SOUTHERN ATLANTIC STATES.-I. MARYLAND.

MARYLAND, is bounded north by Pennsylvania; east by Delaware and the Atlantic ; and south and west by Virginia. It is between 38 deg. and 39 deg. 44 min. north latitude, and between 75 deg. 10 min. and 79 deg. 20 min. west longitude, and between 2 deg. 31 min. west and I deg. 58 min. east from Washington. It is 196 miles long, and 120 broad, containing 13,959 square miles, or 8,933,760 acres, of which one-fifth is water. The Chesapeake bay runs nearly through the state from south to north, dividing it into two parts, called the Eastern Shore and the Western Shore.

The population, in 1790, was 319,728; in 1800, 345,824; in 1810, 380,546; in 1820, 407,350; in 1830, 446,913; in 1840, 469,232, of which 89,495 were slaves. Of the free population 158,636 were white males; 159,081 white females; 29,173 were coloured males; 32,847 coloured females. Employed in agriculture, 60,851; in commerce, 3249; in manufactures and trades, 21,325; navigating the ocean, 721; navigating canals, lakes, and rivers, 1519; learned professions, 1647.

This state is divided into twenty counties, which, with their population, in 1840, and their capitals, were as follows: Western Shore-Alleghany, 15,690, C. Cumberland; Anne Arundel, 29,532, C. Anapolis; Baltimore, 134,379, C. Baltimore; Calvert, 9229, C. Prince Frederick; Carroll, 17,241, C. Westminster; Charles, 16,023, C. Port Tobacco; Frederick, 36,405, C. Frederick; Harford, 17,120, C. Bel Air; Montgomery, 14,662, C. Rockville; Prince George's, 19,539, C. Upper Marlboro; St. Mary's, 13,224, C. Leonardtown; Washington, 28,850, C. Hagerstown. Eastern Shore-Caroline, 7806, C. Denton; Cecil, 17,232, C. Elkton; Dorchester, 18,843, C. Cambridge; Kent, 10,842, C. Chestertown; Queen Anne's, 12,633, C. Centreville; Somerset, 19,508, C. Princess Anne; Talbot, 12,090, C. Easton; Worcester, 18,377, C. Snowhill.

Soil. Near the eastern shores of the Chesapeake, the land is generally level, and in many places covered with stagnant waters, which, in the summer and autumn, cause agues and intermittent fevers. On the western shores of the Chesapeake the country is generally flat, and the soil resembles that of the eastern shores. As we ascend to where the rivers are broken by cataracts, the country is undulated and hilly; and in the western part of the state it is traversed by high ranges, under the names of South mountain, North mountain, Sideling hill, Warrior's, Evits', Willis', and Alleghany mountains. The soil of the state is generally a red loam, or clay, and much of it is excellent. Wheat and tobacco are the staple productions. Some cotton, of an inferior quality, is raised in the western counties, and, south of Baltimore, tobacco of superior quality, denominated kitesfoot, Hemp and flax are produced in considerable quantities. Apples, pears, peaches, melons, and plums, are abundant. The forests abound with various nuts, suitable for fattening hogs, which are suffered to run wild in the woods, and, when fattened, are killed and exported in great quantities. The climate, in the mountainous region, is salubrious; and in the valleys between the mountains is much fine land, adapted both to grain and to grazing.-U. S. Gaz.

Live Stock and Agricultural Products.-In this state there were, in 1840, 92,920 horses and mules, 225,714 neat cattle, 257,922 sheep, 416,943 swine, poultry to the value of 218,765 dollars. There were produced 3,345,783 bushels of wheat, 3594 bushels of barley, 3,534,211 bushels of oats, 723,577 bushels of rye, 73,606 bushels of buckwheat, 8,233,086 bushels of Indian corn, 488,201 lbs. of wool, 2357 lbs. of hops, 3674 lbs. of wax, 1,036,433 bushels of potatoes, 106,687 tons of hay, 24,816,012 lbs. of tobacco, 5673 lbs. of cotton, 2290 lbs. of silk cocoons, 36,266 lbs. of sugar. The products of the dairy amounted in value to 457,466 dollars; of the orchard, 105,740 dollars; of lumber, 226,977 dollars. There were made 7585 gallons of wine.-Official Returns.

