The government of the city of Philadelphia is vested in the hands of a mayor, a select council of twelve, and a common council of twenty members. One-third of the select, and the whole of the common council, are chosen annually by the people, and the councils elect a mayor. The aldermen, who are fifteen in number, are appointed by the governor to act, with the mayor, as judges, during good behaviour; and the aldermen act as justices of the peace. The whole legislative power is vested in the councils, of which the select council forms a kind of senate.

Philadelphia was surveyed and founded in 1682. It had previously been in possession of the Swedes, some of whom came into the country bordering on Delaware bay as early as 1627. It was named after a city in Asia Minor, and the plan is said to have been suggested by that of ancient Babylon, and according to the original design of William Penn, its original founder and proprietor, was designed to have equalled that ancient capital in extent; but the idea was soon abandoned, and the charter of 1701 restricted it to the present boundaries of the city proper. Penn's country residence was at Pennsburg Manor, above Bristol, in which was a large hall of audience, where he held treaties with the Indians, and the oak arm-chair in which he sat, is now in the Pennsylvania hospital.-U. S. Gaz.

KENSINGTON, which constitutes a suburb of Philadelphia, in the north-east part, along the Delaware river, though it has a separate government, under fifteen commissioners, contains various manufacturing establishments of cotton, woollen, iron, and glass, and considerable ship building. In 1840, there were, one commission house, and 112 stores, capital 107,900 dollars; seven lumber yards, capital 116,500 dollars; nine woollen factories, fifteen cotton factories, 700 spindles, three tanneries, one brewery, one glass factory, four rope factories. Capital in manufactures, 721,600 dollars. Population, 22,314.—(See Philadelphia.)

SPRING-GARDEN, opposite Philadelphia, is also a constituent part of the latter, though under a separate charter, and governed by thirteen commissioners, elected for three years. It contains the Fairmount water-works, the eastern penitentiary, the house of refuge, the city hospital, an extensive floor-cloth factory. It had, in 1840, five commission houses, capital 25,000 dollars; 106 retail stores, capital 234,650 dollars; thirteen lumber yards, capital 271,000 dollars; four woollen factories, four cotton factories, 7802 spindles; five dyeing and print establishments, three tanneries, one distillery, three breweries, one pottery, one paper factory, one rope factory, one flouring mill, one grist mill. Capital in manufactures, 1,178,000 dollars. Population, 27,849.

SOUTHWARK was separated from the municipal government of Philadelphia, for local purposes, in 1762. The act of separation was confirmed in 1794, when it was incorporated, to be governed by fifteen commissioners, five of whom are elected annually, for the term of three years. It contains about 5000 dwelling-houses, many of them well built and commodious, but a large proportion are frame or brick buildings of two stories. Most of the streets are paved and lighted, and have a watch. It is supplied with water from the Schuylkill water-works. The navy yard, several ship and boat yards, and a marine railway are on the Delaware river. A brick shot-tower is a lofty and conspicuous structure. There were, in 1840, five commercial and commission houses, capital 80,000 dollars; 252 stores, capital 262,109 dollars; nine lumber yards, capital 203,000 dollars; two dyeing and printing establishments, one tannery, seven distilleries, two breweries, two potteries, one sugar refinery, four rope factories, two printing offices, one weekly and one semi-weekly newspaper. Capital in manufactures, 890,560 dollars. Population, 27,548.-(See Philadelphia.) The Northern Liberties, were incorporated in 1803, and governed by five commis. sioners.

PORT and Trade Regulations and Charges at Philadelphia, from the Municipal Laws, and the Resolutions of the Chamber of Commerce.

Port Regulations.-If any master of a vessel, or other person, shall refuse or neglect to comply with the directions of the harbour master, in matters within the jurisdiction of his office, such person shall, for each and every such offence, severally forfeit and pay any sum not exceeding 100 dollars. The harbour-master shall for his services receive from the master, owner, or consignee of each vessel arriving at the port of Philadelphia (coasting vessels not exceeding the burden of seventy-five tons excepted), one dollar for each and every voyage by such ship or vessel performed, and no more.

Every vessel that may arrive, and anchor in the stream anywhere between Almond and Vine-streets, having previously landed all gunpowder she may have had on board, may remain in that situation twenty-four hours, and no longer, taking care to lie as near to the island, or sand bar, as may be consistent with safety. But if, from a vessel having servants on board, or from any other cause, it may be thought necessary to lie a longer time in the stream, then, and in every such case, the person having charge of such vessel shall remove her from opposite the city, and cause her to be moored, to the northward of Vine-street, with

one anchor and cable up, and one anchor and cable down the stream; and in both the abovementioned situations, the regulation contained in the succeeding article to be attended to.

