1,646,926 dollars; and 2220 retail dry goods and other stores, with a capital of 3,973,593 dollars; 2068 persons were employed in the lumber trade, with a capital of 305,850 dollars; 123 persons were employed in internal transportation, who, with 56 butchers, packers, &c., used a capital of 95,150 dollars; 3610 persons were engaged in the fisheries, with a capital of 526,967 dollars.-Official Returns.

MANUFACTURES.--The value of home-made or manufactures in the farmers' or other houses, in 1840, was 804,397 dollars. There were 24 woollen manufactories, employing 532 persons, producing goods to the value of 412,366 dollars, and employing a capital of 316,105 dollars; 6 cotton manufactories, with 29,736 spindles, employing 1414 persons, producing goods to the value of 970,397 dollars, with a capital of 1,398,000 dollars; 16 furnaces produced 6122 tons of cast iron, and 1 forge for bar iron, employing 48 persons, and a capital of 185,950 dollars; 15 persons employed, produced 50,000 bushels of salt, with a capital of 25,000 dollars; 280 persons produced granite and marble to the value of 98,720 dollars; 6 paper manufactories employed 89 persons, producing to the value of 84,000 dollars, with a capital of 20,600 dollars; 37 persons manufactured tobacco to the value of 18,150 dollars, with a capital of 6050 dollars; hats and caps were made to the value of 74,174 dollars, and straw bonnets to the value of 8807 dollars, together employing 212 persons, and a capital of 28,050 dollars; 395 tanneries employed 754 persons, and a capital of 571,793 dollars; 530 other leather manufactories, as saddleries, &c., produced articles of the value of 443,846 dollars, and employed a capital of 191,717 dollars; 21 potteries employed 31 persons, and manufactured articles to the value of 20,850 dollars, with a capital of 11,353 dollars; 864 persons manufactured bricks and lime to the value of 261,586 dollars, with a capital of 300,822 dollars; 339 persons produced machinery to the value of 69,752 dollars; 19 persons produced hardware and cutlery to the value of 65,555 dollars; 4 rope walks, employing 34 persons, produced cordage to the value of 32,660 dollars, with a capital of 23,000 dollars; 779 persons produced waggons and carriages to the amount of 174,310 dollars, and employed a capital of 75,012 dollars; flouring, saw, and other mills, employed 3630 persons, producing manufactures to the amount of 3,161,592 dollars, with a capital of 2,900,565 dollars. Ships were built to the amount of 1,844,902 dollars; furniture was manufactured to the amount of 204,875 dollars, employing 1453 persons, and a capital of 668,558 dollars; 34 brick, and 1674 wooden houses were erected, employing 2482 persons, and cost 733,067 dollars; 34 printing offices, 14 binderies, 3 daily, 2 semi-weekly, 30 weekly newspapers, 5 periodicals, the whole employing 196 persons, and a capital of 68,200 dollars. The whole amount of capital employed in manufactures in the state, was, by official returns, 7,147,224 dollars.- Official Returns.

EDUCATION. Among the institutions for education, are Bowdoin college, at Brunswick, named after the Honourable James Bowdoin, who founded it in 1794. It has been liberally endowed by Massachusetts, and by Maine, and is a flourishing institution. It has 11 masters, 165 students, and a library of 20,000 volumes. Waterville college, founded in 1820, is under the control of the Baptists. It has 6 masters, 65 students, and

a library of 7000 volumes. The Bangor theological seminary was established in 1816, is under the direction of the Congregationalists, for a classical and theological education, preparatory to the ministry. It has 3 masters, 43 students, and 7000 volumes in its library. The Methodists have an institution at Readfield, denominated the Maine Wesleyan seminary, founded in 1822. There were in the state, in 1840, 86 academies, with 8477 students, and 3385 primary and common schools, with 164,477 scholars. There were 3241 persons, over 20 years of age, who could neither read nor write.

RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS.-The three principal religious denominations in Maine, are the Baptists, the Methodists, and the Congregationalists. In 1836, their numbers were as follows:-Baptists, 222 churches, 145 ordained ministers, 15,000 communicants ; Methodists, 115 travelling preachers, 15,493 communicants; Congregationalists, 161 churches, 119 ministers, 12,370 communicants. Besides the above, there are some FreeWill Baptists, Friends, Universalists, Unitarians, Roman Catholics, and Episcopalians.