In an article in "Hunt's Magazine," on the Resources of Maryland, in 1841, the writer gives the following table of live stock and products :

111

AGRICULTURAL Productions, &c., and Value on the Farm, viz.:

Minerals.-The mineral riches of this state are described as very abundant. Iron ore is found in various parts of the state, and extensive beds of coal between the mountains in the western part. Copper ore is also found, and marble, granite, slate, asbestos, &c.,

abound.

Rivers.-The Potomac river, which divides this state from Virginia, is 550 miles long, and navigable about 300 miles to Washington. It is seven miles and a half wide at its mouth, and one mile and a quarter at Alexandria, 290 miles from its mouth. The Susquehanna is a large river, which enters into the head of the Chesapeake bay in this state. It is one mile and a quarter wide at its mouth, but is navigable only five miles, being, above that, much obstructed by falls and rapids. The Patapsco is a small river, navigable, however, fourteen miles to Baltimore for large ships. The Patuxent is 110 miles long, and is navigable, for fifty miles, for vessels of 250 tons. The other streams of any consequence are the Elk, Sassafras, Chester, Choptank, Nanticoke, and Pocomoke.

Chesapeake bay is 270 miles long, and from seven to twenty wide; and by its deep water and numerous inlets, furnishes several good harbours.-U. Š. Gaz.

Trade. In 1840, there were in the state, seventy commercial and 117 commission houses engaged in foreign trade, employing a capital of 4,414,000 dollars; 2562 retail dry goods and other stores, with a capital of 9,246,170 dollars; 1330 persons engaged in the lumber trade, employing a capital of 307,300 dollars; 103 persons employed in internal transportation, who, with 211 butchers, packers, &c., employed a capital of 28,880 dollars; 7814 persons employed in the fisheries, with a capital of 88,947 dollars.-Official

Returns.

Manufactures.-The manufactures of home-made articles, made in the houses of families, amounted in value to 176,050 dollars; thirty-nine fulling mills and twenty-nine woollen manufactories, employing 388 persons, producing articles to the value of 235,900 dollars, and employing a capital of 117,630 dollars; twenty-one cotton manufactories, with 41,182 spindles, employing 2284 persons, producing articles to the value of 1,150,580 dollars, and employing a capital of 1,304,400 dollars; thirteen rope factories employed 198 persons, and produced articles to the value of 141,050 dollars; twelve furnaces, producing 8876 tons of cast iron, and seventeen forges, &c., producing 7900 tons of bar iron, the whole employing 1782 persons, and a capital of 795,650 dollars; seventeen paper manufactories produced to the value of 195,100 dollars, and other paper manufactories 3000 dollars, the whole employing 171 persons, and a capital of 95,400 dollars; ninety-three persons produced 1,865,240 lbs. of soap, and 731,446 lbs. of tallow candles, and 35,000 lbs. of spermaceti candles, employing a capital of 98,600 dollars; seventy-three distilleries produced 366,213 gallons, and eleven breweries produced 828,140 gallons, the whole employing 199 persons, and a capital of 185,790 dollars; hats and caps were manufactured to the value of 153,456 dollars, and straw bonnets to the value of 13,200 dollars, the whole employing 205 persons, and a capital of 76,620 dollars; 161 tanneries employed 1035 persons, and a capital of 713,655 dollars; 408 saddleries and other manufactories of leather, produced articles to the value of 1,050,275 dollars, with a capital of 434,127 dollars; one glass house, employing thirty-seven persons, produced articles to the value of 40,000 dollars, with a capital of 30,000 dollars; twenty-three potteries employed ninety