If any vessel, properly moored inthe stream, shall have her anchor or cable overlaid by any other vessel in anchoring or mooring, the master or person having the care or direction of such last-mentioned vessel shall immediately, or as soon as may be after application made to him by the party aggrieved, cause the said anchor or cable so overlaying to be taken up and cleared. When any ship or vessel shall be hauled into any wharf or dock, or alongside of another vessel that may be lying at such wharf or dock, the owner, master, pilot, or whoever may have the command, care, or direction of her, shall have her securely made fast; and if outside of another vessel, shall get one good fast from each end of the vessel to the shore, with sufficient fenders between them and the inside vessel; and shall cause the flukes of their anchors to be taken in board; and, within twenty-four hours thereafter, cause her jib-boom, spritsail-yard, main boom, spanker and ringtail booms, if any they have, to be rigged in, and their lower yards topped up.

No outward-bound vessel, putting off from a wharf, shall lie longer in the stream between Vine-street and Almond-street, in the district of Southwark, above-mentioned, than twenty-four hours. And if vessels lying at the end of wharfs so much interlock with each other as to prevent vessels hauling in and out of docks, the master, owner, pilot, or other person having the charge of the same, shall, immediately on application from any person so wanting to haul his vessel in or out of docks, have the vessel or vessels so interfering, moved to accommodate the one applied for; in which case the vessel making room for another to haul in or out, shall have liberty to make her warps fast to the most convenient place adjacent, for a reasonable time; and all sea vessels, when wanting to haul into a wharf or dock, or to make sail in order to proceed to sea, shall have the same privilege.

A vessel lying alongside any wharf, and not taking in or discharging, shall make way for any vessel that wants to unload or load, to come inside, next the wharf, until she discharges or loads her cargo; and the said vessel, when so discharged or loaded, shall haul outside and give way to the vessel that first occupied the wharf; provided that, from the 10th of December to the 1st of March, no vessel shall be compelled to move from her berth (only those at Gloucester Point piers), excepting to let vessels in and out of docks.

No ship or vessel loading or discharging hemp shall have any fire on board; neither shall any vessel lying outside or near her be permitted to have fire on board, while it may be considered dangerous. And no tar, turpentine, rosin, or pitch, shall be heated on the wharf, or on board any vessel lying at any wharf within the limits of the city.

Pilotage. Every vessel arriving from, or bound to, a foreign port, is required by law to receive a pilot, or to pay half pilotage in the warden's office, where the master of every such vessel is required, under a penalty of ten dollars, to make report within thirty-six hours after his arrival, and again before his departure.

Every vessel of seventy-five tons and upwards arriving from, or bound to, any port within the United States, and the master of all such vessels, are bound to pay as above.

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The pilot must inform the master of his having to report at the warden's office.

As vessels obliged to receive a pilot are required to pay ten dollars in addition, as winter pilotage, from the 20th of November to the 10th of March, both days inclusive.

The vessels of foreign countries, which are not exempt by treaty, must pay two dollars sixty-seven cents in addition to other pilotage.

Every pilot detained more than twenty-four hours by any master, owner, or consignee, is entitled to two dollars per day for every day he is so detained.

Every pilot detained more than forty-eight hours by the ice, after he has conducted his vessel to a place of safety, is entitled to two dollars for every day he is detained.

Every pilot compelled to perform quarantine is entitled to two dollars for every day he is so detained, and cannot be discharged in less than six days, without his consent.

Every pilot obliged by stress of weather to proceed to another port, is entitled to his pilotage; and if there discharged, to eight cents for every mile he has to travel home. Every pilot is required, under a penalty of twelve dollars, to send a report, within fortyeight hours, to the warden's office, of every vessel he conducts to the city.

On bills remitted for collection under protest for non-acceptance or non-payment, onehalf commission to be charged.

On consignment of merchandise withdrawn or reshipped, full commission to be charged to the extent of advances or responsibilities incurred, and one-half commission on the current value of the residue.

On sales of merchandise originally consigned to another house, but withdrawn, and where no responsibilities are incurred, only one-half commission to be charged.

The current value, in all cases, to be settled by certificates of two respectable merchants, auctioneers, or brokers.

