portion of the winter. The foreign trade of New London is chiefly with the West Indies, and its coasting trade with the southern states. The fisheries, and particularly the whale fishery, have extensively engaged the attention, and employed the capital and enterprise of its inhabitants. About 1,000,000 dollars are devoted to the prosecution of this fishery. The tonnage of the port, in 1840, was 44,822 tons. There were, in 1840, forty retail stores, capital 220,000 dollars; three lumber yards, capital 30,000 dollars; capital employed in the fisheries, 830,000 dollars; machinery produced, 20,000 dollars; hardware and cutlery, 61,000 dollars; one tannery, capital 3000 dollars; three rope-walks, capital 10,000 dollars; one printing office, one bindery, one weekly paper. Total capital in manufactures, 91,300 dollars.-Official Returns, U. S. Gaz.

NORWICH, situated at the head of the tide navigation on the Thames river, in 41 deg. 33 min. north latitude, and 72 deg. 7 min. west longitude, thirteen miles north of New London, thirty-nine miles south-east of Hartford. Population, in 1830, city, 3144; total in township, 5179; in 1840, city, 4200; and including the township, 7239. It consists of three parts-Chelsea Landing, or Norwich City, the Town, and Westville, formerly called Bean Hill. Norwich City, or the Landing, is situated on the point of land between the Shetucket and Yantic rivers, which here unite to form the Thames. The site is singularly romantic, on the steep declivity of a high hill, which causes the streets to rise above each other like terraces, and the houses in the rear to overlook those in front. In the northwest part of the city, on the road to Hartford, is Westville, which contains a number of pleasant dwellings and several manufacturing establishments. A cove sets up about a mile from the Thames, over the mouth of which is a bridge. At the head of this cove the Yantic river enters it by a singularly romantic cataract, affording a fine site for mills and manufactories. A mile east of the landing, on the Shetucket, is Greenville, a flourishing manufacturing village. Steamboats ply between Norwich and New York, and a railroad connects it with Worcester, Massachusetts, and thence with Boston. There were in Norwich, in 1840, ninety-seven stores, with a capital of 337,000 dollars; five lumber yards, with a capital of 32,000 dollars; hardware produced to the amount of 50,000 dollars; one fulling mill, one woollen factory, capital 35,000 dollars; one cotton factory, 4000 spindles, capital 100,000 dollars; one tannery, one pottery, two grist mills, one oil mill, two rope-walks, two paper factories, three printing offices, two binderies, and two weekly newspapers. Capital in manufactures, 408,700 dollars. Three academies, seventy-one students, thirteen schools, 908 scholars. In the township, without the city limits, are fourteen stores, capital 36,000 dollars; six fulling mills, five woollen factories, one cotton factory, with 4626 spindles; one tannery, one pottery, eleven grist mills, two paper factories. Capital in manufactures, 453,500 dollars.-- Official Returns, U. S. Gaz.

NEWTON, Sixty-two miles south-west of Hartford. Population, in 1840, 3184; it had three woollen factories, one cotton factory, 300 spindles. Capital in manufactures, 70,100

dollars.

NORTH STONINGTON, fifty-three miles north-east of Hartford. 2269. Capital in manufactures, 13,710 dollars.

Population, in 1840,

PLAIRFIELD, forty-five miles east of Hartford. Population, in 1840, 2383; it had two woollen factories, seven cotton factories, 15,900 spindles; nine oil mills. Capital in manufactures, 364,000 dollars.

PLYMOUTH, twenty-three miles west of Hartford, celebrated for its manufacture of clocks. There were, in 1840, in the township seven stores, capital 32,000 dollars; one fulling mill, one woollen factory, one cotton factory, 2650 spindles, two furnaces, one tannery, two grist mills, eight saw mills. Capital in manufactures, 84,400 dollars. Population, 2205.

RIDGEFIELD, eighty-one miles south-west of Hartford. It had, in 1840, twelve stores, capital 26,000 dollars; one lumber yard, capital 6000 dollars; one furnace, one fulling mill, two tanneries, two grist mills, four saw mills. Capital in manufactures, 93,100 dollars. Population, 2474.

SAYBROOK, forty-two miles south-south-east of Hartford. Population, in 1840, 3417. Capital in manufactures, 131,250 dollars. Ship building and the shad fishery are carried on.

STAFFORD.-Population, in 1840, 2469. Capital in manufactures, chiefly woollen, 82,200 dollars.

SALISBURY, fifty-three miles west of Hartford. It had, in 1840, seven stores, capital 29,500 dollars ; three furnaces, ten forges, two tanneries, three grist mills, four saw mills. Capital in manufactures, 38,950 dollars. Population, 2561.

