7,265,844 dollars; 321 printing offices, and 107 binderies, thirty-four daily, thirteen semi-weekly, or tri-weekly, and 198 weekly newspapers, and fifty-seven periodicals, employed 3231 persons, and a capital of 1,876,540 dollars. The whole amount of capital employed in manufactures, in 1840, was 55,252,779 dollars, or 11,500,000l. sterling.

Education.-Columbia College (formerly King's) was founded in New York in 1754, and is conducted by the Episcopalians; Union College, at Schenectady, was founded in 1795; Hamilton College, in Clinton, was founded in 1812; Geneva College, conducted by the Episcopalians, was founded in Geneva, in 1823; the University of the City of New York was founded in 1831. The Hamilton Literary and Theological Seminary was founded in Hamilton, by the Baptists, in 1819. The Theological Institute of the Episcopal Church was founded by the Episcopalians, in New York, in 1819; the New York Theological Seminary, connected with the University, was founded by the Presbyterians, in 1836; the Theological Seminary at Auburn, was founded by the Presbyterians, in 1821; the Hartwick Seminary, at Hartwick, in Otsego county, was founded by the Lutherans, in 1816; the Theological Seminary of the Associate Reformed Church was founded at Newburg, in 1836; the College of Physicians and Surgeons, in the city of New York, was founded in 1807; the Albany Medical College was founded in 1839. All these institutions had, in 1840, 1285 students; besides, there were in the state 505 academies, with 34,715 students; and 10,593 common and primary schools, with 502,367 scholars; and 44,452 persons over twenty years of age, who could neither read nor write.-U. S. Gaz.

COMMON SCHOOLS in 1843 (compiled from the Annual Report of the Superintendent Jan. 13, 1843).

Whole number of school districts

Number of districts that have made reports.

Number of children from five to sixteen years old in these districts

10,893

10,645

*601,765

who have attended the public schools

*571,130

attending public schools in the city of New York
actually attending when the schools were visited
paid to the teachers

27,619

†280,076

dollars

588,506.32

paid for school libraries

do.

98,290.47

Amount paid to teachers besides the public money
Number of incorporated select and private schools
Average number of pupils in these schools
Number of male teachers

Number of female teachers

Number of teachers under eighteen years of age
Average monthly pay of teachers, males

Number of schoolhouses in good repair
Ditto
ditto in bad or indifferent repair
Productive capital of the common school fund

dollars 1,968,290.72

Religious Professions. Of the religious denominations, in 1838, the Presbyterians and Congregationalists had 564 ministers, and 86,000 communicants; the Baptists had 483 ministers, and 67,183 communicants; the Methodists had 591 ministers, and 30,700 communicants; the Dutch Reformed, 142 ministers, and 15,800 communicants; the Episcopalians had 207 ministers, and about 10,000 communicants; the Associate Reformed had thirty ministers; the Lutherans, twenty-seven ministers; the Roman Catholics, thirty-two ministers; the Universalists, twenty-five ministers; the Unitarians, eight ministers; besides a few others.-U. S. Gaz.

Public Works.-New York has taken the lead, and is certainly in advance of all the other states in works of internal improvement; but Massachusetts, and some others, have not failed to profit by the example.

• Excluding the city of New York, from which no returns on this head have been received. † Partly from estimate. Not including all the counties.

1. Canals.-The Erie canal was commenced in July, 1817, and completed in 1825. It extends from Albany to Buffalo, 363 miles, and cost originally 7,143,789 dollars. This cost will be more than doubled by the present widening of it. The Champlain canal, from Albany to Whitehall, seventy-nine miles, was carried on simultaneously, and cost 1,257,604 dollars. The Oswego canal, from Syracuse to Oswego, thirty-eight miles, was completed in 1828, at a cost of 565,437 dollars. The Cayuga and Seneca canal, from Montezuma to Geneva, twenty-one miles, was completed in 1828, at a cost of 236,804 dollars. The Chemung canal, extends from Elmira to Seneca lake, including a feeder to Painted Post, thirty-nine miles, and cost 331,693 dollars. The Crooked lake canal extends from Crooked lake to Seneca lake, eight miles, and cost 156,776 dollars. Chenango canal extends from Binghamton to Utica, ninety-seven miles, and cost 2,270,605 dollars. The above are all branches of the great Erie canal, and their united length is 655 miles ; and the cost of the whole 11,962,711 dollars. The Black River canal extends from the Erie canal, at Rome, to the foot of the high falls in Leyden, on Black river, thirty-five miles, with a navigable feeder of eleven miles; the cost, including the improvement of the navigation of the river, forty miles, to Carthage, 1,068,437 dollars. The Genesee and Alleghany canal extends from Rochester to Olean, on the Alleghany, 107 miles, with a branch of fifteen miles, estimated to cost 2,002,285 dollars. The Delaware and Hudson canal commences at Eddyville, on the Rondout creek, near the Hudson, and reaches to Honesdale, on the Lackawaxen river, passing to, and through Delaware river, 109 miles, and cost 2,231,320 dollars.-Official Reports, U. S. Gaz. See Tabular Statements of Canal Returns, hereafter.

