which extends to the channel. This canal has been greatly neglected, and is much out of repair. The expense of this canal has been over 230,000 dollars.

"There were in the city, in 1840, 106 stores, capital 926,040 dollars; six lumber yards, capital 57,000 dollars; precious metals manufactured to the value of 13,000 dollars; various other metals 17,300 dollars; two tanneries, capital 2000 dollars; one brewery, capital 63,000 dollars; two potteries, capital 3250 dollars; one rope walk, one grist mill, eleven printing offices, nine binderies, three daily, five weekly, five semi-weekly newspapers, and three periodicals, capital 149,500 dollars; thirty brick and stone, and twenty-three wooden houses built, cost 86,910 dollars. Total capital in manufactures, 336,275 dollars.

"The Columbian college was incorporated, by an act of Congress, in 1821. It is delightfully situated on elevated ground, north of the President's house, about two miles and a half from the Capitol. The buildings are a college edifice, five stories high, including the basement and the attic, having forty-eight rooms for students, with two dormitories attached to each, two dwelling-houses for professors, and a philosophical hall, all of brick. It has a medical department attached. The Medical college is situated at the corner of 10th and E-streets, at equal distances from the Capitol and the President's house. In the several departments are a president, ten professors, and, in the college proper, about twenty-five students. There are about 4200 books in its libraries. The commencement is on the first Wednesday of October. The whole number of alumni is ninety-seven. It is under the direction of the Baptists.

"There were in the city, in 1840, twelve academies, with 609 students, nine primary and common schools, with 380 scholars.

"The National Institution for the Promotion of Science was organised in May, 1840. The President of the United States is patron; the heads of departments constitute six directors on the part of the government, and six literary and scientific gentlemen are directors on the part of the institution. Its stated monthly meetings are held in the patent-office building. Its collections are deposited in the grand hall of this building, 275 feet long, and sixty-five feet wide, and constitute a rapily increasing scientific museum. The United States' exploring expedition has added largely to its curiosities. The Historical Society and the Columbian Institute have united with it, with their libraries and collections. They have a valuable mineralogical cabinet. It is proposed to bring out regularly volumes of transactions. If properly fostered, it may become an honour to the nation. The Union Literary Society has been in existence for many years, and holds a weekly discussion in the lectureroom of the Medical college, and is well attended. Sectarian religion and party politics are excluded from its discussions. The City library contains about 6000 volumes.

"The city contains twenty-one places of worship, of which the Presbyterians have four, the Episcopalians three, the Baptists three, the Methodists three, Protestant Methodists one, Roman Catholics three, the Africans two, and the Unitarians and Friends one each.

"There are two orphan asylums. There are three banks, with an aggregate capital of 1,500,000 dollars; and two insurance companies, with an aggregate capital of 450,000

dollars.

"The congressional burying ground is in the eastern section of Washington, about a mile and a half from the Capitol, and contains about ten acres of ground, near the Eastern branch. The grounds are tastefully laid out, and neatly kept. It has already received a number of distinguished men, and has some fine monuments, and a vault in which bodies are placed that are awaiting a removal.

"This city was fixed on as the future seat of the government, in accordance with the suggestion of the great man whose name it bears, and the ground on which it stands was ceded to the United States in December, 1788. The owners of the land gave one-half of it, after deducting streets and public squares, to the United States, to defray the expenses of the public buildings. Such grounds as should be wanted by the United States were to be paid for at the rate of 66 dollars 66 cents per acre. It was laid out by three commissioners, in 1791, and surveyed under the direction of Andrew Ellicot. The seat of the federal government was removed to this place in 1800. The north wing of the Capitol was commenced in 1793, and finished in 1800, at an expense of 480,202 dollars. The south wing was commenced in 1803, and finished in 1808, at an expense of 308,808 dollars. The centre

building was commenced in 1818, and finished in 1827, at an expense of 957,647 dollars. In August, 1814, Washington was captured by the British, under General Ross, who set fire to the Capitol, the President's house, and the public offices, with the exception of the patent-office, which was saved by the solicitation of its superintendent. The library of Congress was burned, and was afterwards replaced by the purchase of that of Mr. Jefferson, consisting of 7000 volumes, for 23,000 dollars, in 1815."