The above commissions to be exclusive of guarantee, brokerage, storage, wharfage, cartage, towboats, &c., and every other charge actually incurred.

The risk of loss by fire, unless insurance be ordered, and of robbery, theft, and other unavoidable occurrences, if the usual care be taken to secure the property, is, in all cases, to be borne by the proprietor of the goods.

NAVIGATION of Philadelphia, showing the Total Arrivals and Departures of Vessels.

* From the 1st of August to the 31st of December: no records for previous part of the year.

+ The documents for these two years lost or mislaid.

Embargo.

War with Great Britain.

Opening of the Chesapeake and Delaware canal.

Foreign Arrivals at Philadelphia, 1839.-Ships, 90; barks, 37; brigs, 274; schooners, 117; galliot, 1; mistico, 1; sloop, 1. Total, 521.

Of these vessels there were eighty-six belonging to foreign ports, viz. :-Austrian, 2; Bremen, 9; British, 56; Colombian, 3; Danish, 2; Dutch, 1; French, 2; Genoese, 1; Hamburg, 2; Haytian, 2; Portuguese, 1; Prussian, 1; Russian, 2; Spanish, 1; Swedish, 1. Total, 86.

In 1838, the total number of foreign arrivals was, ships, 79; barks, 19; brigs, 232; schooners, 132; mistico, 1; sloop, 1. Total, 464.

Value of Goods Imported, and Duties.-The value of the goods imported into this port during the years 1837 and 1838, and three quarters of 1839, has been as follows, viz. :-in 1837, 10,130,838 dollars; in 1838, 10,417,815 dollars.

The duties accruing to the United States from imports into this port during the fiscal years, 1838 and 1839, have been as follow, viz. :-in 1839, 2,971,122 dollars 97 cents; in 1838, 1,917,108 dollars 80 cents.

For trade and navigation of this port, and also for previous years, see General Trade and Navigation of Pennsylvania.

CARLISLE. Population, in 1840, 4351. The Cumberland Valley railroad, extending from Harrisburg to Chambersburg, passes through this place. In 1840, there were forty-two stores, capital 90,446 dollars; two lumber yards, capital 2000 dollars; six tanneries, three distilleries, two breweries, three printing offices, one bindery, three weekly papers. Capital in manufactures, 68,750 dollars.

CHAMBERSBURG, situated in the valley of Conecocheague creek, a branch of the Potomac river. It had, in 1840, thirty-eight stores, capital 135,400 dollars; one tannery, one pottery, one paper factory, one cotton factory, one woollen factory, one oil mill, one edge tool factory, two flouring mills, in one of which straw paper is also manufactured, four printing offices, one of which belongs to the German Reformed church of the state, four weekly and one semi-weekly newspapers, an insurance company, a saving fund society, and numerous mechanic and manufacturing establishments. Capital in manufactures, 131,450 dollars. Population, in 1840, 3239; 1842, 4030. The Conecocheague and Falling Spring creeks, unite in the borough, and afford good water power.

EASTON, Situated on the west side of Delaware river, at the junction of the Lehigh, fifty-eight miles north of Philadelphia. Population, in 1820, 2370; 1830, 3529; 1840, 4865. It is built on a point of land formed by the Delaware and Lehigh rivers, and Bushkill creek. The streets are laid out along the cardinal points, crossing each other at right angles, with a square in the centre, on which stands the court house, erected in 1758. The part of the village on the Delaware is 2 Q

VOL. II.

level, but considerably elevated above the river, and the ground rises gradually from the river toward the west to a considerable height. There is.a fine bridge over the Delaware, 570 feet long, which cost 80,000 dollars; a chain bridge over the Lehigh; and two bridges over the Bushkill. The Delaware, Morris, and Lehigh canal form a junction at this place. There were, in 1840, two banks, seventy stores, capital 272,650 dollars; three lumber yards, capital 15,000 dollars; one woollen factory, capital 20,000 dollars; three tanneries, three distilleries, two breweries, two rope factories, seven flouring mills, two saw mills, two oil mills, three printing offices, two binderies, four weekly newspapers. Capital in manufactures, 177,295 dollars.

ERIE, is beautifully situated on Presque Isle bay, Lake Erie, and is one of the best harbours on the lake. The depth of water on the bar is eight or ten feet, and within much more. It contained, in 1840, one bank, forty-five wholesale and retail stores, six forwarding and commission warehouses, two flouring mills, two iron foundries, one fulling mill, two tanneries, three printing offices, one bindery, four weekly newspapers, two grist mills, one saw mill. Capital in manufactures, 31,200 dollars. Population, 3412.-(See Interior Trade of the United States hereafter.)

