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1796. They do not appear to have succeeded. In 1800, the Salem Iron Factory Company was chartered, with power to hold landed and personal estate to the value of 330,000 dollars. In 1802, the Danvers and Beverley Iron Company was incorporated, with a like capital of 330,000 dollars. In 1805, the Amesbury Nail Factory Company was chartered, with a capital of 450,000 dollars. In 1809, two companies were formed for the manufacture of glass. Previously to the end of 1815, there were about fifty companies incorporated; chiefly for the manufacture of cotton, or of cotton and wool. These cotton mills were chiefly employed in manufacturing cotton-twist, which was afterwards woven by handloom weavers. The cotton and wool factories did little more than weave sattinets, a common cloth made of cotton and wool.

In 1812, the Waltham Manufacturing Company, with a capital of 450,000 dollars, began working. It was the only establishment of any note at the close of the war, in 1815, and it has continued to prosper.

It was not until about 1812, that woollen manufactures were established, to any important extent, in Massachusetts. The restrictive measures which preceded the late war with Great Britain, and that war, created those woollen factories. They did not grow up naturally; and when peace came on, most of the proprietors were ruined. From 1815 to 1828, the woollen manufactures of this state did not, though persevered in, flourish; nor can they be said to be now, in any important degree, prosperous. They were all undertaken with the idea of being protected by a heavy tariff on foreign woollens.

Massachusetts is pre-eminent among all the states in the manufacture of boots and shoes, soap and candles, hardware and cutlery, refined sugar, paper, powder, and fire-arms; and ranks after New York and Pennsylvania in the manufacture of machinery, drugs, paints, and dyes, and household furniture; after Kentucky, in cordage; after New York, in musical instruments, hats, caps, and bonnets; after Connecticut, in silk; and is the third state in the manufacture of glass, leather, flax, and salt. In capital employed in manufactures of all kinds, Massachusetts owns nearly one-sixth of the whole manufacturing capital of the country, New York being the only state with a larger capital employed. Several of the principal manufacturing establishments in Maine and New Hampshire are owned, to a considerable degree, by capitalists in Massachusetts.-Official Returns, &c.

A STATEMENT of the Manufactured Products of Massachusetts in 1837, taken from the Statistics published by order of the Legislature.

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The value of capital though not enumerated, is estimated at about 3,000,000 dollars.

6,400

Total

63,460

117 19,078 dollars 85,742,927 117,352 52,008,865

According to the returns made to congress for 1840, the manufactories and the value of their fabrics, are given as follows:—

The value of family and home-made manufactures in 1840 was 231,942 dollars; there were 207 fulling-mills, and 144 woollen manufactories, employing 5076 persons, producing goods to the amount of 7,082,898 dollars, and employing a capital of 4,179,850 dollars; 278 cotton manufactories, with 665,095 spindles, employing 20,928 persons, producing articles to the value of 16,553,423 dollars, and employing a capital of 17,414,099 dollars; forty-eight furnaces produced 9332 tons of cast iron, sixty seven forges, rolling mills, &c., produced 6004 tons of bar iron, the whole employing 1097 persons, and a capital of 1,232,875 dollars; eighty-two paper manufactories, employing 967 persons, produced articles to the value of 1,659,930 dollars, and other paper manufactures to the value of 56,700 dollars, and the whole employed a capital of 1,082,800 dollars; 463 persons produced salt to the amount of 376,596 bushels, with a capital of 502,980 dollars; hats and caps were manufactured to the value of 918,438 dollars, and straw bonnets to the value of 821,646 dollars, the whole employing 6656 persons, and a capital of 602,292 dollars; 355 tanneries employed 2446 persons, and a capital of 1,024,699 dollars; paints and drugs were produced to the value of 405,725 dollars, and turpentine and varnish to the value of 25,820 dollars; 1532 saddleries, and other leather manufactories, produced articles to the value of 10,553,826 dollars, and employed a capital of 3,318,544 dollars; four glass houses, employing 372 persons, produced articles to the value of 471,000 dollars, with a capital of 277,000 dollars; twenty potteries, employing seventy-one persons, produced articles to the value of 44,450 dollars, with a capital of 27,975 dollars; two sugar refineries produced articles to the value of 1,025,000 dollars; chocolate was manufactured to the value of 31,500 dollars; and confectionery to the value of 137,300 dollars; fourteen powder mills employed sixty-nine persons, and produced 2,315,215 pounds of gunpowder, with a capital of 255,000 dollars; 913 persons produced machinery to the value of 926,975 dollars; 1109 persons produced hardware and cutlery to the value of 1,881,163 dollars; thirty-seven distilleries produced 5,177,910 gallons, and seven breweries produced 429,800 gallons, employing 154 persons, and a capital of 963,100 dollars; 397 persons produced fifty cannon and 22,652 small-arms; 1402 persons produced carriages and waggons to the value of 803,999 dollars, with a capital of 334,660 dollars; 274 persons wrought granite and marble to the value of 217,180 dollars; and 758 persons manufactured bricks and lime to the value of 310,796 dollars; mills of various kinds employed 1808 persons, and manufactured to the value of 1,771,185 dollars, with a capital of 1,440,152 dollars; ships were built to the value of 1,349,994 dollars; fifty-one rope walks employed 672 persons, producing articles to the value of 852,200 dollars, with a capital of 550,100 dollars; furniture employed 2424 persons, producing the value of 1,090,008 dollars; 246 persons manufactured musical instruments to the value of 243,760 dollars, with a capital of 555,100 dollars; 324 brick and 2249 wooden houses employed 2947 persons, and cost 2,767,134 dollars. There were 104 printing offices, seventy-two binderies, ten daily newspapers sixtyseven weekly, and fourteen semi-weekly, and fourteen periodicals, the whole employing 922 persons, and a capital of 416,200 dollars. The whole amount of capital employed in manufactures was 41,774,446 dollars.-Official Returns to Congress, 1840.

