larger part finds a market at Pittsburg. From the head waters of the Susquehanna river, large quantities of lumber are annually sent to Baltimore. "The imports of this region, excepting the large supplies derived by internal trade with Pittsburg, are principally from New York city and state, and are similar in character to those hereafter mentioned as taken by the north-eastern section of the state. "Western Pennsylvania, with its coal, iron, flour, wheat, lumber, wool, and manufactures of various kinds which are exported to a great amount, has access to the interior of Ohio and to the lakes, by means of the Pennsylvania and Ohio or Cross-cut canal and the Sandy and Beaver canal; by the National road to Wheeling on the one hand, and Baltimore on the other; by the internal improvements of the state to the city last-named or via Philadelphia, to ports on the Atlantic; and by the Ohio river to all parts of the valley of the Mississippi. "Pittsburg, the great manufacturing city and commercial emporium of western Pennsylva nia, sends her manufactures of iron, glass, cotton, &c., throughout the vast extent of country bordering on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, as well as to the rapidly improving region extending along the lakes. In return are received drafts on the Atlantic cities or New Orleans, or the varied produce of the several states, viz.: pork, beef, lard, butter, flour, hemp, tobacco, cotton, sugar, molasses, &c.; together with a large part of her supply of coffee, imported at New Orleans. A portion of the above-named articles, as pork, lard, flour, hemp, and tobacco, is re-exported from Pittsburg to Baltimore; and a still larger portion finds a market in Philadelphia, for home consumption or exportation. With the proceeds of the sales of these articles, and of large quantities of flour and wool, the produce of western Pennsylvania, together with drafts on the Atlantic cities received from sales to the west, she purchases in the Atlantic cities, for the consumption of her own citizens or the supply of a large extent of country in western Pennsylvania and Ohio, the cotton, woollen, and leather manufactures, the bonnets, and other articles the manufactures of New England, and various foreign imports; that is, manufactures of wool, silk, cotton, linen, steel, and other metals; porcelain and earthenwares, tea, spices, dried fruit, wine, brandy, &c. "Annexed is the tonnage of the port of Pittsburg in the years 1832 to 1841 inclusive. The sudden reduction observable in some of the years may be accounted for by the sale of steamboats, great numbers of which are built here for towns on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. "According to Harris's Directory, the number of steamboats owned in whole or in part, in the district of Pittsburg, in 1841, was eighty-nine, of an aggregate tonnage of 12,436 tons. "Southern Pennsylvania, whose exports consist principally of grain, flour, iron, leather, &c., finds a market for a large part of these in Baltimore, and the neighbouring counties of Maryland and Virginia. The National road, connecting with the internal improvements of Maryland, opens a communication between Baltimore and the western part of this region; while the eastern portion sends its produce by the Baltimore and Susquehanna or Franklin railroads, or by several turnpikes, into Maryland; or by the internal improvements of Pennsylvania and the Susquehanna river, or Tidewater canal to Baltimore, or more largely to Philadelphia for exportation or home consumption. In return are received goods of a description similar to those above mentioned as purchased in the Atlantic cities for Pittsburg. "Central Pennsylvania, embracing the greater part of the valley of the Susquehanna and the country bordering on the main line of the internal improvements of the state, west of the Susquehanna river, makes use of this river and these canals and railroads, together with the Tidewater canal, as outlets for its large exports. A market is found for its produce, consisting of wheat and other grains, flour, iron, lumber, coal, &c., at Baltimore, and to a greater extent, probably, via Philadelphia, at the other various Atlantic ports. The goods imported are of a character similar to those taken at Pittsburg. "North-Eastern Pennsylvania, embracing a portion of the anthracite coal fields of the state, exports lumber and some agricultural produce, principally oats, to the neighbouring towns of New York and New Jersey; neat cattle and butter also to the same markets, and to New York city; and coal in large