III. VIRGINIA.

VIRGINIA is bounded north by Pennsylvania and Maryland, from which it is separated by the Potomac ; east by the Atlantic; south by North Carolina and Tennessee; west by Kentucky; and north-west by Ohio. It lies between 36 deg. 33 min. and 40 deg. 43 min. north latitude, and between 75 deg. 25 min. and 83 deg. 40 min. west longitude; and between 60 deg. 34 min. west, and 1 deg. 20 min. east longitude from Washington. It is 370 miles long, and 200 miles broad at its greatest width, comprising an area of 64,000 English square miles, or 40,960,000 English statute acres. The population, in 1790, was 747,610; in 1800, 886,149; in 1810, 974,622; in 1820, 1,065,366 ; in 1830, 1,211,272; in 1840, 1,239,797; of which 448,987 were slaves. Of the free white population, 371,223 were white males; 369,745 were white females; 23,814 were coloured males; 26,020 were coloured females. Of the population, in 1840, there were employed in agriculture, 318,771; in commerce, 6361; in manufactures and trades, 54,147; navigating the ocean, 582; navigating the cauals, rivers, and lakes, 2952; learned professions, &c., 3866.-Official Returns.

This state is divided into 119 counties, and two districts, Eastern and Western. The following are the counties of the Eastern District, with their population in 1840, and their capitals:-Accomac, 17,096, C. Accomac; Albemarle, 22,924, C. Charlottesville; Amelia, 10,320, C. Amelia; Amherst, 12,576, C. Amherst; Bedford, 20,203, C. Liberty; Brunswick, 14,346, C. Lawrenceville; Buckingham, 18,786, C. Buckingham; Campbell, 21,030, C. Campbell; Caroline, 17,813, C. Bowling Green; Charles City, 4774, C. Charles City; Charlotte, 14,595, C. Charlotte; Chesterfield, 17,148, C. Chesterfield; Culpepper, 11,393, C. Culpepper; Cumberland, 10,399, C. Cumberland; Dinwiddie, 22,558, C. Dinwiddie; Elizabeth City, 3706, C. Hampton; Essex, 11,309, C. Tappahannock; Fairfax, 9370, C. Fairfax; Fauquier, 21,897, C. Warrenton; Fluvanna, 8812, C. Palmyra; Franklin, 15,832, C. Rocky Mount; Gloucester, 10,715, C. Gloucester; Goochland, 9760, C. Goochland; Greensville, 6366, C. Hicksford; Greene, 4232, C. Stannardsville; Halifax, 25,936, C. Halifax; Hanover, 14,968, C. Hanover; Henrico, 33,076, C. Richmond; Henry, 7335, C. Martinsville; Isle of Wight, 9972, C. Smithfield; James City, 3779, C. Williamsburg; King George, 5927, C. King George ; King William, 9258, Č. King William; King and Queen, 10,862, C. King and Queen; Lancaster, 4628, C. Lancaster; Loudoun, 20,431, C. Leesburg; Louisa, 15,453, C. Louisa ; Lunenburg, 11,055, C. Lunenburg; Madison, 8107, C. Madison; Matthews, 7442, C. Matthews; Mecklenburg, 20,724, C. Boydton; Middlesex, 4392, C. Urbanna; Nansemond, 10,795, C. Suffolk; Nelson, 12,287, C. Livingston; New Kent, 6230, C. New Kent; Norfolk, 27,569, C. Norfolk; Northampton, 7715, C. Eastville; Northumberland, 7924, C. Northumberland; Nottoway, 9719, C. Nottoway; Orange, 9125, C. Orange; Patrick, 8032, C. Patrick; Pittsylvania, 26,398, C. Pittsylvania; Powhatan, 7924, C. Scottsville; Princess Anne, 7285, C. Princess Anne; Prince Edward, 14,069, C. Prince Edward; Prince George, 7175, C. City Point; Prince William, 8144, C. Brentsville; Rappahannock, 9257, C. Washington; Richmond, 5965, C. Richmond; Southampton, 14,525, C. Jerusalem; Spotsylvania, 15,161, C. Spotsylvania; Stafford, 8454, C. Falmouth; Surry, 6480, C. Surry; Sussex, 11,229, C. Sussex; Warwick, 1456, C. Warwick; Westmoreland, 8019, C. Westmoreland; York, 4720, C. Yorktown :-369,398 whites, 42,294 free coloured, 395,250 slaves. Total, 806,942. Western DistrictAlleghany, 2749, C. Covington; Augusta, 19,628, C. Staunton; Bath, 4300, C. Bath; Berkley, 10,972, C. Martinsburg; Botetourt, 11,679, C. Fincastle; Braxton, 2575, C.

which extends to the channel. This canal has been greatly neglected, and is much out of repair. The expense of this canal has been over 230,000 dollars.