persons, producing to the value of 60,240 dollars, with a capital of 25,120 dollars; five powder mills employed forty-seven persons, and produced 669,125 lbs. of gunpowder, with a capital of 46,000 dollars; fifty-two persons produced drugs and paints to the value of 80,100 dollars, with a capital of 85,100 dollars; six sugar refineries produced 176,000 dollars; 102 persons produced confectionery to the value of 73,450 dollars; 278 persons manufactured tobacco to the value of 232,000 dollars, with a capital of 125,100 dollars; 247 persons manufactured granite and marble to the value of 152,750 dollars; 1042 persons produced bricks and lime to the value of 409,456 dollars; 723 persons produced machinery to the value of 348,165 dollars; thirty-six persons manufactured hardware and cutlery to the value of 15,670 dollars; 690 persons produced carriages and waggons to the value of 357,622 dollars, with a capital of 154,955 dollars; 189 flouring mills produced 466,708 barrels of flour, and, with other mills, employed 898 persons, producing articles to the value of 3,267,250 dollars, and employed a capital of 4,069,671 dollars; ships were built to the value of 279,771 dollars; 834 persons manufactured furniture to the value of 305,360 dollars, with a capital of 339,336 dollars; 389 brick or stone houses, and 592 wooden houses, were built, employing 2026 persons, and cost 1,078,770 dollars; forty-eight printing offices, and fifteen binderies, seven daily, seven semi-weekly, and twenty-eight weekly newspapers, and seven periodicals, employed 376 persons, and a capital of 159,100 dollars. The whole value of capital employed in manufactures in the state amounted to 6,450,284 dollars.-Official Returns.

Education.-Washington College, at Chestertown, was established in 1782; St. John's College, at Annapolis, in 1784. These two subsequently formed a university. St. Mary's College, at Baltimore, was founded in 1799, by the Catholics. The Baltimore Medical School was founded in 1807. In 1812, there were connected with it the faculties of general science, law, and divinity, and it received the name of the University of Maryland. Mount St. Mary's College was established near Emmetsburg, in 1830, by the Catholics. These institutions had, in 1840, about 400 students. Besides, there were 127 academies and grammar schools, with 4178 students; and 567 primary and common schools, with 16,982 scholars. There were 11,605 white persons, over twenty years of age, who could

neither read nor write.-U. S. Gaz.

Religion. The first settlers of this state were Roman Catholics, and they are still numerous. They have an archbishop, who is metropolitan of the United States, and sixty churches. The Episcopalians have seventy-seven ministers; the Presbyterians, twentyfive; the Baltimore Methodist Conference, which extends into some other states, has 172 travelling preachers; the Baptists have twenty ministers; the German Reformed, nine; and there are some Lutherans, Friends, Unitarians, &c.-U. S. Gaz.

Banks.-There were in this state, in 1840, thirteen banks, with an aggregate capital of 9,106,031 dollars, and a circulation of 2,328,525 dollars.

Public Works.-Two of the greatest works of internal improvement in the United States have been projected and commenced by Maryland. The first is the Chesapeake and Ohio canals commencing at Georgetown, District of Columbia, and to extend to Cumberland, on the Potomac, and thence by Wills creek and the Youghiogheny and Monongahela rivers to Pittsburg, a distance of 3414 miles. It would require a tunnel through the Alleghany mountains four miles and eighty yards in length. The whole amount of lockage will be 3215 feet. The estimated cost is 9,347,408 dollars. The state of Maryland has subscribed 3,000,000 dollars, and the United States 1,000,000 dollars, towards the completion of the undertaking. A charter was granted by Virginia in 1824, and confirmed by Maryland and the congress of the United States in 1825, and the work was commenced in 1828. It has been nearly completed from Georgetown to Cumberland, 185 miles, and has been extended to Alexandria.-U. S. Gaz.

The second great work is the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, designed to extend from Baltimore to Wheeling, on the Ohio, 360 miles. It was incorporated by the legislature of Maryland, Virginia, and Pennsylvania, in 1827, and commenced July 4th, 1828. The state of Maryland has subscribed to the stock 3,000,000 dollars, and the city of Baltimore, 3,000,000 dollars. It is completed from Baltimore to Cumberland. The Washington branch extends thirty miles and a quarter from Potapsco river to Washington. The Baltimore and Port Deposite railroad extends thirty-six miles from Baltimore to Havre de

Grace. The Baltimore and Susquehanna railroad extends fifty-six miles from Baltimore to York, Pennsylvania. The Reistertown branch railroad commences six miles from Baltimore, and extends eight miles to Reistertown. The Wilmington and Susquehanna railroad extends from Havre de Grace thirty-two miles, to Wilmington, Delaware. The Annapolis and Elkridge railroad extends nineteen miles and three-quarters from Washington branch to Annapolis.-U. S. Gaz.