HARRISBURG, city, capital of the state of Pennsylvania, is situated on the east bank of the Susquehanna, ninety-eight miles north-west by west of Philadelphia. Population, in 1820, 3000; 1830, 4307; 1840, 5980. Its situation is commanding, having a fine view of the river and surrounding country. The houses are well built, and generally of brick. "The bridge, a fine covered structure, extending to an island in the river, and thence to the opposite bank, 2876 feet long, forty feet wide, fifty feet above the surface of the river, and cost 155,000 dollars; there is another recently built. There were, in 1840, three commission houses engaged in foreign trade, capital 23,500 dollars; seventy-six retail stores, capital 319,860 dollars; five lumber yards, capital 25,000 dollars; one forge, two tanneries, three breweries, two potteries, one saw mill, twelve printing offices, six binderies, eleven weekly newspapers, one periodical. Capital in manufactures, 195,450 dollars."-U. S. Gaz.

LANCASTER, formerly capital of the state, is situated one mile and a half west of Conestoga creek, which falls into the Susquehanna, nine miles south-south-west of the city. Population, in 1820, 6663; 1830, 7704; 1840, 8417. It is regularly laid out with wide streets, crossing each other at right angles. The streets are well paved and kept in a neat condition. It is surrounded by a very fertile, highly cultivated and populous country. The great western turnpike from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, and the Philadelphia and Columbia railroad, pass through the city. Its commerce and manufactures are considerable. There were, in 1840, two commission houses engaged in foreign trade, capital 38,000 dollars; thirty-two stores, capital 242,750 dollars; three lumber yards, capital 16,000 dollars; three furnaces; machinery manufactured, value 12,500 dollars; two tanneries, thirteen distilleries, four breweries, four potteries, two rope-walks, five printing offices, three binderies, six weekly newspapers. Capital in manufactures, 223,439 dollars. There were in the township, one cotton factory, 2000 spindles, five distilleries, three flouring mills, three grist mills, and two saw mills. Capital in manufactures, 90,000 dollars. Population, 809.

LOWER MERION, watered by Schuylkill river, and Mill and Cobb's creeks. It had, in 1840, nine stores, capital 13,950 dollars; two lumber yards, capital 6500 dollars; two woollen factories, three cotton factories, 1532 spindles, seven paper factories, three grist mills, three saw mills. Capital in manufactures, 117,170 dollars. Population, 2827.

MAUCH CHUNK, belongs chiefly to the Lehigh navigation and coal company, and contains several villages connected with the coal business. About 1200 of the inhabitants are employed in mining and shipping coal, and there is little agricultural cultivation in the neighbourhood, the provisions being brought from an average distance of twenty miles. An inclined plane, 700 feet long, rising 200 feet, and a railway, nine miles long, extends to the great coal mine. About thirty acres have been worked from this single vein, and have produced more than 1,200,000 tons. Here is a village called Coalville, of forty dwellings, occupied by miners. Below Mauch Chunk the coal is conveyed by the Lehigh canal. This township has seven stores, capital 41,000 dollars; three lumber yards, capital 7000 dollars; one printing office, one weekly newspaper, one grist mill, four saw mills. Capital in manufactures, 28,000 dollars. Population, 2193.

PITTSBURG, city, port of entry, and capital of Alleghany county, Pennsylvania, is situated at the confluence of the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers, where they form the Ohio, which is here a quarter of a mile wide. It is in 40 deg. 32 min. north latitude, and 80 deg. 2 min. west longitude; 230 miles west-north-west of Baltimore, 297 miles west by north of Philadelphia, 200 miles west-northwest of Harrisburg, 226 miles from Washington. Population, in 1810, 4768; 1820, 7248; 1830, 12,542; 1840, 21,115, being the second city in population in the state, and the thirteenth in the United States. "It is built on a beautiful plain between the two rivers, in the form of a triangle. About a mile back of the point it is encompassed by Grant's, Ayers', and Quarry hills. It is compactly built, with some handsome buildings, generally of brick; but a dingy appearance is given to them by the dust of the bituminous coal, so extensively used in manufactures and otherwise. The city was first laid out in 1765, on the north-east bank of the Monongahela, after the plan of Philadelphia, with streets running parallel with the river, and crossed by others at right angles. The streets on the Alleghany also runs parallel with the river, and are crossed by streets at right