angles; and the cross streets meet each other obliquely, a few streets back from the river. A bridge crosses the Alleghany, and another the Monongahela river, the former of which cost 96,000 dollars, and the latter 102,000 dollars. The Pennsylvania canal crosses the Alleghany river in an aqueduct, and several ferries cross the Monongahela. The harbour of Pittsburg is chiefly on the Monongahela, where the water is deeper than in the Alleghany. There are eightynine steamboats, averaging over 125 tons burden, owned wholly or in part in the district of Pittsburg. The hills with which Pittsburg is surrounded are filled with bituminous coal, which is inexhaustible, and affords great aid to its manufactures. There are thirty-five churches-five Presbyterian, one Reformed Presbyterian, four Methodist, one Protestant Methodist, one Cumberland Presbyterian, three Baptist, two Episcopal, five Scots Presbyterian, two Lutheran, two Congregational, three Welsh Methodist, one Unitarian, one Disciples, three Roman Catholic, and one African. There are four banks, with an aggregate capital of 3,000,000, dollars, besides a bank for savings, and two insurance offices, with a total capital of 500,000 dollars.

"Among the public buildings of Pittsburg, the new court house, situated on Grant's hill, is a splendid edifice, 165 feet long, and 100 feet broad, of Grecian Doric architecture, in a very commanding situation, and cost 200,000 dollars. The building of the Western University of Pennsylvania is also near Grant's hill, on the Monongahela side of the city. There is a spacious Roman Catholic cathedral on Grant's hill. There are a museum, which contains many aboriginal curiosities, and several splendid hotels. There are several literary societies, with small libraries, which would probably be more efficient, if united in one large institution. There are three market houses. The city is supplied with water raised from the Alleghany river, a very pure stream, by steam power, which supplies 1,500,000 gallons daily, and is sent over the city in pipes, in the whole nine miles and a quarter in length, and is to be further extended, and which cost 188,056 dollars. Pittsburg is alike distinguished for its commerce and manufactures. Tonnage, in 1840, 12,000 tons. It had, in 1840, seven commercial and thirty-two commission houses, with a capital of 1,241,110 dollars; 408 retail stores, capital 4,165,190 dollars; seventeen lumber yards, capital 167,000 dollars; twenty-five furnaces, five forges, capital 1,219,000 dollars; value of machinery manufactured, 443,500 dollars; hardware and cutlery, &c., 276,500 dollars; five cannon and 1350 small arms manufactured; precious metals, 14,860 dollars; various metals, 196,700 dollars; one fulling mill, one woollen factory, capital 10,000 dollars; two cotton factories, with 3000 spindles, four tanneries, five breweries, paints and drugs, capital 203,300 dollars, four glass factories, two glass cutting establishments, two flouring mills, five saw mills, one oil mill, eighteen printing offices, seven binderies, four daily, eleven weekly newspapers, fifty-three brick and stone houses, and fifteen wooden houses built, cost 161,200 dollars. Capital in manufactures, 2,057,952 dollars. One college, fifty students; nine academies, 755 students; eighteen schools, 2581 scholars.

"There are several places in the vicinity of Pittsburg, which, though under different organisation, should be regarded as suburbs of it, the principal of which, Alleghany City, on the northwest side of the Alleghany river, with, in 1840, three cotton factories, and 10,089 inhabitants.”U.S. Gaz.

The following statistics of Pittsburg for 1842 and 1843, were published in "Hazards Register,"-"It has twenty-eight furnaces for cast iron, number of tons produced, 6584; value manufactured, about 446,880 dollars. Number of bloomeries, forges, and rolling mills, for bar iron and nails, twelve; number of tons produced, 45,100; value manufactured, about 4,500,000 dollars; number of hands employed, including miners, 2305; amount of capital invested, 1,931,000 dollars. Glass department-number of glass houses, sixteen; cutting establishments, nine; men employed,515; value of manufactured articles, including looking glasses, 520,000 dollars; amount of capital invested, 580,000 dollars. Hardware and cutlery department - value of hardware and cutlery manufactured, 351,500 dollars; number of men employed, 210; small arms made, 1350; men employed, thirteen. Precious metals-value manufactured, 4860 dollars; men employed, six.

dollars.

Total amount of capital invested in manufactories (iron not included)..3,917,472
Iron department

Total capital in manufactories

.1,931,000

.5,848,472

BIRMINGHAM BOROUGH, on the south side of the Monongahela, which has one furnace, six

glass factories, four glass cutting works, one pottery. Capital in manufactures, 155,750 dollars. Population, 1554.