BANKS.-There were on the 1st of January, 1840, 48 banks in Maine, with a total capital of 4,671,500 dollars; and a circulation of 1,224,658 dollars. At the close of 1840 the state debt amounted to 1,687,367 dollars.- Official Returns.

In the state prison at Thomaston, the convicts are constantly employed in quarrying and hewing stone.

PUBLIC WORKS.-The Cumberland and Oxford canal was completed in 1829. This canal, which connects Portland with Sebago Pond, is 20 miles long, and has 25 locks. By another lock in Saco river, it is extended through Brandy and Long ponds, making its whole length 50 miles, and its whole cost was about 250,000 dollars. Bangor and Orono railroad was completed in 1836, and connects the two places, being 12 miles long. The Portland, Saco, and Portsmouth railroad was incorporated in 1837, and communicates with the railroad from Boston to Portsmouth. A railroad has been projected from Portland to Bangor, a distance of 132 miles, to complete the great chain of railroads along the seacoast. Several routes have been explored from the sea to Quebec, the nearest and least expensive of which is from Belfast.* A regular and quick communication is established between the several parts of Maine, and the countries to the south, by steamboats or railroads, and the progress of settlement and improvement has been rapid. The most fertile and best wooded part of this state, is comprised in the extensive district which was comprehended within the long disputed territory. It abounds in fertile soils, rivers, pine, and various other magnificent timber trees.

The progress of all new countries is extremely interesting, the following picture (communicated to the press by a traveller), of proceeding from one place to another, some years ago in Maine, compared with the present facilities of moving by steam power, is curious :

"In leaving Bangor in a steamboat, though only for a short trip, I am thereby reminded of the difference which has taken place in our city, and throughout the country, in the mode of travelling between the present time and only twenty years since. I say twenty years, because it is about twenty years since I left the parental home, and in the good sloop Betsy' took passage for Bangor, where we arrived in safety, after eight days' toil. The usual mode of travelling then, from Bangor, was by the lumber coasters; in which passengers, male and female, were stowed away in the few berths in the cabin, or sprawled around upon the uncarpeted floor. There was indeed, a semi-packet, with a few extra berths hung round, with a narrow and rather scanty red bombazette frill.” But mean as these accommodations may now be considered, they afforded the best means of conveyance between Bangor and Massachusetts, and during the rainy seasons in the spring and fall-the only conveyance; for instead of three daily stages west, as now, the mail was carried once a week only, and then on horseback between Bangor and Augusta. During the winter, to be sure, Moses Burley conveyed the mail, and occasionally a passenger or two in a sleigh with a tandem team; and during the summer in a ricketty covered waggon! We remember them well! For they frequently required to be patched in their upper stories, and as I was the younger knight of the awl and thread, it became my duty to perform it! Then there was no small mail route to any of the towns above Bangor, and the old register in the monthly advertisement of the postmaster, of two fingers long, enumerated letters for the whole region round about. These reminiscences (?) have brought vividly to mind the appearance of the village as it then was. There were but five brick buildings erected, including the old distil house, that has since been removed to give place to the City Point Block. There were but eighteen storesa few mechanics' shops-one bridge, and that the Kenduskeag, where toll was required the court house, now city hall-a wooden gaol-three taverns, and a few dwellings. The largest religious

The bank commissioners of Maine, in their annual report, say that a sum equal to the entire aggregate circulation of their bank passes through Boston, and is redeemed there five times every year. From this it appears that the average time which a bill issued from a Maine bank is in circulation, until it is again returned to the bank for redemption, is only about two months.

society, now comprising the societies under the pastoral charge of Mr. Pomroy and Mr. Maltby, assembled for religious worship in the court house, under the charge of that excellent man, the Rev. Mr. Loomis; the Baptist society held their occasional meetings in the hall of Leavitt's brick stores, now occupied by Pond and French; and the Methodist society occupied occasionally, an old wooden school house that stood on State-street. But enough of old times. The present, so far as Bangor is concerned, is too well known to require a word from me.

"The steamer, Portland, capable to my certain knowledge, of carrying about four hundred persons, and giving them a good breakfast, now pushes its way along,

'Against the wind, against the tide,'

on the bosom of the Penobscot, bearing her precious freight amid the most enchanting scenery, on one of the loveliest mornings that ever opened its eyes to light and bless our world.”