SHARON, forty-eight miles west of Hartford. There were, in 1840, in the township six stores, capital 20,300 dollars; one cotton factory, 720 spindles ; one furnace, one forge, two tanneries, two grist mills, three saw mills. Capital in manufactures, 77,225 dollars. Population, 2407.

STAMFORD, seventy-seven miles south-west of Hartford. It had, in 1840, seventeen stores, capital 32,750 dollars; two lumber yards, capital 5500 dollars; one furnace, one forge, one tannery, one printing office, one weekly newspaper. Capital in manufactures, 23,200 dollars. Population, 3516.

STONINGTON, sixty miles south-east of Hartford. The borough, or principal village, is on a rocky point of land, which projects half a mile into the east end of Long Island sound, and has a good harbour, protected by a breakwater, constructed by the United States, at an expense of 50,000 dollars. It contains two churches, two academies, a bank, 150 dwellings, and about 1000 inhabitants. It has considerable navigation, employed chiefly in the whaling and sealing business. A railroad connects this place with Providence, which, with the Long Island railroad, not yet completed, will form the most direct route from New York to Boston. There were, in 1840, in the township eighteen stores, capital 49,300 dollars ; two lumber yards, capital 11,500 dollars; one fulling mill, four woollen factories, one tannery, four grist mills. Capital in manufactures, 86,025 dollars. Two academies, 103 students, fifteen schools, 807 scholars. Population, 3898.

SUFFIELD, Seventeen miles north of Hartford. Population, in 1840, 2669. Capital in manufactures, 111,337 dollars.

THOMPSONVILLE, twenty miles north of Hartford. Situated on the Freshwater river, at its entrance into the Connecticut river, about one mile north of Enfield bridge. It has a large manufactory of carpets, with 120 looms, producing 800 yards daily. The village only contains 800 inhabitants.

THOMPSON, forty-three miles south-east of Hartford. Population, in 1840, 3535. Capital in various manufactures, 424,650 dollars.

WALLINGFORD, twenty-four miles south-by-west of Hartford. There were, in 1840, in the township two woollen factories, one tannery, two grist mills, four saw mills. Capital in manufactures, 43,050 dollars. Population, 2204.

WATERBURY, fifty-two miles south-south-west of Hartford. The township had, in 1840, seventeen stores, capital 88,370 dollars; five fulling mills, three woollen factories, three cotton factories, 570 spindles; two tanneries, three distilleries, five grist mills, sixteen saw mills. Capital in manufactures, 718,309 dollars. Population, 3668.

WATERFORD, forty-six miles south-east of Hartford. It had, in 1840, four stores, capital 4000 dollars ; one tannery, three grist mills, one oil mill. Capital in manufactures, 11,500 dollars Population, 2329.

WESTERFIELD, four miles south of Hartford. Population, in 1840, 3844. Capital in manufactures, 157,033 dollars.

WILLON, Seventy-four miles west of Hartford. Population, in 1840, 2053. Capital in manufactures, 9600 dollars.

WESTON, Sixty-three miles south-west of Hartford. There were, in 1840, in the township eight stores, capital 12,000 dollars; one flouring mill, eight grist mills, thirteen saw mills. Capital in manufactures, 17,050 dollars. Population, 2651.

WINDHAM, thirty-one miles east of Hartford. There were, in 1840, in the township eleven stores, capital 48,000 dollars; two fulling mills, three woollen factories, five cotton factories, 11,950 spindles; one tannery, two paper factories, three grist mills, seven saw mills. Capital in manufactures, 361,350 dollars. Population, 3382.

WINDSOR, seven miles north of Hartford. There were, in 1840, in the township six stores, capital 18,600 dollars; one fulling mill, one woollen factory, three cotton factories, 570 spindles; one tannery, three paper factories, five grist mills, two saw mills. Capital in manufactures, 155,300 dollars. Population, 2283.

EAST WINDSOR, seven miles north-east of Hartford. There were, in 1840, in the township thirteen stores, capital 26,800 dollars; five fulling mills, three woollen factories, four distilleries, one paper factory, four grist mills, five saw mills. Capital in manufactures, 129,300. Population, 3600.

There were, in 1840, in

WOODSTOCK, forty-three miles east-north-east of Hartford. the township sixteen stores, capital 33,000 dollars; two fulling mills, three woollen factories, three cotton factories, 3292 spindles. Population, 3053.-Official Returns, U. S. Gaz.