POTTSVILLE, situated at the termination of Schuylkill canal, ninety-nine miles north-west of Philadelphia. In 1824, it had only five houses. In 1840, it had 4345 inhabitants. Capital in manufactures, 141,000 dollars. It owes its rise to the canal and coal trade.

NORRISTOWN, Situated on the north side of Schuylkill river. It contained, in 1840, fourteen stores, capital 85,000 dollars; two lumber yards, capital 20,000 dollars; one for ge, three cotton factories, 19,064 spindles, one tannery, two printing offices, two semi-weekly newspapers, two flouring mills, one saw mill. Capital in manufactures, 297,475 dollars. Population, 2937.

READING, fifty-seven miles

66

north-west of Philadelphia, on the east bank of Schuylkill river. The streets are spacious and straight, crossing each other at right angles, five running east and west, and nine north and south. There is a square in the centre, on which stands a court house, 220 feet long, by 220 broad. Fifty-five thousand dozens of hats are manufactured annually, for the southern and western markets. Seven weekly newspapers are issued, two of them in German, one of which last has been published for forty years, with a large circulation. A rolling mill can roll 3500 tons of bar iron, and 1500 tons of nails can be manufactured annually. The fires are exclusively of anthracite coal. White wines, of an excellent quality, are made to the amount of 100 barrels annually. Two fine covered bridges cross the Schuylkill here, 600 feet wide, one of which cost 60,000 dollars. The Schuylkill and Union canal meet here, and the Philadelphia and Reading railroad passes through the place. It is abundantly supplied with spring water in pipes. Iron ore and limestone are found in the vicinity. It had, in 1840, twenty-three stores, capital 161,600 dollars; three lumber yards, capital 60,000 dollars; one forge, three tanneries, one distillery, two breweries, one pottery, one printing office, five weekly newspapers, two grist mills. Capital in manufactures, 66,759 dollars. Population, 8410."-U. S. Gaz.

X. DELAWARE.

DELAWARE is bounded on the north by Pennsylvania; east by Delaware river and bay; and south and west by Maryland. It is situated between 38 deg. 29 min. and 39 deg. 47 min. north latitude, and between 74 deg. 56 min. and 75 deg. 40 min. west longitude, and between 1 deg. 13 min. and 1 deg. 57 min. east from Washington. It is about ninety-two miles long, and twenty-three miles broad; its area is only about 2120 square miles, or 1,356,800 English statute acres. The number of inhabitants in 1790, was 59,094; in 1800, 64,272; in 1810, 72,674 ; in 1820, 72,749; in 1830, 76,739; in 1840, 78,085; of which 2605 were slaves; 29,259 were white males, 29,302 white females; 8626 free coloured males, 8293 free coloured females. Employed in agriculture, 16,015; in commerce, 467; in manufactures and trades, 4060; navigating the ocean, 401; navigating canals and rivers, 235; learned professions and engineers, 199.

This state is divided into three counties, which, with their population, in 1840, and capitals, are as follows; Kent, 19,872, C. Dover; New Castle, 33,120, C. Wilmington and New Castle; Sussex, 25,093, C. Georgetown. These counties are divided into twentyfour hundreds.

Dover, situated on Jones's creek, seven miles from its entrance into Delaware bay, is the seat of government.

Soil. The lower part of this state is very level. The northern is undulated, and in some parts rises into high hills. An elevated table-land, near its western border, passes through the state, dividing the waters which fall into the Chesapeake, from those which flow into Delaware bay. This table-land abounds in swamps, in which most of the rivers and streams have their sources; some flowing west to the Chesapeake, and others east to the Delaware. "The swamps and stagnant waters, which are unfit for the purposes of agriculture, and injurious to the health of the inhabitants. At the southern extremity of the state is the Cypress swamp, a morass twelve miles in length and six in breadth, including an area of nearly 50,000 acres of land, the whole of which is a high and level basin, very wet, though undoubtedly the highest land between the sea and the bay. The swamp contains a great variety of trees, plants, wild beasts, birds, and reptiles. In the northern parts, along the Delaware river and bay, and from eight to ten miles into the interior, the soil is generally a rich clay, in which a great variety of the most useful productions can be plentifully reared; from thence to the swamps the soil is light, sandy, and of an inferior quality. In the central parts of the state there is a considerable mixture of sand; and in the southern part it renders the soil almost totally unproductive." -Book of United States. The principal productions are wheat, of a superior quality, Indian corn, rye, barley, oats, flax, buckwheat, and potatoes. The southern part affords some fine grazing land; and from the Cypress swamp on Indian river, large quantities of timber are exported. Wheat is the principal article of export, and the Brandywine mills, in the neighbourhood of Wilmington, are among the finest in the United States.-U. S. Gaz.

