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COMMERCE AND NAVIGATION OF MAINE.

The trade and navigation of Maine is chiefly a fishing and coasting trade, and a trade in wood, fish, and a few other articles, to the southern states, and British colonies. The trade with Nova Scotia consists in bringing gypsum for manure from Nova Scotia, and some other articles from both provinces, exporting, in return, the produce of the United States. There is little or no intercourse between the ports of Maine and countries in Europe.

Previous to 1820, the trade and navigation of this state is included in the commercial accounts of Massachusetts.

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The registered, enrolled, and licensed ships, and smaller vessels, including coasters and fishing craft, belonging to Maine, in 1842, is given officially as follows:

STATEMENT exhibiting a condensed View of the Tonnage of the several Districts of Maine, on the 30th of September, 1842, and 30th of June, 1843.

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According to a statement in the Portland Advertiser, 1841, the quantity of lumber which came to market down the three principal rivers of the state during the year 1841, was as follows, viz. :

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making 160 millions of feet, which, at an average value of ten dollars per M., will yield 1,600,000 dollars. The quantity which was floated down the Saco, Union, Narraguagus, Machias, and St. Croix rivers, was calculated at 65,000,000 millions of feet, value 650,000 dollars, and makes the aggregate value of timber sold 2,250,000 dollars.

NAVIGABLE RIVERS, SEAPORTS, AND TOWNS OF MAINE, chiefly on the authority of the United States' Gazetteer for 1844, the Book of the United States for 1842, and from local descriptions.

RIVERS.

The PENOBSCOT is the largest river of Maine, and divides into two main branches. The larger, or western branch, rises in the western highlands, which divide Maine from Canada, and not far from the sources of the Chaudiere river, which flows into the St. Lawrence. It winds downwards to the east, until it falls into Chesumcook lake, out of which it flows south-east, through Pemadumcook and other lakes, and unites with the eastern branch. This branch, called the Seboois, rises in some small lakes near the head waters of the Aroostook river, and flows nearly south to its junction with the other branch, fifty-four miles above Bangor. The confluent stream then runs south-easterly until it receives Mattawamkeag river from the north-east, which is its principal tributary on the east. Its flood is then south-south-west, until it receives the Piscatiquis, its chief western tributary; it then flows south by west, until it falls into Penobscot bay. Its upper portions have many falls and rapids, excellent as mill sites. It is about 275 miles long from its source to the sea. It is navigable fifty miles from the ocean to Bangor, for large vessels, and for boats, to a considerable distance above that town. The tide rises at Bangor more than twenty feet, to which the same causes contribute, which effect the high tides of the Bay of Fundy-the form of the bay, and the lateral rise of the sea caused by the rapid force and breadth of the gulf stream. There are a number of islands in the river above Bangor, the principal of which is Oldtown, the residence of the Penobscot tribe of Indians, who own all the islands in the river as far as the Forks, several miles above Mattawamkeag river, several of which are considerable and fertile. They have a considerable annuity secured to them by the state. There are several flourishing towns on the Penobscot bay and river. On the east side are Castine, Bucksport, and Orrington. On the west side are Thomaston, Camden, Belfast, Prospect, Frankfort, Hamden, Bangor, and Orono. Penobscot bay is a spacious body of water, and extends from the ocean at Owl's Head to Belfast bay, about twenty miles. Across the mouth of the bay, from Owl's Head to Burnt Coat Island, is about thirty miles. It contains a number of fine islands, the principal of which are Deer Island, Fox Islands, Isle of Haut, Long Island, and some others. From a hill above Camden, and from other points, the view of this bay, with its islands and numerous vessels, is beautiful. The bay and river contain many good harbours, the principal of which are Castine, Belfast, Bucksport, Bangor, and others.

The KENNEBEC is, next to the Penobscot, the most important river in the state: its principal source is the outlet of Moosehead lake; twenty miles below, it receives the Dead river, which is a longer branch, and rises within five miles of the Chaudiere, which flows into the St. Lawrence. Its general course is south by east, with several long and occasionally sudden windings. Its course from its source to the sea is about 200 miles. Its largest tributary is the Androscoggin, which enters it from the west, eighteen miles from the ocean. It is navigable for large ships twelve miles to Bath, for sloops of 150 tons, forty miles to Hallowell, and for sloops, two miles farther to Augusta, to which the tide rises; and for boats to Waterville, eighteen miles above Augusta. It has important falls at Waterville, and at three other places above, affording great water power. There are bridges, at Augusta, at Canaan, and at Norridgewock. It is generally closed with ice four months in the year at Hallowell, but usually open at all seasons below Bath. The most important towns on the river are, Bath, Hallowell, Augusta, Waterville, and Norridgewock. It flows through a fertile country, and is the medium of an extensive trade.