VII. STATE OF NEW YORK.

THE STATE OF NEW YORK is bounded on the north by Lake Ontario, the river St. Lawrence, and Lower Canada; on the east by Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut ; on the south by the Atlantic, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania; and on the west by Pennsylvania, Lake Erie, and Niagara river. It lies between 39 deg. 45 min. and 45 deg. north latitude, and between 73 deg. and 79 deg. 55 min. west longitude. It is about 316 miles long, and 314 miles broad; its area is about 46,000 square miles, or 11,040,000 acres ; being more than one-third of the area of Great Britain and Ireland. The population in 1790, was 340,120; in 1800, 586,050 ; in 1810, 959,049 ; in 1820, 1,372,812 ; in 1830, 1,913,508; in 1840, 2,428,921, viz.: 853,929 white males, 816,276 white females; 6435 free coloured males, 6428 free coloured females. There were employed in mining, 1898; in agriculture, 455,954; in commerce, 28,468; in manufactures and trades, 173,193; in navigating the ocean, 5511; in navigating lakes and canals, 10,167; in learned professions, 14,111. The number of inhabitants in this state on the 1st of January, 1845, may be estimated at, or nearly 3,000,000 inhabitants; which, considering the general fertility of the soil, the internal navigation, and the numerous sources of employment that are capable of development, is not one-fifth the number of persons that this extensive and productive state is capable of adequately maintaining.

Sub-Divisions. The state is divided into fifty-eight counties; in 1840, its population and capitals were as follows; viz.-Albany, 68,593, C. Albany; Alleghany, 40,975, C. Angelica; Broome, 22,338, C. Binghamton; Cattaraugus, 28,872, C. Ellicottsville; Cayuga, 50,338, C. Auburn; Chautauque, 47,975, C. Mayville; Chemung, 20,732, C. Elmira; Chenango, 40,785, C. Norwich; Clinton, 28,157, C. Plattsburgh; Cortland, 24,607, C. Cortlandville; Delaware, 35,396, C. Delhi; Erie, 62,465, C. Buffalo; Essex, 23,634, C. Elizabethtown; Franklin, 16,518, C. Malone; Fulton, 18,049, Johnstown; Genesee, 59,587, C. Batavia; Hamilton, 1907, C. Lake Pleasant; Herkimer, 37,477, C. Herkimer; Jefferson, 60,984, C. Watertown; Lewis, 17,830, C. Martinsburg; Livingston, 35,140, C. Geneseo; Madison, 40,008, C. Morrisville; Monroe, 64,902, C. Rochester; Montgomery, 35,818, C. Canajoharie; Niagara, 31,132, C. Lockport; Oneida, 85,310, C. Utica, Rome, Whitestown; Onondaga, 67,911, C. Syracuse; Ontario, 43,501, C. Canandiagua; Orleans, 25,127, C. Albion; Oswego, 43,619, C. Oswego, Pulaski; Otsego, 49,628, C. Cooperstown; Rensellaer, 60,295, C. Troy; Saratoga, 40,553, C. Ballston; Schenectady, 17,387, C. Schenectady; Schoharie, 32,358, C. Schoharie; Seneca, 24,874, C. Ovid, Waterloo; St. Lawrence, 56,706, C. Canton; Steuben, 46,138, C. Bath; Tioga, 20,527, C. Owego; Tompkins, 37,948, C. Ithaca ; Warren, 13,422, C. Caldwell; Washington, 41,080, C. Salem, Sandy Hill; Wayne, 42,057, C. Lyons; Yates, 20,444, C. Penn Yan; Columbia, 43,252, C. Hudson; Dutchess, 52,398, C. Poughkeepsie; Greene, 30,446, C. Catskill; Kings, 47,613, C. Brooklyn; New York, 312,710, C. New York; Orange, 50,739, C. Goshen, Newburg; Putnam, 12,825, C. Earmel; Queens, 30,324, C. North Hempstead; Richmond, 10,965, C. Richmond; Rockland, 11,975, C. Clarkstown; Suffolk, 32,469, C. Riverhead; Sullivan, 15,629, C. Monticello; Ulster, 45,822, C. Kingston; Westchester, 48,686, C. Bedford, White Plains. The counties are subdivided into 807 townships.-Official Returns.

Surface and Configuration.-Two ranges of highlands, or ramifications of the Alleghany chain, traverse the eastern part of the state of New York. Round Top, the highest peak of the Catskill mountains, is 3804 feet high. Several other summits approach to mountainous heights. The highest summits west of Lake Champlain, are

Whiteface, about 5000 feet, and Mount Marcy, 5460 feet high. The country in the eastern part of the state is generally hilly and undulated, near the western boundaries of Pennsylvania; the land in the western part of the county is generally flat.