Live Stock and Agriculture.-In 1840, there were 14,421 horses and mules, 53,833

neat cattle, 39,247 sheep, 74,228 swine; poultry valued at 47,265 dollars. There were produced 315,165 bushels of wheat, 5260 bushels of barley, 927,405 bushels of oats, 33,546 bushels of rye, 11,299 bushels of buckwheat, 2,099,359 bushels of Indian corn, 64,404 lbs. of wool, 200,712 bushels of potatoes, 22,483 tons of hay, 1458 lbs. of silk cocoons. The products of the dairy amounted to 113,828 dollars, and of the orchard to 28,211 dollars.Official Returns.

Trade.-There were 327 retail dry goods and other stores, employing a capital of 967,750 dollars; 140 persons were engaged in the lumber trade, with a capital of 83,280 dollars; and 165 persons were employed in the fisheries, with a capital of 170,000 dollars.-Official Returns.

Manufactures.-There were home-made, or family articles produced to the value of 62,116 dollars; two woollen manufactories, employing eighty-three persons, producing articles to the value of 104,700 dollars, and employing a capital of 107,000 dollars; eleven cotton manufactories, with 24,492 spindles, employing 566 persons, producing articles to the value of 332,272 dollars, and employing a capital of 330,500 dollars; two furnaces produced seventeen tons of cast iron, and five forges produced 449 tons of bar iron, with a capital of 36,200 dollars; one paper mill produced to the value of 20,800 dollars, and other manufactures of paper to the value of 1500 dollars, the whole employing fifteen persons, and a capital of 16,200 dollars; nine persons manufactured pottery to the value of 4300 dollars, with a capital of 1100 dollars; hats and caps were manufactured to the value of 15,300 dollars, and straw bonnets to the value of 450 dollars, employing thirty-five persons, and a capital of 9075 dollars; eighteen tanneries employed sixty-six persons, and a capital of 89,300 dollars; seventy-five other manufactories of leather, as saddleries, &c., manufactured articles to the value of 166,037 dollars, employing a capital of 161,630 dollars; nine persons manufactured confectionary to the value of 6500 dollars, with a capital of 2500 dollars; twenty-seven powder mills, employing 145 persons, manufactured 2,100,000 lbs. of gunpowder, with a capital of 220,000 dollars; 299 persons manufactured machinery to the value of 314,500 dollars; ten persons manufactured hardware and cutlery to the value of 22,000 dollars; ten persons manufactured granite and marble to the value of 12,000 dollars; 116 persons produced brick and lime to the value of 56,536 dollars; 143 persons manufactured carriages and waggons to the value of 49,417 dollars, with a capital of 25,150 dollars; twenty-one flouring mills manufactured 76,194 barrels of flour, and with other mills, employed 288 persons, and produced to the value of 737,971 dollars, with a capital of 294,150 dollars; ships were built to the value of 35,400 dollars; 130 persons manufactured furniture to the value of 16,300 dollars, employing a capital of 34,800 dollars; forty-seven brick houses and 104 wooden houses built, employed 299 persons, and cost 145,850 dollars; six printing offices and two binderies, three weekly and three semi-weekly newspapers, and two periodicals, employed thirty-three persons, and a capital of 11,450 dollars. The whole amount of capital in the state employed in manufactures was 1,589,215 dollars.-Official Returns.

The climate of this state is generally mild, though in the northern part the winter season is sometimes considerably severe. It is generally healthy.

The rivers are small. Brandywine creek rises in Pennsylvania, is forty miles long, and uniting with Christiana creek, forms the harbour of Wilmington, one mile below the town, and two miles west of Delaware river. Duck creek, Mispillion creek, and Indian river, flow into the Delaware.

DELAWARE BAY washes the eastern part of the state. It has no good natural harbours in this part of it. To remedy this inconvenience, the government of the United States have undertaken the construction of the Delaware Breakwater, in front of Lewiston, near Cape Henlopen. It consists of two piers; an ice-breaker, 1500 feet long; and a breakwater, 3600 feet long; and when completed, is estimated to cost 2,216,950 dollars.U. S. Gaz.

Wilmington is the largest and most commercial town in the state. Vessels drawing fourteen feet of water, ascend to its wharfs; it has some trade, and several ships engaged in the whaling business. The other principal towns are Dover and New Castle.

Education. There is one college in the state, Newark College, at Newark, which was founded in 1833, and had, in 1840, twenty-three students. Besides this, there were

in the state twenty academies, with 761 students; 152 primary and common schools, with 6924 scholars; and 4832 persons over twenty years of age who could neither read nor write.-Official Returns.