The SACO rises in the White mountains, N. H., within a few rods of the source of Ammonoosuc river, flowing west to Connecticut river, and east through the celebrated mountain Notch, with a rapid, foaming current, and frequent cascades. It enters Maine at Fryburg, and winds

in a south-easterly direction, until it enters the Atlantic, between Saco and Biddeford. It has four principal falls in Maine, of seventy, twenty, thirty, and forty-two feet respectively, which afford immense water power. Pine timber grew extensively on its banks, furnishing supplies for numerous saw mills; but this useful wood is disappearing rapidly by the axe of the timber cutter, and the fires of the new settlers. The other rivers are the St. Croix, Union, Machias, Androscoggin, Memumack, and numerous lesser streams.

PASSAMAQUODDY bay lies partly in the state of Maine, and partly in the British province of New Brunswick. Its entrance is about six miles wide from north to south, and its length is about twelve miles. Campobello Island divides the entrance into two passages. Deer Island and some smaller islands lie also within, and Grand Manan to the south, off the entrance of this bay. The bay is well sheltered, has everywhere a sufficient depth of water for the largest vessels, and is never closed by ice. Its waters abound with mackerel, cod, herring, and other fish. The rise of tide varies from twenty-five to thirty-three feet. The boundary of the United States passes on the west side of Campobello Island into the St. Croix river, which enters the north-west part of this bay.

From this bay to Portsmouth, near the boundary of New Hampshire, the coast of Maine presents bays, harbours, and inlets of the sea, rugged islands, and shores. Penobscot is the largest bay, and Mount Desert the largest island.

PRINCIPAL SEAPORTS AND TOWNS.

AUGUSTA is situated on both sides of the Kennebec river, forty-three miles from the ocean, at the head of sloop navigation, 44 deg. 18 min. 43 sec. north latitude, 69 deg. 50 min. west longitude, 163 north-north-east of Boston, Massachusetts, and 595 north-east of Washington. Population of the township, 1810, 1805; 1820, 2475; 1830, 3980; 1840, 5314. First settled, 1771, incorporated, 1797. The township is eight by six miles. The two parts of the town, or, as it, with many others, is in the United States' Gazetteer called, village, are connected by a bridge across the Kennebec, 520 feet long, which cost 28,000 dollars. It is regularly laid out; the ground rises on each side of the river; it has many fine buildings, and the streets are ornamented by trees on each side. Its agriculture, commerce, and manufactures are flourishing. Its tonnage is over 3000. The state house is a white grauite building on a commanding eminence, half a mile south from the village. The apartments for the senate, house of representatives, and state offices, are spacious and well constructed. Before it, is a park, ornamented with walks and trees. The United States arsenal is a large stone edifice on the east side of the river. The state insane hospital is a large granite edifice with wings, on the east side of the river, surrounded by seventy acres of ground, and cost 100,000 dollars. The Augusta high school is a large brick building, sixty-five by fifty feet, two stories high, with a doric portico, and cost 7000 dollars. There is a strong dam erected across the Kennebec, half a mile above the village, with locks to facilitate navigation, completed in 1837, at an expense of 300,000 dollars. Its sluices constitute great water power. In constructing the dam, 2,500,000 feet of timber, and 75,000 tons of stones and gravel were used. The lake formed by this dam extends sixteen miles, and covers 1200 acres. It has sixty-four warehouses and shops, called stores, capital 141,650 dollars; three tanneries, one distillery, four grist mills, four saw mills, two oil mills, capital in manufactures, 66,550 dollars; two academies, 150 students; twenty-six schools, 1129 scholars.-Official Returns, U. S. Gaz.

BANGOR is situated at the head of the tide navigation, on the west side of the Penobscot river, sixty miles from the ocean. It is in 44 deg. 47 min. 50 sec. north latitude, and 68 deg. 47 min. west longitude, 230 miles north-east from Boston, Massachusetts; 663 miles from Washington. Population, 1790, 169; 1800, 277; 1810, 850; 1820, 1221; 1830, 2868; 1840, 8627. Kenduskeag, a stream 190 yards wide at its mouth, divides the city into two parts, which are connected by bridges. This stream has falls about one mile above the city, which affords many mill seats. Close to, and above

*

We shall follow in our description the names or terms used by the people and writers of the United States. Corporate towns are usually called cities in the United States, although places called villages, and others called corporate towns, are often more populous. Liverpool, in England, is, in a higher degree than many ancient cities, a corporate town, but no one gives it, nor hundreds of great corporate towns in England, Germany, France, and Italy, the bombastic term city; though the term itself has nothing objectionable in it, excepting its ostentatious application in the United States and British America. In olden times Boston was called a town. In modern, under a new corporate form, a city. We were some years ago charged with extreme ignorance by some American (colonial) paper, for saying incidentally, for the active timber trading "city of St. John," New Brunswick, the "town of St. John;" which city, by the bye, is not even the capital of the province. The Member of Parliament who would say City of Liverpool, or the Deputy who would say City of Havre, would both be laughed at, probably incur nicknames for the remainder of their lives. It is true that charters in America, incorporate some places as towns, and others as cities; but we can trace nothing in the latter, which could not, with equal utility and common sense, be included in the former.

