valued alike; and showed the injustice of the modes of apportioning each state's quota among the several counties.

"Such was the low state of the public funds, at the commencement of the year 1815, in consequence of the failure of the imposts, and the impossibility of obtaining loans, an act, passed on the 9th of January of that year, Congress laid an annual direct tax of 6,000,000 dollars; and it was laid, as the title of the act declares,' for defraying the expenses of government, and maintaining the public credit.'

"We would here observe, that peace having taken place, the act laying the annual 6,000,000 dollars tax, was repealed on the 5th of March, 1816, and a tax of 3,000,000 dollars only, was laid for that year."

RECEIPTS of the Treasury of the United States from all Sources, from 1791 to 1832.

"In one important particular, indeed, we have the advantage of our namesakes in the southern hemisphere; for our revolutions of party, as yet, have been bloodless. How long they may continue so, even in New England, depends upon the measures we take to give predominance to principle over passion in the education of the young.

"On one of these oft-recurring days, when the fate of the state or the union is to be decided at the polls-when, over all the land, the votes are falling thick as hail, and we seem to hear them rattle like the clangour of arms-is it not enough to make the lover of his country turn pale to reflect upon the motives under which they may be given, and the consequences to which they may lead? By the votes of a few wicked men, or even of one wicked man, honourable men have been hurled from office and miscreants elevated to their places; useful offices abolished, and sinecures created; the public wealth, which had supported industry, squandered upon mercenaries; enterprise crippled; the hammer falling from every hand, the wheel stopping in every mill, the sail dropping to the mast on every sea-and thus capital, which had been honestly and laboriously accumulated, turned into dross;-in fine, the whole policy of the government may be reversed, and the social condition of millions changed, to gratify one man's grudge, or prejudice, or revenge. In a word, if the votes which fall so copiously into the ballot-box on our days of election emanate from wise councils and a loyalty to truth, they will descend like benedictions from Heaven to bless the land and fill it with song and gladness, such as have never been known upon earth since the days of Paradise; but if, on the other hand, these votes come from ignorance and crime, the fire and brimstone that were rained in Sodom and Gomorrah would be more tolerable.

I

"But I have laboured to supererogation to show both an existing and a prospective deficiency in knowledge for managing the vast and precious interests of this great nation. I have shown, if not an incurable, yet, unless cured, a fatal malady in the heart. tremble at the catalogue of national crimes which we are exhibiting before heaven and earth! The party rancour and vilification which rages through our newspaper press-in utter forgetfulness or contempt of the great spiritual law, that when men pass from judgment to passion, they will soon pass from passion to violence! The fraud, falsehood, bribery, perjury, perpetuated at our elections; and the spirit of wantonness or malice, of pride or envy, in which the sacred privilege of voting is exercised; the practice of double eating, like parricide in Rome, unheard of in the early days of the republic, is becoming more and more frequent. Although in some of the states a property qualification, and in some even a landed qualification is necessary; yet the number of votes given at the last presidential election equalled, almost without a fraction, one-sixth part of the whole free population in the union. In one of the states the number of votes exceeded, by a large fraction, one-fifth of the whole population-men, women, and children. Will it not be a new form of the republic-unknown alike to ancient or modern writers-when the question shall be, not how many voters there are, but how many ballots can be printed and put surreptitiously into the ballot-box? Then there is the fraudulent registration of votes by the returning officers, because the majority is adverse to their own favourite candidates, which has now been done, on a large scale, in three of the principal states in the union! The scenes of violence enacted, not only without, but within the capitol of the nation; and the halls, which should be consecrated to order and solemnity, and a devout consultation upon the unspeakable magnitude and value of the interests of this great people, desecrated by outrage, and Billingsgate and drunken brawls! Challenges given and duels fought by members of Congress, in violation or evasion of their own lately enacted law against them; and, within the space of a few days, a proud and prominent member, from a proud and prominent state-the countryman of Washington, Jefferson, and Madison, put under bonds to keep the peace, like a wild, fresh-landed Carib. In two of our legislative assemblies one member has been murdered by another member, in open day, and during the hours of session; in one of the cases the deed being perpetrated by the presiding officer of the assembly, who descended from his chair and pierced the heart of his victim with a bowie-knife, and still goes unpunished, though not unhonoured. What outbreaks of violence all over the country;-the lynching of five men at one time at Vicksburg—the murder of human beings by fires-the riots and

STATEMENT of the Receipts into the National STATEMENT of the Expenditures of the

Treasury, from Customs, Internal Revenue, and Direct Taxes, and Sales of Public Lands, fractions of a dollar being excluded.

United States, exclusive of Payments on Account of the Public Debt, and from Trust Funds, Fractions excluded.

AMOUNT of the Public Debt of the United States in each successive Year from 1791

• Expense of the Revolutionary War (1775-1785), 135,193,703 dollars. Emissions of paper money (1776-1781) 359,547,027 dollars 25 cents. Loans and subsidies from France (1778-1783), 7,962,959 dollars.

Purchase of Louisiana (1803), for 15,000,000 dollars.

Expense of the Three Years' War.

Purchase of Florida (1821), for 5,000,000 dollars.

Although the active debt of the United States was considered as extinguished in 1835, there remained an unclaimed old debt.

The payments on account of the (old) funded and unfunded debt, since the 1st of December, 1838, have been as follows:

DEBTS of the Corporate Cities of the District of Columbia, assumed by the United

States, viz.:

This money has been borrowed in the shape of treasury-notes and stock. From 1837, up to July, 1841, treasury-notes, bearing mostly six per cent interest, were the medium of borrowing. By the act of 1841, stock, bearing not more than six per cent, was authorised. That stock was negotiated nearly as follows:

ment

This amount includes 113,631 dollars 66 cents, cancelled notes, in the hands of the accounting officers for settic

+ This sum includes 98,300 dollars, in the hands of the accounting officers.