COMMERCE OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Massachusetts, in the extent of her foreign commerce, stands the second state in the union, and is the first in the amount of her registered shipping tonnage. There were imported into Massachusetts, during the commercial year, 1841, foreign goods, wares, and merchandise to the value of 20,318,000 dollars, being nearly one-sixth of the whole value brought into the country, and about twice as much as was imported into any other state, with the exception of New York, whose importations amounted to 75,713,000 dollars. The importations into New York are more than three times as great as into Massachusetts; but it appears, that the importations into New York during that year were about 74 per cent on foreign account, while the importations into Boston were only about 17 per cent on foreign accountmaking a difference of 57 per cent in favour of Boston. This fact would bring the American commerce of New York down to nearly the standard of that of Massachusetts. A considerable share of the commerce of New York is on Massachusetts account; while very little, if any, of the Massachusetts commerce, is on New York account. A considerable share of the trade of New York, is carried on by Massachusetts ships, navigated by Massachusetts scamen: especially in the East India trade, as appears by the following statement :

The number of vessels which arrived in New York from Canton and Manilla was,

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In the import trade from Calcutta about twenty ships are employed. The whole number of

arrivals were

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During the same years several cargoes arrived at New Orleans from Calcutta, on Massachusetts account.

"From fifty to seventy cargoes enter the United States annually from Russia, a large share of which are on Massachusetts account. In 1839, the number of American vessels which arrived at St. Petersburg was fifty-two, of which thirty-seven were on Massachusetts account. The whole number of arrivals in the United States from St. Petersburgh and Riga the same year was fifty-three, of which twenty-six came into Massachusetts, and twenty-three into New York. Of the twenty-three which came into New York, ten were Massachusetts vessels, and a portion of these cargoes were on Massachusetts account. In 1840 there were sixty-four American vessels which arrived at St. Petersburg, of which forty-nine were on Massachusetts account. In the same year the arrivals in the United States from Russia were sixty-five, of which thirty-two came into Massachusetts, and twelve into New York; of which twelve, five were Massachusetts vessels, and a portion of their cargoes was on Massachusetts account. The great supply of foreign sugars into St. Petersburg for the Russian empire is chiefly from Cuba; of this supply nearly one-half is carried in Massachusetts vessels, and a considerable portion on Massachusetts account. The United States are supplied with pepper almost entirely by Massachusetts ships; and a large portion of the exports from Sumatra to Europe is carried in Massachusetts vessels, and on Massachusetts account.

"The annual document from the secretary of the treasury, detailing the commerce and navigation of the country, shows only the imports into the different states, without designating on whose account the importation is made; and it will be seen at once that such tables do not show the exact commerce of each state. One state may be situated inland, as Indiana, for example, and hence be represented as having no commerce; and another state, as Louisiana, which happens to be the outlet of the great Mississippi Valley, may be so situated as to have the credit for much that is owned and shipped by the people of other states. The facts we have already presented, clearly demonstrate that these tables do not do full justice to the state of Massachusetts. Her vessels, which enter at New York and clear from the same port, are set down to the credit of New York, though the vessel be owned in Massachusetts, the crews are from Massachusetts, and the cargo is on Massachusetts account. It will also be seen, by the facts above presented, that a large share of the distant, and in some respects the most important commerce, is carried on by the Massachusetts merchants. A cargo which is the result of a long voyage, is in one respect, more important to the country than any other. A cargo from the West Indies, worth 100,000 dollars at the port where it is entered, might require for its purchase 95,000 dollars of specie or our domestic products; and so the cargo would be a drain upon the country to that amount. But a cargo from the East Indies, worth 100,000 dollars at the port where it is entered, may draw from the country but 90,000 dollars. Massachusetts commerce, as we have seen, is, to a great extent, with the most remote nations, and hence more productive of the interests of the country than any other.