quantities to New York city and intermediate places, and to the Atlantic New England states. The principal channels for its exports, which are moderate in amount, are the Lehigh river, the Delaware and Hudson canal, and several turnpike roads. In return, articles, such as enumerated as taken by Pittsburg, excluding the more expensive and luxurious, are received from New York city. "South-Eastern Pennsylvania-embracing the earliest settled and most populous counties of the state, rich in agricultural products; together with other counties, abounding in anthracite coal and iron-passes most of its exports through Philadelphia. "New York and the New England States bordering on the Atlantic take the largest amount of this produce, consisting principally of coal, flour, wheat, corn, &c. The demand for Pennsylvania bread stuffs in Boston has, however, diminished since the completion of the railroad connecting it with Albany. "In return, Philadelphia receives from the New England states their manufactures of cotton and wool, shoes, bonnets, fish, oil, and various other articles, the produce or manufactures of these states; together with many foreign goods and from New York, English, French, Chinese, and various other foreign goods too numerous to specify the balance being greatly against Philadelphia, both in her trade with New England and New York. : "To the neighbouring states of New Jersey and Delaware the exports are to a large amount, consisting of coal, lime, iron, and various manufactures of Pennsylvania; and the manufactures and produce of the New England states and foreign countries generally, especially manufacture of cotton, wool, leather, and iron; sugar, coffee, and tea. "The imports from New Jersey consist of agricultural produce generally, and those from Delaware, of flour, corn meal, wheat, corn, bark, &c. "The trade with Maryland is to a very limited extent, and similar in its character to that with Delaware. Most of the freight passing between Philadelphia and Baltimore consists of goods in transitu between the latter city and New York, or the New England states. "The exports from Philadelphia to Virginia are to a moderate amount, and consist of articles much the same as those specified in reference to Pittsburg. In return, tobacco, wheat, corn, and some bituminous coal and cotton yarn are received. "To North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama, the exports are similar in character to those sent to Virginia; but to a very small amount. From North Carolina are received naval stores, lumber, and some little cotton and cotton yarn; from South Carolina and Georgia, cotton and rice; and from Alabama, cotton. "Louisiana takes to a moderate extent, for her own consumption, of the manufactures of the New England states and Pennsylvania, and the manufactures and produce of foreign countries; and sends to Philadelphia large quantities of sugar and molasses, and some cotton, her own produce. Large quantities of heavy goods, destined for the western states, are forwarded by way of New Orleans; and by the same route Philadelphia receives large supplies of the produce of those states; viz., cotton, tobacco, pork, lard, hemp, lead, &c. "The most important branch of the domestic export trade of Philadelphia is that with Ohio, Kentucky, Missouri, Tennessee, Indiana, Illinois, Mississippi, and Arkansas, especially the six first named, and consists of articles similar to those taken by Pittsburg, the principal portion being imports from the New England states, and from foreign countries, a large part of the latter, as before stated, being received via New York and Boston. "In addition to the articles above enumerated as being forwarded by way of New Orleans, Philadelphia receives from this vast and fertile region, now rapidly filling with an enterprising and industrious population, large quantities of flour, pork, lard, tobacco, hemp, neat cattle, and horses, and some beef, furs, wool, &c., via Pittsburg and the internal improvements of the state; these, however, would be vastly greater in quantity, and the purchases of goods in return proportionally increased, if the cost of transportation from Pittsburg to Philadelphia were still further reduced. The balance of this great branch of her trade being in favour of Philadelphia, is paid by drafts on New Orleans and New York. "With Michigan, Philadelphia has little or no trade. "Annexed is a statement of the enrolled and licensed tonnage, being that engaged in the coasting trade of Philadelphia for the years 1832 to 1841. "We also append a list of the coastwise