According to a statement in the Portland Advertiser, 1841, the quantity of lumber which came to market down the three principal rivers of the state during the year 1841, was as follows, viz. :

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making 160 millions of feet, which, at an average value of ten dollars per M., will yield 1,600,000 dollars. The quantity which was floated down the Saco, Union, Narraguagus, Machias, and St. Croix rivers, was calculated at 65,000,000 millions of feet, value 650,000 dollars, and makes the aggregate value of timber sold 2,250,000 dollars.

NAVIGABLE RIVERS, SEAPORTS, AND TOWNS OF MAINE, chiefly on the authority of the United States' Gazetteer for 1844, the Book of the United States for 1842, and from local descriptions.

RIVERS.

The PENOBSCOT is the largest river of Maine, and divides into two main branches. The larger, or western branch, rises in the western highlands, which divide Maine from Canada, and not far from the sources of the Chaudiere river, which flows into the St. Lawrence. It winds downwards to the east, until it falls into Chesumcook lake, out of which it flows south-east, through Pemadumcook and other lakes, and unites with the eastern branch. This branch, called the Seboois, rises in some small lakes near the head waters of the Aroostook river, and flows nearly south to its junction with the other branch, fifty-four miles above Bangor. The confluent stream then runs south-easterly until it receives Mattawamkeag river from the north-east, which is its principal tributary on the east. Its flood is then south-south-west, until it receives the Piscatiquis, its chief western tributary; it then flows south by west, until it falls into Penobscot bay. Its upper portions have many falls and rapids, excellent as mill sites. It is about 275 miles long from its source to the sea. It is navigable fifty miles from the ocean to Bangor, for large vessels, and for boats, to a considerable distance above that town. The tide rises at Bangor more than twenty feet, to which the same causes contribute, which effect the high tides of the Bay of Fundy-the form of the bay, and the lateral rise of the sea caused by the rapid force and breadth of the gulf stream. There are a number of islands in the river above Bangor, the principal of which is Oldtown, the residence of the Penobscot tribe of Indians, who own all the islands in the river as far as the Forks, several miles above Mattawamkeag river, several of which are considerable and fertile. They have a considerable annuity secured to them by the state. There are several flourishing towns on the Penobscot bay and river. On the east side are Castine, Bucksport, and OrringOn the west side are Thomaston, Camden, Belfast, Prospect, Frankfort, Hamden, Bangor, and Orono. Penobscot bay is a spacious body of water, and extends from the ocean at Owl's Head to Belfast bay, about twenty miles. Across the mouth of the bay, from Owl's Head to Burnt Coat Island, is about thirty miles. It contains a number of fine islands, the principal of which are Deer Island, Fox Islands, Isle of Haut, Long Island, and some others. From a hill above Camden, and from other points, the view of this bay, with its islands and numerous vessels, is beautiful. The bay and river contain many good harbours, the principal of which are Castine, Belfast, Bucksport, Bangor, and others.

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The KENNEBEC is, next to the Penobscot, the most important river in the state its principal source is the outlet of Moosehead lake; twenty miles below, it receives the Dead river, which is a longer branch, and rises within five miles of the Chaudiere, which flows into the St. Lawrence. Its general course is south by east, with several long and occasionally sudden windings. Its course from its source to the sea is about 200 miles. Its largest tributary is the Androscoggin, which enters it from the west, eighteen miles from the ocean. It is navigable for large ships twelve miles to Bath, for sloops of 150 tons, forty miles to Hallowell, and for sloops, two miles farther to Augusta, to which the tide rises; and for boats to Waterville, eighteen miles above Augusta. It has important falls at Waterville, and at three other places above, affording great water power. There are bridges, at Augusta, at Canaan, and at Norridgewock. It is generally closed with ice four months in the year at Hallowell, but usually open at all seasons below Bath. The most important towns on the river are, Bath, Hallowell, Augusta, Waterville, and Norridgewock. It flows through a fertile country, and is the medium of an extensive trade.

The SACO rises in the White mountains, N. H., within a few rods of the source of Ammonoosuc river, flowing west to Connecticut river, and east through the celebrated mountain Notch, with a rapid, foaming current, and frequent cascades. It enters Maine at Fryburg, and winds

in a south-easterly direction, until it enters the Atlantic, between Saco and Biddeford. It has four principal falls in Maine, of seventy, twenty, thirty, and forty-two feet respectively, which afford immense water power. Pine timber grew extensively on its banks, furnishing supplies for numerous saw mills; but this useful wood is disappearing rapidly by the axe of the timber cutter, and the fires of the new settlers. The other rivers are the St. Croix, Union, Machias, Androscoggin, Memumack, and numerous lesser streams.