"There were in the city, in 1840, 106 stores, capital 926,040 dollars; six lumber yards, capital 57,000 dollars; precious metals manufactured to the value of 13,000 dollars; various other metals 17,300 dollars; two tanneries, capital 2000 dollars; one brewery, capital 63,000 dollars; two potteries, capital 3250 dollars; one rope walk, one grist mill, eleven printing offices, nine binderies, three daily, five weekly, five semi-weekly newspapers, and three periodicals, capital 149,500 dollars; thirty brick and stone, and twenty-three wooden houses built, cost 86,910 dollars. Total capital in manufactures, 336,275 dollars.

"The Columbian college was incorporated, by an act of Congress, in 1821. It is delightfully situated on elevated ground, north of the President's house, about two miles and a half from the Capitol. The buildings are a college edifice, five stories high, including the basement and the attic, having forty-eight rooms for students, with two dormitories attached to each, two dwelling-houses for professors, and a philosophical hall, all of brick. It has a medical department attached. The Medical college is situated at the corner of 10th and E-streets, at equal distances from the Capitol and the President's house. In the several departments are a president, ten professors, and, in the college proper, about twenty-five students. There are about 4200 books in its libraries. The commencement is on the first Wednesday of October. The whole number of alumni is ninety-seven. It is under the direction of the Baptists.

"There were in the city, in 1840, twelve academies, with 609 students, nine primary and common schools, with 380 scholars.

"The National Institution for the Promotion of Science was organised in May, 1840. The President of the United States is patron; the heads of departments constitute six directors on the part of the government, and six literary and scientific gentlemen are directors on the part of the institution. Its stated monthly meetings are held in the patent-office building. Its collections are deposited in the grand hall of this building, 275 feet long, and sixty-five feet wide, and constitute a rapily increasing scientific museum. The United States' exploring expedition has added largely to its curiosities. The Historical Society and the Columbian Institute have united with it, with their libraries and collections. They have a valuable mineralogical cabinet. It is proposed to bring out regularly volumes of transactions. If properly fostered, it may become an honour to the nation. The Union Literary Society has been in existence for many years, and holds a weekly discussion in the lectureroom of the Medical college, and is well attended. Sectarian religion and party politics are excluded from its discussions. The City library contains about 6000 volumes.

"The city contains twenty-one places of worship, of which the Presbyterians have four, the Episcopalians, three, the Baptists three, the Methodists three, Protestant Methodists one, Roman Catholics three, the Africans two, and the Unitarians and Friends one each.

"There are two orphan asylums. There are three banks, with an aggregate capital of 1,500,000 dollars; and two insurance companies, with an aggregate capital of 450,000 dollars.

"The congressional burying ground is in the eastern section of Washington, about a mile and a half from the Capitol, and contains about ten acres of ground, near the Eastern branch. The grounds are tastefully laid out, and neatly kept. It has already received a number of distinguished men, and has some fine monuments, and a vault in which bodies are placed that are awaiting a removal.

"This city was fixed on as the future seat of the government, in accordance with the suggestion of the great man whose name it bears, and the ground on which it stands was ceded to the United States in December, 1788. The owners of the land gave one-half of it, after deducting streets and public squares, to the United States, to defray the expenses of the public buildings. Such grounds as should be wanted by the United States were to be paid for at the rate of 66 dollars 66 cents per acre. It was laid out by three commissioners, in 1791, and surveyed under the direction of Andrew Ellicot. The seat of the federal government was removed to this place in 1800. The north wing of the Capitol was commenced in 1793, and finished in 1800, at an expense of 480,202 dollars. The south wing was commenced in 1803, and finished in 1808, at an expense of 308,808 dollars. The centre

building was commenced in 1818, and finished in 1827, at an expense of 957,647 dollars. In August, 1814, Washington was captured by the British, under General Ross, who set fire to the Capitol, the President's house, and the public offices, with the exception of the patent-office, which was saved by the solicitation of its superintendent. The library of Congress was burned, and was afterwards replaced by the purchase of that of Mr. Jefferson, consisting of 7000 volumes, for 23,000 dollars, in 1815."

III. VIRGINIA.

VIRGINIA is bounded north by Pennsylvania and Maryland, from which it is separated by the Potomac ; east by the Atlantic; south by North Carolina and Tennessee; west by Kentucky; and north-west by Ohio. It lies between 36 deg. 33 min. and 40 deg. 43 min. north latitude, and between 75 deg. 25 min. and 83 deg. 40 min. west longitude; and between 60 deg. 34 min. west, and 1 deg. 20 min. east longitude from Washington. It is 370 miles long, and 200 miles broad at its greatest width, comprising an area of 64,000 English square miles, or 40,960,000 English statute acres. The population, in 1790, was 747,610; in 1800, 886,149; in 1810, 974,622; in 1820, 1,065,366; in 1830, 1,211,272; in 1840, 1,239,797; of which 448,987 were slaves. Of the free white population, 371,223 were white males; 369,745 were white females; 23,814 were coloured males; 26,020 were coloured females. Of the population, in 1840, there were employed in agriculture, 318,771; in commerce, 6361; in manufactures and trades, 54,147; navigating the ocean, 582; navigating the canals, rivers, and lakes, 2952; learned professions, &c., 3866.-Official Returns.