arrivals at Philadelphia for the years 1787 to 1842, much the greater portion of the large number appearing in recent years being vessels engaged in carrying coal, or barges laden with merchandise, passing between the north-eastern and southwestern markets of the union, benefiting the mercantile community of Philadelphia but little. COASTWISE Arrivals at Philadelphia, from 1787 to 1842, inclusive. A TABLE, showing the quantity of Flour, Grain, &c., exported from Philadelphia to Foreign Ports during the last Ten Years (1831 to 1840), derived from the Philadelphia Commercial List. barrels. value. barrels. value. barrels. value. bushels. value. busbels value. value. THE Enrolled and Licensed Tonnage of Pennsylvania, from 1789 to 1841, inclusive. 50,869 193,488 2,903 3,809 dollars. dollars. dollars. dollars. 45,432 153,529 61,282 77,331 42,293 30,521 9,728 50,323 154,113 2,258 2,429 48,859 33,379 3,906 51,903 172,746 66,708 44,764 4,385 31,526 25,704 17,373 25,457 22,295 14,522 19,117 18,075 2,940 21,486 21,517 4,389 17,087 14,280 2,537 47,738 2,918 22 527 "The Internal Trade.--In the preceding article, on the course of the domestic trade of Pennsylvania, allusion has been made to the extent of business between Philadelphia and Pittsburg, and between those two cities and a large portion of the state. This forms but a very small part of the internal trade of Pennsylvania, which embraces all the interchanges between sections adjacent, or widely separated, of every variety of merchandise, the produce of agriculture, the mine, or the forest; or the manufacture of the factory or workshop. Of its amount no other than a very vague estimate can be formed; it, however, vastly exceeds both that of the domestic and of the foreign trade, although it may be said to be yet in its infancy. 66 No state of the union contains the elements of wealth more diversified in character or unlimited in extent than Pennsylvania; and with a virtuous, intelligent, and industrious population, to develop the resources of her rich and varied soil and countless mineral treasures, she cannot fail, in time, to possess within her borders a manufacturing interest, equal, if not superior, to the agricultural. A home market for her agricultural produce will thus be created; while her exports will consist of manufactures sent to the western and southern states of the union, and probably, in considerable quantities to foreign countries. This anticipated development of the internal trade of Pennsylvania must be promoted, in no small degree, by the state canals, railroads, and other facilities for the transportation of produce, in the judicious management of which, those engaged in the domestic and foreign, as well as this branch of trade, have a deep interest. PRINCIPAL SEAPORTS AND TOWNS OF PENNSYLVANIA. PHILADELPHIA, the second city in the United States, is situated on a plain which rises in some parts sixty-four feet above the high-water level. The city lays between the Delaware and the Schuylkill rivers, extending two miles from the one to the other, and four miles and a half along the Delaware, five miles above their junction, and 120 miles by the course of the Delaware from the ocean. It contained, in 1790, 42,500 inhabitants; in 1800, 70,287; in 1810, 96,664; in 1820, 119,325; in 1830, 167,811; in 1840, 220,423. Of the latter there were employed in agriculture, 693; in commerce, 7912; in manufactures and trades, 24,900; navigating the ocean, rivers, &c., 2050; learned professions, &c., 1549. The plan of the city is nearly in the form of a parallelogram, having the Delaware on the east, the Schuylkill on the west, Vine-street on the north, and South or Cedar-street on the south. There are five adjoining districts which belong as much to Philadelphia as Southwark and Westminster do to London : those districts have incorporations and municipal authorities distinct from the city, and from each other. They are the Northern Liberties, Kensington, and Spring Garden on the north, and Southwark and Moyamensing on the south. The compactly built part of Philadelphia is about nine miles in circumference. The two principal streets are Market or High-street, which extends from the Delaware to the Schuylkill, east and west, through the middle of the city; and Broad-street, which runs north and south, crossing Market-street at right angles, near the centre of the city plat. The other streets of this portion cross each other at right angles. Market or High-street is 100 feet broad, and Broad-street is 113 feet; Arch or Mulberry-street is sixty-six feet wide; the other