Religion. The principal religious denominations are the Presbyterians, who, in 1836, had fifteen ministers; the Methodists, fifteen ministers; the Episcopalians, six ministers ; the Baptists, nine churches and five ministers; and the Roman Catholics, two ministers; besides some Friends.

In January, 1840, the state had four banks, and four branches, with an aggregate capital of 1,071,318 dollars. The state had no state debt.-Official Returns, U. S. Gaz. Public Works.-The Chesapeake and Delaware canal, is the most important internal improvement in Delaware. "It crosses the northern part of the state, commencing at Delaware city (which has only forty houses), forty-six miles below Philadelphia, and extends thirteen miles and a half to Back creek, a navigable branch of Elk river. Being sixty-six feet wide at the surface, and ten feet deep, it is navigable for sloops and steamboats. The Deep Cut in this canal is four miles in length, through a hill ninety feet high. This canal was commenced in 1824, and completed in 1829, at a cost of 2,200,000 dollars. The New Castle and Frenchtown railroad also forms a connexion between the Delaware and Chesapeake. It extends from New Castle on the Delaware river to Frenchtown on Elk river, is sixteen miles and a quarter long, and was finished in 1832, at an expense of 400,000 dollars."-U. S. Gaz.

PRINCIPAL TOWNS.

DOVER, capital of Delaware county, fifty miles south of Wilmington, is situated on high ground, between the two principal branches of Jones's creek, ten miles from its entrance into Delaware bay. It is regularly laid out with wide streets, at right angles with each other; and the houses, which are chiefly of brick, are generally neat and handsome. The state house stands on the east side of a large public square, and is an elegant building; and the other public buildings are built around the same square. It contains three churches-one Presbyterian, one Episcopal, and one Methodist-a bank, an academy, six stores, ninety dwellings, and about 600 inhabitants. Its trade is chiefly in flour, with Philadelphia. There are in the hundred, nine stores, capital 25,100 dollars; one printing office, one periodical paper, three grist mills, two saw mills. Capital in manufactures, 16,200 dollars. Population, 3790.

MILFORD, twenty-one miles south by east of Dover, situated on the north side of Mispillion creek, which enters Delaware bay. There are in the hundred, thirteen stores, capital 6990 dollars; two tanneries, six grist mills, three saw mills. Capital in manufactures, 24,000 dollars. Population, 2356.

NEW CASTLE, five miles south-south-west of Wilmington, situated on the west bank of Delaware river, thirty-two miles south-west of Philadelphia. It contains ten stores, 195 dwellings, and 1200 inhabitants. The New Castle and Frenchtown railroad have a large establishment here for the manufacture of steam-engines, locomotives, and other things connected with railroads, including an iron and brass foundry, &c., with a capital of 110,000 dollars. Population, 2737. Tonnage, in 1840, 3661.

WILMINGTON, port of entry, situated between Brandywine and Christiana creeks, one mile above their junction, two miles west of Delaware river, forty-seven miles north of Dover, twenty-eight miles south-west of Philadelphia, in 39 deg. 41 min. north latitude, and 75 deg. 28 min. west longitude. Population, in 1830, 6628; in 1840, 8367. It is regularly laid out, with wide streets crossing each other at right angles, and built on ground gradually rising to the height of 112 feet above tide-water, and the situation is healthy and pleasant. The houses are well built, generally of brick. The city contains a city hall, two market houses, three banks. Christiana creek is navigable for vessels requiring fourteen feet of water to the city. On Brandywine creek are some of the finest flouring mills in the United States, to which vessels drawing eight feet of water can come. Wilmington has considerable commerce. It is extensively engaged in the whale fishery. Tonnage, in 1840, 16,110. It has a daily communication with Philadelphia and Baltimore, by railroad. There were, in 1840, ninety-five stores, capital 344,850 dollars; three lumber yards,

capital 60,000 dollars; fisheries, capital 170,000 dollars; value of machinery produced, 258,500 dollars; one cotton factory, 1140 spindles, two tanneries, three breweries, two potteries, one rope-walk, six flouring mills, one grist mill, three printing offices, two binderies, three weekly and three semi-weekly newspapers, one periodical. Capital in manufactures, 459,900 dollars.

FINANCES.

The state of Delaware has no public debt, and the revenue has been hitherto more than sufficient to meet the expenditure. There is a school-fund, amounting to about 174,000 dollars; and the annual outlay by the state for schools, is estimated at about 32,000 dollars.