This state is divided into 119 counties, and two districts, Eastern and Western. The following are the counties of the Eastern District, with their population in 1840, and their capitals:-Accomac, 17,096, C. Accomac; Albemarle, 22,924, C. Charlottesville; Amelia, 10,320, C. Amelia; Amherst, 12,576, C. Amherst; Bedford, 20,203, C. Liberty; Brunswick, 14,346, C. Lawrenceville; Buckingham, 18,786, C. Buckingham; Campbell, 21,030, C. Campbell; Caroline, 17,813, C. Bowling Green; Charles City, 4774, C. Charles City; Charlotte, 14,595, C. Charlotte; Chesterfield, 17,148, C. Chesterfield; Culpepper, 11,393, C. Culpepper; Cumberland, 10,399, C. Cumberland; Dinwiddie, 22,558, C. Dinwiddie; Elizabeth City, 3706, C. Hampton; Essex, 11,309, C. Tappahannock; Fairfax, 9370, C. Fairfax; Fauquier, 21,897, C. Warrenton; Fluvanna, 8812, C. Palmyra; Franklin, 15,832, C. Rocky Mount; Gloucester, 10,715, C. Gloucester; Goochland, 9760, C. Goochland; Greensville, 6366, C. Hicksford; Greene, 4232, C. Stannardsville; Halifax, 25,936, C. Halifax; Hanover, 14,968, C. Hanover; Henrico, 33,076, C. Richmond; Henry, 7335, C. Martinsville; Isle of Wight, 9972, C. Smithfield; James City, 3779, C. Williamsburg; King George, 5927, C. King George; King William, 9258, Č. King William; King and Queen, 10,862, C. King and Queen ; Lancaster, 4628, C. Lancaster; Loudoun, 20,431, C. Leesburg; Louisa, 15,453, C. Louisa ; Lunenburg, 11,055, C. Lunenburg; Madison, 8107, C. Madison; Matthews, 7442, C. Matthews; Mecklenburg, 20,724, C. Boydton; Middlesex, 4392, C. Urbanna; Nansemond, 10,795, C. Suffolk; Nelson, 12,287, C. Livingston; New Kent, 6230, C. New Kent; Norfolk, 27,569, C. Norfolk; Northampton, 7715, C. Eastville; Northumberland, 7924, C. Northumberland; Nottoway, 9719, C. Nottoway; Orange, 9125, C. Orange; Patrick, 8032, C. Patrick; Pittsylvania, 26,398, C. Pittsylvania; Powhatan, 7924, C. Scottsville; Princess Anne, 7285, C. Princess Anne; Prince Edward, 14,069, C. Prince Edward; Prince George, 7175, C. City Point; Prince William, 8144, C. Brentsville; Rappahannock, 9257, C. Washington; Richmond, 5965, C. Richmond; Southampton, 14,525, C. Jerusalem; Spotsylvania, 15,161, C. Spotsylvania; Stafford, 8454, C. Falmouth; Surry, 6480, C. Surry; Sussex, 11,229, C. Sussex; Warwick, 1456, C. Warwick; Westmoreland, 8019, C. Westmoreland; York, 4720, C. Yorktown :-369,398 whites, 42,294 free coloured, 395,250 slaves. Total, 806,942. Western DistrictAlleghany, 2749, C. Covington; Augusta, 19,628, C. Staunton; Bath, 4300, C. Bath; Berkley, 10,972, C. Martinsburg; Botetourt, 11,679, C. Fincastle; Braxton, 2575, C.