streets are fifty feet. The adjoining districts have not the same regularity in their plan. The whole number of streets in the city and districts is above 600. Common sewers convey the filth of the streets into the Delaware river. The houses are built with uniformity and neatness, and the streets are kept very clean. The largest ships ascend the Delaware river to the city, where it is nearly a mile wide to Camden, which lies opposite, in New Jersey. The Schuylkill river is also navigable for smaller vessels to the bridge, where it is 500 feet wide. Both rivers are usually frozen over for some time during the winter, and the ice then forms an obstacle which considerably impedes navigation. Generally, the architecture of Philadelphia is simple and not imposing. Several of the public buildings are, however, exceptions. That in which was transacted the business of the late United States Bank, in Chestnut-street, is in imitation of the Pantheon. On the failure of that bank, so fatal to its creditors, this edifice was sold for 300,000 dollars. The Bank of Pennsylvania, in Secondstreet, is 125 feet by 51 feet. It has two Ionic porticoes of six columns cach. The United States Mint, corner of Chestnut and Juniper-streets, has lonic porticoes of more than 120 feet long on each front. The Merchants' Exchange, between Dock, Walnut, and Third-streets, is ninetyfive feet by fourteen feet wide, with a portico of four Corinthian columns on one front, and a semi-circular portico of eight columns on the other. The basement contains various offices, with the post-office. The great hall is embellished by paintings and ornamental devices. All the above noticed edifices are built of white marble. The Girard Bank, in Third-street, below Chestnutstreet, has a front of white marble, with a portico of six Corinthian columns of the same material. It has extensive grounds neatly laid out and ornamented. The United States Naval Asylum or Marine Hospital, is 386 feet in front and 175 feet deep. It has a portico in the centre of eight Ionic columns. There are 180 dormitories, capable of lodging 400 persons. The whole is surrounded by ornamental grounds. The almshouse, on the west bank of the Schuylkill river, consists of a centre building with wings, together with two detached buildings, one at each end. It has 180 acres of ground, ten of which are occupied by its enclosures. Girard College, about one mile from the city, consists of a centre building, including the portico, 160 feet by 218 feet, and is surrounded by a colonnade, with pillars six feet in diameter, and fifty-five feet high, with Corinthian capitals; and two other buildings, each fifty-two feet wide and 125 feet long. This establishment, solely for the education of orphan children, was founded by a bequest of the late Stephen Girard, of over 2,000,000 dollars. Among the public buildings of Philadelphia is the State House in Chestnut-street, erected in 1735, in which the Congress sat which declared the independence, and where the convention sat that drew up the constitution of the United States, should not be overlooked. The room in which they sat is carefully preserved without alteration. The original bell, cast many years before the declaration of independence, is preserved in the tower of the steeple, and has this inscription, " Proclaim LIBERTY throughout this land, unto all the inhabitants thereof."-Leviticus, xxv. 10. Philadelphia has several public squares, none of great extent. They are generally well laid out and ornamented. Among the public works of the city, the Fairmount Water Works, on the east bank of the Schuylkill, two miles north-west from the city are conspicuous. They occupy an area of thirty acres, consisting mostly of a hill 100 feet high. On the top of the hill are four reservoirs, capable of holding 22,000,000 gallons. A dam is constructed across the Schuylkill river, and the water from the pond moves forcing pumps, which raise the water of the river to the reservoirs, from which it is distributed through pipes over the city. At the western termination of Marketstreet is a substantial bridge over the Schuylkill river, 1350 feet long, including the abutments, and forty-two feet wide. There is a viaduct over the Schuylkill, built by the Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore railroad company, which also admits the passage of ordinary carriages. These are the only bridges which cross the Schuylkill river near the city.