Soil and Products.-The soil in the eastern and south-eastern parts is generally dry, and in some parts loamy. This section is considered as best adapted to grazing, and the western to arable culture. All the hilly and mountain districts afford excellent pasturage. The soil of the alluvions along the rivers, and of innumerable valleys, is remarkably fertile. The valleys of the Mohawk and the Genesee are among the best wheat-growing soils in the world. A clayey soil prevails round parts of Lake Champlain. Marshes, bogs, and sandy plains, are met with in some parts west of Albany. The west end of Long Island, and Dutchess and Westchester counties, are extolled for good culture and productive crops. The principal are, wheat, Indian corn, grass, rye, barley, oats, buckwheat, and potatoes. Beef and pork, butter and cheese, horses and cattle, pot and pearl ashes, flax seed, peas, beans, and lumber, form the great articles of export. Orchards abound. The apples, pears, plums, and peaches are delicious and abundant. In the state there were, in 1840, 474,543 horses and mules; 1,911,244 neat cattle; 5,118,777 sheep; 1,900,065 swine; poultry to the value of 1,153,413 dollars. There were produced 12,286,418 bushels of wheat; 2,520,060 bushels of barley; 20,675,847 bushels of oats; 2,979,323 bushels of rye ; 2,287,885 bushels of buckwheat; 10,972,286 bushels of Indian corn; 9,845,295 pounds of wool; 447,250 pounds of hops; 30,123,614 bushels of potatoes; 3,127,047 tons of hay; 1735 pounds of silk cocoons; 10,048,109 pounds of sugar. The products of the dairy amounted in value to 10,496,021 dollars; and of the orchard, to 1,701,935 dollars; of lumber, to 3,891,302 dollars. There were produced 6799 gallons of wine; and of pot and pearl ashes, 7613 tons; tar, pitch, turpentine, &c., 402 barrels.-Official Returns, &c. In the extensive level country west of the mountains, the climate is more mild than in the same latitude in the east.

Rivers. The principal rivers are the Hudson, 324 miles long, navigable for ordinary small-decked sea-going vessels, 156 miles to Troy; the Mohawk, 135 miles long, which joins the Hudson a little above Troy; the Genesee, 125 miles long, and enters Lake Ontario, having at Rochester, five miles from its mouth, two falls of ninety-six and seventy-five feet, furnishing many of the best mill seats; the Black river, which rises near the sources of the Hudson, and flows 120 miles, into Lake Ontario; the Saranac, sixtyfive miles long, enters Lake Champlain at Plattsburgh; the Oswegatchie, flows 100 miles, into the St. Lawrence; the Oswego proceeds forty miles, from Oneida lake into Lake Ontario; the Au Sable rises in the Adirondack mountains, and, after a course of seventyfive miles, enters Lake Champlain. The St. Lawrence forms a part of the northern boundary of the state. The head branches of the Susquehanna, the Alleghany, and the Delaware, also rise in New York.

resides

Lakes. The state has numerous lakes which lie wholly within it, besides Lake Ontario on the north, and Lake Champlain on the east, which are but partly within it. these, Lake George, in the north-east, thirty-three miles long and two miles bro, is a beautiful sheet of water, surrounded by the most picturesque scenery, and has an outlet into Lake Champlain. In the western part of the state are Oneida lake, twenty miles long and three miles and a half wide; Skeneateles lake, fifteen miles long, and from one mile, to one mile and a half broad; Owasco lake, eleven miles long, and one to two miles broad; Cayuga lake, thirty-eight miles long, and one to four miles broad; Seneca lake, thirty-five miles long, and two to four miles broad; Crooked lake, eighteen miles long, and one to one mile and a half broad; Canandaigua lake, fourteen miles long, and one mile broad. These lakes all discharge their waters into Lake Ontario. In the extreme west part of the state is Chautauque lake, eighteen miles long, and one to three miles broad; situated near Lake Erie, but discharging its waters south, into the Alleghany river.

Islands.-Long Island, 120 miles long from west to east, and about ten miles is its average breadth. Staten Island, south-west of the harbour of New York, is eighteen miles long, and eight miles wide, and constitutes the county of Richmond. Manhattan Island, on which the city of New York stands, is fifteen miles long, and about one mile and a half wide, at an average breadth. Grand Island, in Niagara river, is twelve miles long, and from two to seven miles wide, and extends to within one mile and a half of the falls.