PRINCIPAL TOWNS OF MARYLAND.

The

ANNAPOLIS, city and port of entry, capital of Maryland, on the west side of the Severn, two miles from its mouth in Chesapeake bay, twenty-eight miles south-south-east of Baltimore, 39 deg. north latitude, 76 deg. 43 min. west longitude, and 31 min. east longitude from Washington. Population, 1830, 2623; 1840, 2792. "It has been the seat of government in Maryland, since 1699. The tonnage of the port, in 1840, was 4519. The state house is a fine building in the centre of the city, from which, and from the Episcopal church, the streets radiate as from two centres. There is an Episcopal and a Methodist church, a market house, bank, and theatre, and about 350 dwellings, stores, &c. University of Maryland has one of its branches here, called St. John's college, chartered as a Roman Catholic institution in 1784; but as such became extinct; and has been resuscitated under different auspices. It has a president, four professors, or other instructors, 120 alumni, of whom six were ministers, twenty-seven students, and 4000 volumes in its libraries. Commencement 22nd of February. Aid is afforded to indigent students."-U. S. Gaz. In 1840, the city contained forty stores, capital 59,550 dollars; one tannery, two printing offices, two semi-weekly newspapers. Capital in manufactures, 12,150 dollars.Official Returns.

FREDERICK, city, seventy-five miles west-north-west of Annapolis, the second place in importance in the state, being inferior only to Baltimore, is situated on Carroll's creek, a branch of Monococy creek, three miles west of the latter. It is regularly laid out, with wide streets, crossing each other at right angles, many of them paved; and contains public offices, twelve churches, several banks, literary and scientific institutions, about 800 dwelling houses, mostly of stone or brick, and 5182 inhabitants. The great road from Baltimore to Wheeling passes through the place; and a branch railroad, three miles long, connects it with the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, near the Monococy viaduct. The country around is exceedingly fertile, and the trade of this place is extensive.-U. S. Gaz. 1840, it had three commission houses, and thirty-seven retail stores, capital 132,300 dollars; two lumber yards, capital 6000 dollars; three furnaces, one fulling mill, one woollen factory, ten tanneries, one brewery, one pottery, two rope factories, ten flouring mills, two grist mills, three saw mills, one oil mill, one paper factory, four printing offices, one bindery, one periodical, and four weekly newspapers. Capital in manufactures, 118,790 dollars.-Official Returns.

In

BALTIMORE, is situated on the north side of the Patapsco river, fourteen miles from its entrance into the Chesapeake bay, commanding elevations on the north and east. "As laid out it includes four miles square, and is built around a bay which sets up from the north side of the Patapsco. The streets are regular and spacious, and the houses are neat, most of them of brick, and some of them are splendid. The harbour, which is very fine, consists of three parts. The entrance to it, between Fort M'Henry and the Lazaretto, is about 600 yards wide, with twenty-two feet of water. This depth is continued, with an increased width, for a mile and a quarter, to near Fell's point. Opposite Fell's point, the width is contracted to one-fourth of a mile. This is the entrance to the second harbour, and is about twelve feet deep; but it widens above into an ellipsis, a mile long, half a mile broad, and fifteen feet deep. The third or inner harbour has a depth of ten feet, and penetrates to near the centre of the city. It is well defended by Fort M'Henry, at the entrance to the outer harbour, which was proved by a powerful attack that was made upon it and repulsed, in the last war with Great Britain. Jones's falls, a small stream from the north, divides the city into two parts, and over it are erected three elegant stone bridges and four wooden Vessels of 500 or 600 tons can lie at the wharfs near Fell's point; but those of

ones.

200 tons can come up to the town in the inner harbour. The amount of the tonnage of this port, in 1840, was 76,022."-U. S. Gaz.