Braxton; Brooke, 7948, C. Wellsburg; Cabell, 8163, C. Cabell, Clarke, 6353, C. Berryville; Fayette, 3924, C. Fayetteville; Floyd, 4453, C. Floyd; Frederick, 14,242, C. Winchester; Giles, 5307, C. Giles; Grayson, 9087, C. Greensville; Greenbrier, 8695, C. Lewisburg; Hampshire, 12,295, C. Romney; Hardy, 7622, C. Moorefield; Harrison, 17,669, C. Clarksburg; Jackson, 4890, C. Ripley; Jefferson, 14,082, C. Charlestown; Kanawha, 13,567, C. Charleston; Lee, 8441, C. Jonesville; Lewis, 8151, C. Weston; Logan, 4309, C. Logan; Marshall, 6937, C. Elizabethtown; Mason, 6777, C. Point Pleasant; Mercer, 2233, C. Princeton; Monongalia, 17,368, C. Morgantown; Monroe, 8422, C. Union; Montgomery, 7405, C. Christiansburg; Morgan, 4253, C. Berkley Springs; Nicholas, 2515, C. Summersville; Ohio, 13,357, C. Wheeling; Page, 6194, C. Surry; Pendleton, 6940, C. Franklin; Pocahontas, 2922, C. Huntersville; Preston, 6866, C. Kingwood; Pulaski, 3739, C. Newbern; Randolph, 6208, C. Beverly; Roanoke, 5499, C. Salem; Rockbridge, 14,284, C. Lexington; Rockingham, 17,344, C. Harrisonburg; Russell, 7878, C. Lebanon ; Scott, 7303, C. Estiuville; Shenandoah, 11,618, C. Woodstock; Smythe, 6522, C. Marion; Tazewell, 6290, C. Jeffersonville; Tyler, 6954, C. Middlebourne; Warren, 5627, C. Front Royal; Washington, 13,001, C. Abingdon; Wood, 7923, C. Parkersburg; Wythe, 9375, C. Wytheville. Western District, whites 371,570, free coloured 7548, slaves 53,737. Total, 432,855.—Official Returns.

Soil and Configuration. The extensive section of Virginia, which extends from the Atlantic to the lower falls of the rivers, for about 110 to 130 miles from the Atlantic, is low and flat, in some places marshy, naturally sterile and sandy, and generally covered with pitch pine trees. On the margin, near the banks of the rivers, the soil is usually fertile. The low country is unhealthy from August to October. The lands which extend from the rivers at the head of tidewater and Blue Ridge, are undulated and hilly; especially near the mountain ranges. The soil of this region is generally sandy and poor; part of it is fertile, particularly the margins of the rivers. Towards the mountains the country is stony and rough, with the soil rich. The mountains of Virginia rise generally about 150 miles from the ocean. Beyond which the country is generally mountainous, traversed by successive ridges of the Alleghany, which occupies a greater breadth of country in Virginia than in any other state. Between the various ridges, however, there are long valleys or table land, parallel with them, often of considerable breadth, and containing some of the best soil in the state. The farms among the mountains are smaller than in any other parts of the state, better cultivated, and there are fewer slaves. The climate in this region is very healthy.

The soil of the districts near the sea coast is generally poor, producing Indian corn, oats, and peas. Wheat is raised in some parts of it, and a little rice in the swamps in its southern part. Between the sea coast region, tidewater, and the mountains, is the tobacco country; but in the northern upland counties wheat has extensively superseded tobacco; and south of James river, sufficient cotton is raised for home consumption. The south-eastern counties produce apples and peaches in great abundance. Among the mountains, the farmers raise large numbers of horned cattle and hogs. Indian corn is cultivated throughout the state. The country west of the mountains towards the Ohio, is rough and wild; sometimes, but not generally, fertile; but very rich as a mineral region.- Various accounts. U. S. Gaz.

Live Stock and Agricultural Products.-There were in this state, in 1840, 326,438 horses and mules; 1,024,148 neat cattle; 1,293,772 sheep; 1,992,155 swine; poultry to the value of 754,698 dollars. There were produced 10,109,716 bushels of wheat; 87,430 bushels of barley; 13,451,062 bushels of oats; 1,482,799 bushels of rye; 243,822 bushels of buckwheat; 34,577,591 bushels of Indian corn; 2,538,374 lbs. of wool; 10,597 lbs. of hops; 65,020 lbs. of wax; 2,944,660 bushels of potatoes; 364,708 tons of hay; 25,594 tons of hemp and flax; 75,347,106 lbs. of tobacco; 2956 lbs. of rice ; 3,494,483 lbs. of cotton; 3191 lbs. of silk cocoons; 1,541,833 lbs. of sugar. The products of the dairy were valued at 1,480,488 dollars; of the orchard, 705,765 dollars; value of lumber produced, 538,092 dollars; 13,911 gallons of wine were made.-Official Returns. U. S. Gaz.

Minerals.-Gold, copper, lead, iron, coal, salt, limestone, and marble, are found. In 1840, 2000 persons were employed in mining. The long, narrow district in which gold is