PASSAMAQUODDY bay lies partly in the state of Maine, and partly in the British province of New Brunswick. Its entrance is about six miles wide from north to south, and its length is about twelve miles. Campobello Island divides the entrance into two passages. Deer Island and some smaller islands lie also within, and Grand Manan to the south, off the entrance of this bay. The bay is well sheltered, has everywhere a sufficient depth of water for the largest vessels, and is never closed by ice. Its waters abound with mackerel, cod, herring, and other fish. The rise of tide varies from twenty-five to thirty-three feet. The boundary of the United States passes on the west side of Campobello Island into the St. Croix river, which enters the north-west part of this bay.

From this bay to Portsmouth, near the boundary of New Hampshire, the coast of Maine presents bays, harbours, and inlets of the sea, rugged islands, and shores. Penobscot is the largest bay, and Mount Desert the largest island.

PRINCIPAL SEAPORTS AND TOWNS.

AUGUSTA is situated on both sides of the Kennebec river, forty-three miles from the ocean, at the head of sloop navigation, 44 deg. 18 min. 43 sec. north latitude, 69 deg. 50 min. west longitude, 163 north-north-east of Boston, Massachusetts, and 595 north-east of Washington. Population of the township, 1810, 1805; 1820, 2475; 1830, 3980; 1840, 5314. First settled, 1771, incorporated, 1797. The township is eight by six miles. The two parts of the town, or, as it, with many others, is in the United States' Gazetteer called, village, are connected by a bridge across the Kennebec, 520 feet long, which cost 28,000 dollars. It is regularly laid out; the ground rises on each side of the river; it has many fine buildings, and the streets are ornamented by trees on each side. Its agriculture, commerce, and manufactures are flourishing. Its tonnage is over 3000. The state house is a white grauite building on a commanding eminence, half a mile south from the village. The apartments for the senate, house of representatives, and state offices, are spacious and well constructed. Before it, is a park, ornamented with walks and trees. The United States arsenal is a large stone edifice on the east side of the river. The state insane hospital is a large granite edifice with wings, on the east side of the river, surrounded by seventy acres of ground, and cost 100,000 dollars. The Augusta high school is a large brick building, sixty-five by fifty feet, two stories high, with a doric portico, and cost 7000 dollars. There is a strong dam erected across the Kennebec, half a mile above the village, with locks to facilitate navigation, completed in 1837, at an expense of 300,000 dollars. Its sluices constitute great water power. In constructing the dam, 2,500,000 feet of timber, and 75,000 tons of stones and gravel were used. The lake formed by this dam extends sixteen miles, and covers 1200 acres. It has sixty-four warehouses and shops, called stores, capital 141,650 dollars; three tanneries, one distillery, four grist mills, four saw mills, two oil mills, capital in manufactures, 66,550 dollars; two academies, 150 students; twenty-six schools, 1129 scholars.-Official Returns, U. S. Gaz.

BANGOR is situated at the head of the tide navigation, on the west side of the Penobscot river, sixty miles from the ocean. It is in 44 deg. 47 min. 50 sec. north latitude, and 68 deg. 47 min. west longitude, 230 miles north-east from Boston, Massachusetts; 663 miles from Washington. Population, 1790, 169; 1800, 277; 1810, 850; 1820, 1221; 1830, 2868; 1840, 8627. Kenduskeag, a stream 190 yards wide at its mouth, divides the city into two parts, which are connected by bridges. This stream has falls about one mile above the city, which affords many mill seats. Close to, and above

* We shall follow in our description the names or terms used by the people and writers of the United States. Corporate towns are usually called cities in the United States, although places called villages, and others called corporate towns, are often more populous. Liverpool, in England, is, in a higher degree than many ancient cities, a corporate town, but no one gives it, nor hundreds of great corporate towns in England, Germany, France, and Italy, the bombastic term city; though the term itself has nothing objectionable in it, excepting its ostentatious application in the United States and British America. In olden times Boston was called a town. In modern, under a new corporate form, a city. We were some years ago charged with extreme ignorance by some American (colonial) paper, for saying incidentally, for the active timber trading "city of St. John," New Brunswick, the "town of St. John;" which city, by the bye, is not even the capital of the province. The Member of Parliament who would say City of Liverpool, or the Deputy who would say City of Havre, would both be laughed at, probably incur nicknames for the remainder of their lives. It is true that charters in America, incorporate some places as towns, and others as cities; but we can trace nothing in the latter, which could not, with equal utility and common sense, be included in the former.

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