"We have already seen that the importations into Massachusetts, during the last commercial year amounted to 20,318,000 dollars-her exports during the same year were 11,487,000 dollars, being nearly one-tenth of the whole export of the country, and more than was exported from any state except New York and Louisiana: and it is worthy of remark that both of these states, from their local situation, export a larger amount of the products of other states than Massachusetts. The amount of tonnage owned in Massachusetts, as compared with other states, shows at once that she performs a large share of their carrying. The entire registered and licensed tonnage of Massachusetts, as compared with several of the great states, is as follows:

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"Here it will be seen that Massachusetts owns 71,200 tons of shipping more than New York : 427,000 more than Pennsylvania; 400,200 more than Louisiana; and about one-fourth of the aggregate tonnage of the United States. As Louisiana exports about three times as much as Massachusetts, and owns but about one-fourth as much shipping, it would seem to follow, with a good degree of certainty, that much of the carrying trade of Louisiana was performed by Massachusetts; and every person acquainted with the subject, knows that Massachusetts vessels are largely engaged in the cotton, flour, pork, bacon, and lard trade of New Orleans.

"The number of vessels which entered in Massachusetts in 1841, was 2119-being twice as many as entered in any other state, except New York, and more than one-sixth of the aggregate shipping which entered in the United States. The number of ships built in Massachusetts in the same year, was 112, with an aggregate tonnage of 28,653, being a larger amount of tonnage than that produced by any other state, and nearly one-fourth of the aggregate of the whole United States, as will be seen by a comparison of Massachusetts with some of the principal ship-building states :

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"From a comparison of the ships built in the several states, with the ships owned in the states respectively, it will be seen that Massachusetts not only owns more shipping than any other state, but

that her territory is, to a considerable extent, the ship-yard, and her labourers the shipwrights, of several of the commercial states. In seamen, Massachusetts is still more prolific. By the returns of registered seamen, made to the secretary of state annually, it appears that Massachusetts furnishes more than twice as many as any other state, and more than one-third of the whole number furnished by the whole country. By the returns for 1841, the only one on which we can, at this time, lay our hands, it appears that the registered seamen stand as follows:

Massachusetts

New York.....
Maine......

Pennsylvania

4031 Maryland

1815 Louisiana

1026 All other states
706

383

338

1764

"From this view of her commerce, it will be seen that Massachusetts is second only to New York, if indeed she does not rival that great state. The opening of the Western railroad, which connects Boston with Albany and the great west, and the establishing of the line of packets between Boston and Liverpool, must inevitably increase greatly the commercial importance of Massachusetts."-Massachusetts and her Resources. By the Hon. Charles Hudson, Member of Congress from the State.

In 1842, the quantity of ice shipped for distant ports, at the wharfs in Boston and Charlestown, on board 140 vessels, was upwards of 30,000 tons; all of which, with the exception of about 6000 tons, was brought from Fresh Pond, Roxbury. And it is stated, that if greater facilities for transporting it were offered by a railroad, the quantity would be increased. The Lowell railroad has, therefore, obtained a grant from the legislature, for an extension of the road to the Pond.

COMMERCE of Massachusetts, from 1789 to 1844.

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FISHERIES OF MASSACHUSETTS.

The whale fishery commenced in Massachusetts as early as 1672. In 1840, it appears that there were 588 vessels engaged in the whale fishery, of which 425 belonged to Massachusetts. By the last annual return of the commerce and navigation of the United States, the amount of tonnage employed in the cod fishery was 66,551 tons; of which 29,529 tons, being about the same as the state of Maine, and about four times as much as all the rest of the union, belonged to Massachusetts. Massachusetts had about 10,000 tons of shipping engaged in the mackerel fishery, while that employed in the fisheries by all the other states of the union amounted to only 1200 tons. The tonnage, in 1840, employed in the whale fishery, by all the United States, was 157,405 tons; and of this Massachusetts employed 120,474, or being more than three-fourths of the whole.

The capital which Massachusetts invested in the fisheries, amounted to 11,725,850 dollars; employing 16,000 sailors and fishermen in this hardy enterprise. To show the relative importance of this branch of industry, the produce of the fisheries of Massachusetts, and of some of the principal states, was as follows; viz.,

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Of dry fish, Massachusetts cured as much as all the rest of the United States; of pickled fish, more than one-quarter of the whole amount; of spermaceti oil, more than three-quarters; of whale and other oils, nearly one-half; of whalebone, more than one-third; and of capital, nearly two-thirds of the whole capital invested in the fisheries by the United States. In addition to all the fish consumed in the state, a large surplus is exported, amounting, in 1840, to more than 3,000,000 dollars; being in value greater than that of any other article exported from the United States, except cotton, tobacco, and flour. It has been estimated that those employed in the whale fisheries, consume annually, 54,000 barrels of beef and pork, being equal to one-half of the average export of these articles for the last ten years. They also consume a large quantity of flour, corn, butter, cheese, rice, &c. &c. The oil and whalebone brought into the country, in 1841, has been estimated in value at 7,360,000 dollars. Whatever may be the value of all the fisheries of the United States, one-half of the amount may be placed to the account of Massachusetts.

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