Harbours.-New York, the first commercial place and scaport of the United States, is accessible all the year. The Hudson is navigable for large ships, about 130 miles to Hudson. On the bar, at Sandy Hook, it has a depth of from twenty-one to twentyseven feet, and is deeper above. Sag Harbour on the east, and Brooklyn on the west end of Long Island, are good harbours. Sacketts Harbour has a good natural, and Oswego a good artificial, harbour, on Lake Ontario. Buffalo, Erie, and Dunkirk, are harbours on Lake Erie.

Brooklyn, on Long Island, opposite New York, Albany, Rochester, Troy, Buffalo, and Utica, are large and flourishing cities. Poughkeepsie, Newburg, Hudson, Cattskill, and Lansingburgh, on the Hudson; Schenectady, on the Mohawk; Geneva, Syracuse, Auburn, Lockport, and Ithaca, in the west, and Plattsburg in the north, are large and flourishing places.

Trade of the State.-In the year 1840, there were 469 commercial and 1044 commission houses engaged in foreign trade, with a capital of 49,583,001 dollars; 12,207 retail dry goods and other stores, with a capital of 42,135,795 dollars; 9592 persons engaged in the lumber trade, with a capital of 2,694,170 dollars; 7593 persons engaged in internal transportation, and 804 butchers, packers, &c., the whole employing a capital of 2,833,916 dollars; the fisheries employed 1228 persons, and a capital of 949,250

dollars.

Manufactures.-The manufactures of the State of New York are also extensive. Home-made or family goods were produced, amounting in value to 4,636,547 dollars; 323 woollen manufactories, with 890 fulling mills, employing 4636 persons, produced articles to the value of 3,537,337 dollars, and employed a capital of 3,469,349 dollars; 117 cotton manufactories, with 211,659 spindles, employed 7407 persons, and a capital of 4,900,772 dollars; 332 persons produced 2,867,884 bushels of salt, employing a capital of 5,601,000 dollars; 186 furnaces produced 29,088 tons of cast iron, and 120 forges, &c., produced 53,693 tons of bar iron, consumed 123,677 tons of fuel, employed 3456 persons, and a capital of 2,103,418 dollars; nine smelting houses produced 670,000 lbs. of lead, employing 333 persons, and a capital of 221,000 dollars; seventy-seven paper mills produced articles to the value of 673,121 dollars, and other paper manufactures produced to the value of 89,637 dollars, the whole employing 749 persons, and a capital of 703,550 dollars; hats and caps were manufactured to the value of 2,914,117 dollars, and straw bonnets to the value of 160,248 dollars, the whole employing 3880 persons, and a capital of 1,676,559 dollars; 1216 tanneries employed 5579 persons, and a capital of 3,907,348 dollars; other leather manufactories, as saddleries, &c., produced articles to the value of 6,232,924 dollars; and employed a capital of 2,743,765 dollars; thirteen glass houses, and eleven glass cutting establishments, employed 498 persons, produced articles to the value of 411,371 dollars, and employed a capital of 204,700 dollars; forty-seven potteries employed 197 persons, producing articles to the value of 159,292 dollars, and employed a capital of 88,450 dollars; machinery was produced to the value of 2,895,517 dollars, employing 3631 persons; hardware and cutlery employed 962 persons, and produced articles to the value 1,566,974 dollars; 112 cannon and 8308 small-arms were manufactured by 203 persons, to the value of 1,106,203 dollars; 1713 persons manufactured the precious metals to the value of 1,106,203 dollars; 1447 persons manufactured granite and marble to the value of 966,220 dollars; 489 persons manufactured 11,939,834 lbs. of soap, 4,029,783 lbs. of tallow candles, and 533,000 lbs. of spermaceti candles, with a capital of 618,875 dollars; 669 persons manufactured tobacco to the value of 831,570 dollars, with a capital of 395,530 dollars; 212 distilleries produced 11,973,815 gallons, and eighty-three breweries produced 6,059,122 gallons, the whole employing 1486 persons, and a capital of 3,107,066 dollars; 4710 persons manufactured carriages and waggons to the value of 2,364,461 dollars, with a capital of 1,485,023 dollars; 338 flouring mills manufactured 1,861,385 barrels of flour, and with other mills produced articles to the value of 16,953,280 dollars, employing 10,807 persons, and a capital of 14,648,814 dollars; ships were built to the value of 797,317 dollars; furniture was manufactured to the value of 1,971,776 dollars, employing 3660 persons, and a capital of 1,610,810 dollars; 3160 persons produced bricks and lime to the value of 1,198,527 dollars; 1233 brick and 5198 wooden houses were built by 16,768 persons, and cost