There

Among the public buildings, the city hall, on Holliday-street, occupied by the city council and several offices. The court house, corner of Monument-square and Lexingtonstreet, appropriated to the city and county courts, with their appendant offices. are six markets. The state penitentiary consists of three large buildings, besides workshops and some other buildings, and occupies four acres, containing gardens and walks, surrounded by a stone wall twenty feet high. The prisoners work together by day, and are confined in separate cells at night. The county prison is near the Penitentiary. The house of refuge is well fitted for its purpose. But the most imposing public structure is the Washington monument, at the intersection of Charles and Monument streets. The Battle monument, corner of Calvert and Fayette streets, was erected in 1815, in commemoration of the successful defence of the city against an attack of the British, in September, 1814.-U. S. Gaz.

Baltimore is well supplied with pure and wholesome water. In several parts of the city are public springs or fountains, accessible to all the citizens. These fountains are enclosed by circular railings, and covered by small, neat, open temples, consisting of columns supporting a dome. There is a rather abundant supply of water from an elevated part of Jones's falls, conveyed by an aqueduct half a mile long, to a reservoir on Calvert-street, whence it is distributed in pipes through the city. The harbour of Baltimore is accessible through a great part of the year, though sometimes obstructed by ice.-U. S. Gaz.

It possesses most of the trade of Maryland, much of that of Western Pennsylvania and a portion of that of the Western States. In its shipping, it is the fifth city in the union. It is the greatest market for tobacco in the United States, and the principal flour market in the world. Its tonnage, in 1840, amounted to 76,022. Jones's falls, though a small stream, has a succession of falls which afford considerable water power. The Patapsco, though not a large river, has a fall of about 800 feet in a course of thirty miles; and it affords many valuable mill sites. There are within twenty miles of the city, sixty flouring mills, besides numerous cotton manufactories, and other manufactories of cloth, powder, paper, iron, copper, glass, steam-engines, chemicals, tobacco, &c. There were, in 1840, seventy commercial and 108 commission houses, with a capital of 4,404,500 dollars; 1254 retail stores, capital 6,708,611 dollars; twenty lumber yards, capital 267,500 dollars; machinery manufactured to the amount of 284,000 dollars; hardware and cutlery, 10,300 dollars; precious metals, 13,000 dollars; of various metals, 310,000 dollars; one woollen factory, capital 20,000 dollars; one cotton factory, 3600 spindles; one dyeing and printing establishment, total capital 16,200 dollars; tobacco, capital 118,900 dollars; thirteen tanneries, capital 132,800 dollars; three distilleries, three breweries, capital 87,000 dollars; one powder mill, capital 30,000 dollars; paints, drugs, &c., capital 79,000 dollars; one glass factory, capital 30,000 dollars; nine potteries, capital 22,300 dollars; six sugar refineries produced to the value of 176,000 dollars; three paper factories produced 59,000 dollars; eight rope walks, capital 66,550 dollars; one grist mill, two saw mills, capital 27,000 dollars; furniture to the value of 268,200 dollars; 213 brick and stone houses, and one wooden house, employed 845 persons, and cost 548,400 dollars; nineteen printing offices, ten binderies, six daily, seven weekly, five semi-weekly newspapers, and six periodicals, employed 279 persons, and a capital of 119,900 dollars. Total capital in manufactures, 2,729,983 dollars.-Official Returns.

The Baltimore and Port Deposite railroad extends thirty-six miles to Havre de Grace, and there connects with a chain of railroads to Philadelphia, making the whole distance ninety-five miles. The Washington branch of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad extends thirty-eight miles to Washington city. The Baltimore and Ohio railroad is completed for more than eighty miles to Harper's ferry, and is to be continued to Wheeling, on the Ohio. It already brings much trade into Baltimore, and when completed will form the most direct communication which exists between the Atlantic coast and the Mississippi valley. The Baltimore and Susquehanna railroad extends to York in Pennsylvania, and connects with a chain of railroads to Philadelphia and Baltimore. There are lines of steam packets to Philadelphia and to Norfolk, and other packets to New York and to various parts of the Atlantic coast.-U. S. Gaz.