-U. S. Gaz. Steamboats and sailing vessels afford a constant and easy communication with New York and Baltimore; and railroads in various directions render Philadelphia a great thoroughfare. By the Pennsylvania canal, and a short railroad over the Alleghany, Philadelphia communicates with Pittsburg, and the great valley of the Mississippi.-U. S. Gaz. Trade and Manufactures.—In 1840, there were 184 foreign commercial, and forty-four commission houses, with a capital of 2,049,501 dollars; 1791 retail stores, with a capital of 17,082,384 dollars; forty-eight lumber-yards, with a capital of 1,118,500 dollars; two furnaces, with a capital of 259,050 dollars; machinery was manufactured to the value of 915,864 dollars; hardware and cutlery, 154,400 dollars; the precious metals, 2,651,510 dollars; of various metals, 876,060 dollars; fifteen woollen factories, capital 135,100 dollars; seventeen cotton factories, with 17,922 spindles; fourteen printing and dyeing establishments, with a total capital of 474,000 dollars; eight tanneries, with a capital of 117,500 dollars; eleven distilleries, sixteen breweries, with a capital of 415,200 dollars; paints and drugs, 1,839,050 dollars; one glass factory, and one glasscutting establishment, with a capital of 23,500 dollars; six potteries, with a capital of 24,000 dollars; twelve sugar refineries produced refined sugar to the value of 890,000 dollars; six paper factories produced 31,250 dollars; twelve rope-walks, with a capital of 82,900 dollars; one saw mill, one flouring mill, one grist mill, capital 8000 dollars; furniture to the amount of 526,200 dollars; 808 brick and stone houses, and sixty-two wooden houses, cost 2,751,383 dollars; fortysix printing offices, twelve binderies, eight daily, sixteen weekly, seven semi-weekly newspapers, and twenty-six periodicals, employed 911 persons, with a capital of 252,600 dollars. Total capital in manufactures, 8,796,998 dollars.-Official Returns. Institutions. The institutions of Philadelphia are numerous. Pennsylvania hospital was founded in 1750, through the instrumentality of Dr. Franklin and others. The state granted 20007, and the same sum was raised by subscription, and the building was commenced in 1755. In an area in front of the hospital, stands a full length statue of William Penn, in bronzed lead. This institution is well managed; and they have recently erected a separate institution for the insane. The House of Refuge for juvenile delinquents; the Institution for the deaf and dumb; the Institution for the blind, and the Philadelphia Orphan Asylum, are all useful establish ments. Banks.—In 1841, there were in the city and liberties, thirteen banks, with an aggregate capital of 14,550,000 dollars, besides the United States Bank of Pennsylvania, whose capital was 35,000,000 dollars, and twenty-three insurance companies.-(See Banks of the United States hereafter.) Education. The University of Pennsylvania was founded in 1791, by the union of two previous institutions, the first of which was instituted in 1755. It has fourteen instructors, 116 students, and 5000 volumes in its library. The most flourishing department is the medical, which has seven professors, and over 400 students, and is the most distinguished institution of the kind in the United States. Jefferson Medical College was formerly connected with the college at Cannonsburg, but is now independent, founded in 1824; it has seven professors and 145 students. The medical department of Pennsylvania College, founded in 1839, has six professors and sixty students. The American Philosophical Society was founded in 1740, chiefly through the exertions of Dr. Franklin. In 1769, it was united with another similar society. It has an excellent library and a collection of minerals. The Academy of Natural Sciences, founded in 1817, has a library of over 9000 volumes. The Franklin Institute was founded in 1824, and consists of 3000 manufacturers, artisans, and mechanics. The Athenæum, founded in 1815, has a good library and reading-room. The Mercantile Library, formed in 1822, has 5000 or 6000 volumes, chiefly relating to commerce and its kindred subjects. The Historical Society has issued many useful publications relating to the early history of Pennsylvania. The Philadelphia Library Company, established through the influence of Dr. Franklin, has a library of over 42,000 volumes-U. S. Gaz. Religion. There are about 100 churches in the city, of which the Presbyterians have twentyfour; the Episcopalians nineteen; the Methodists nineteen; the Baptists seventeen; the Roman Catholics six, &c. Among the places of amusement there are four or five theatres, a number of public gardens, and the Philadelphia Museum.—U. S. Gaz. |