The Towanda rail

2. Railroads. Of the railroads projected in the state, the following have been completed. The Harlem railroad from New York to Fordham, twelve miles; the Long Island railroad from Brooklyn to Suffolk station, forty-one miles, to be continued through the island to Greenport; the Hudson and Berkshire railroad from Hudson to West Stockbridge, thirty-three miles; the Catskill and Canajoharie railroad, to connect the two places, seventy-eight miles, partly completed; the Rensselaer and Saratoga railroad from Troy to Ballston, twenty-three miles; the Mohawk and Hudson railroad connects Albany and Schenectady, sixteen miles; the Saratoga and Schenectady, twenty-one miles and a half, connects the two places; the Utica and Schenectady connects these places, seventy-seven miles; the Syracuse and Utica continues this road, fifty-three miles west, to Syracuse; the Syracuse and Auburn railroad continues this road to Auburn, twenty-six miles; the Auburn and Rochester railroad continues it, eighty miles west, to Rochester. road connects Rochester and Attica, forty-five miles, and is now being continued to Buffalo. Buffalo and Niagara Falls railroad connects the two places, twenty-three miles. Lockport and Niagara Falls railroad connects these places, twenty miles. Ithaca and Oswego railroad joins the two places, twenty miles; the Rochester railroad from Rochester to Port Genesee, three miles; Bath railroad from Bath to Crooked lake, five miles; Port Kent and Keesville railroad connects the two places, four miles and a half. The New York and Erie railroad is one of the greatest undertakings of the kind in America. It commences at Piermont, twenty-two miles above New York, on the Hudson, and is to extend through the southern counties of the state, 350 miles, to Dunkirk, on Lake Erie. The estimated cost of the work is 5,473,000 dollars. This road is completed to Goshen, forty-five miles from Piermont, and other sections of it are completed or in great progress.-Official Returns, U. S. Gaz.

FINANCES OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.

This state has, during all the embarrassments of a commercial crisis, faithfully discharged its public obligations; and the merchants and others engaged in navigation, trade, and manufactures, as well as the banks and public companies, have as honourably discharged their liabilities and contracts, as those of any country in Europe. Some defaulters may, it is true, be named; but not a

greater number in proportion to the whole population, than in the United Kingdom, or any other trading country.

The following tabular statements exhibit the elements of taxation, and the revenue and expenditure of the state of New York.

VALUATION OF REAL AND PERSONAL PROPERTY OF NEW YORK.

It will be seen that the value of real estate in the State at large, is nearly double what it was in 1828, and in the city more than double. The personal property has increased in nearly the same ratio.

A STATEMENT showing the Population, and also the aggregate Valuation of the Real and Personal Estate, in the several Cities in the State of New York, in each Year since 1815. Compiled from the Comptroller's Report, January 14th, 1840.

COMPARATIVE Table of the Progress of the Debts of the States of New York and Penn

sylvania.

DEBT of the State of New York in 1843.

(From the Annual Report of the Comptroller, made Jan. 11, 1843.)

There is, in addition to the preceding available means, the sum of 514,869 dollars 62 cents unavailable, and which consists of loans to insolvent banks.

The contingent debt of the state, that is, the stock issued on the faith of the people and loaned to railroad and canal companies, is as follows: :

Canal debt, 30th Sept. 1843, 20,411,291 dollars; annual interest, 1,111,662 dollars. General fund debt, 5,423,009 dollars; interest, 265,599 dollars. Total whole debt, 25,834,706 dollars; or about 5,500,000l. sterling. This is exclusive of the above contingent debt.

ORDINARY RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES.

The whole amount of receipts paid into the Treasury, from ordinary sources of revenue, during the year ending September 30, 1842 (excluding temporary loans), was 643,275 dollars 95 cents; of which the principal items were as follows: