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same wharf, into another vessel, barge, or flat, will be charged two wharfages; one to the owner or consignee, and one to the shipper.

No cotton allowed to be picked on the wharfs, on any consideration.

All rubbish, bricks, sweepings from vessels, &c., will be removed at the expense of whatever vessel, barge, or flat, may have deposited the same on the wharfs.

Cotton, firewood, lumber, bricks, staves, &c., will be entitled to remain on the wharf twenty-four hours after landing; after which time, if not removed, an additional wharfage will be made for each and every day remaining.

All vessels loading with cotton will be required to take their cargo on board as fast as it is sent to them, or tier it in such manner as not to lumber the wharfs.

All goods other than cotton must be removed on the same day on which they are landed, or they will be liable for an additional wharfage for every day they remain.

Flats will be allowed to remain at the wharfs two days after discharging, unless their place is particularly wanted. No flats will be permitted to be broken up in the slips without leave.

TARIFF OF CHARGES ADOPTED BY THE STEAM COTTON-PRESSES AT MOBILE.

Compressing.-Cotton, per bale, seventy-five cents; cotton intended to be compressed, twelve cents and a half for the first month, and six cents and a quarter for each subsequent week thereafter. Time computed from date of press receipt, until delivered to lighter or vessel.

Cotton brought from warehouses not attached to press, if ship-marked and compressed immediately, no charge for storage. Shippers will be charged eight cents per bale drayage, for cotton delivered at the wharf attached to the press.

Storage.-Cotton, per bale, for the first two weeks, twenty-five cents; for each subsequent week, six cents and a quarter. Cotton changing hands will in all cases be liable to new storage from date of order inclusive. Draymen who bring cotton into the yard are required to head the bales. Turning out for sampling or weighing, and restoring the same, eight cents per bale. Turning out and arranging all cotton not intended to be compressed, six cents and a quarter per bale.

Wantages to be assessed by press when the cotton comes in, and the amount assessed endorsed on the face of receipt. Any objection for overcharges to be made at the time. Grass, tow, bark, or tarred ropes will be considered unmerchantable and deficient. All deficient ropes will be charged at the rate of twelve cents and a half per rope. All bagging used will be charged at twenty-five cents per yard.

All cotton sent to press must be accompanied by a memorandum, specifying marks and number of bales, and whether for storage or compressing, for whose account, and for what vessel. The receipts then given will be considered as a voucher that the cottons are received in good order, unless expressly specified to the contrary on the face of the receipt, and to be delivered in like good order by the press.

Compressing bills payable in cash when cargo is complete. Storage and other bills payable monthly or upon delivery of cotton.

IX. MISSISSIPPI.

MISSISSIPPI is bounded north by Tennessee; east by Alabama; south by the Gulf of Mexico and Louisiana; and west by Pearl and Mississippi rivers, which separate it from the state of Louisiana and Arkansas. It lies between 30 deg. 10 min. and 35 deg. north latitude, and between 80 deg. 30 min. and 81 deg. 35 min. west longitude, and between 8 deg. and 11 deg. 30 min. west longitude from Washington. It is about 339 miles long from north to south, and 150 broad from east to west, comprising an area of about 45,760 square miles, or 29,286,400 British statute acres The population, in 1816, was 45,929; in 1820, 75,448; in 1830; 136,806; in 1840, 375,651, of which 195,211 were slaves. Of the free population, 97,256 were white males; 81,818 white females; 715 were coloured males; 654 coloured females. Employed in agriculture, 139,724; in commerce, 1303; in manufactures and trades, 4151; navigating the ocean, thirty-three; navigating rivers, canals, &c., 100; learned professions, 1506.-Official Returns. This state is divided into fifty-six counties, which, with their population in 1840, and their capitals, were as follows: Northern District — Attala, 4303, C. Kosciusko; Bolivar, 1356, C.

Bolivar; Carroll, 10,481, C. Carrollton; Chickasaw, 2955, C. Houston; Choctaw, 6010, C.
Greensborough; Coahoma, 1290, C. Coahoma C. H.; De Soto, 7002, C. Hernando; Itawamba,
5375, C. Fulton; Lafayette, 6531, C. Oxford; Lowndes, 14,513, C. Columbus; Marshall, 17,526,
C. Holly Springs; Monroe, 9250, C. Athens; Noxubee, 9975, C. Macon; Octibbeha, 4276, C.
Starkville; Ponola, 4657, C. Ponola; Pontotoc, 4491, C. Pontotoc; Tallahatchie, 2985, C.
Charleston; Tippah, 9444, C. Ripley; Tishamingo, 6681, C. Jacinto; Tunica, 821, C. Peyton ;
Winston, 4650, C. Louisville; Yalabusha, 12,248, C. Coffeeville. Southern District-Adams,
19,434, C. Natchez; Amite, 9511, C. Liberty; Claiborne, 13,078, C. Port Gibson; Clarke, 2986,
C. Quitman; Copiah, 8954, C. Gallatin; Covington, 2717, C. Williamsburg; Franklin, 4775,
C. Meadville; Greene, 1636, C. Leakeville; Hancock, 3367, C. Shieldsborough; Harrison,
C. Mississippi City; Hinds, 19,098, C. Raymond; Holmes, 9452, C. Lexington; Jackson, 1965,
C. Jackson C. H.; Jasper, 3958, C. Paulding; Jefferson, 11,650, C. Fayette; Jones, 1258,
C. Ellisville; Kemper, 7663, C. De Kalb; Lauderdale, 5358, C. Marion; Lawrence, 5920, C.
Monticello; Leake, 2162, C. Carthage; Madison, 15,530, C. Canton; Neshoba, 2437, C.
Philadelphia; Newton, 2527, C. Decatur; Perry, 1889, C. Augusta; Pike, 6151, C. Holmes-
ville; Rankin, 4631, C. Brandon; Scott, 1653, C. Hillsborough; Simpson, 3380, C. Westville;
Smith, 1961, C. Raleigh; Warren, 15,820, C. Vicksburg; Washington, 7287, C. Princeton;
Wayne, 2120, C. Winchester; Wilkinson, 14,193, C. Woodville; Yazoo, 10,480, C. Benton.

Soil. The southern part of this state for about 100 miles from the Gulf of Mexico is mostly a sandy, level county, covered with a pine forest, interspersed with cypress swamps, prairies, water marshes, and a few hills of moderate elevation. This region is generally healthy, and where cultivated, produces cotton, Indian corn, indigo, sugar, plums, cherries, peaches, figs, sour oranges, and grapes. Further north, the country becomes gradually elevated and undulated; with a deep rich soil, producing cotton, Indian corn, sweet potatoes, indigo, peaches, melons, and grapes. The timber trees are poplar, hickory, oak, black walnut, sugar maple, cotton wood, magnolia, lime, and sassafras. The north part of the state is healthy and productive; and the lands watered by the Yazoo, along its whole course in the north-west, are very fertile. The Mississippi river, with its various windings, borders this state about 700 miles; and its margin consists of inundated swamp, covered with forest fir. Back of this, the surface suddenly rises into what are called bluffs; and behind these the country is a moderately elevated table land, with a diversified surface. Cotton is the staple of this state.-U. S. Gaz.

Live Stock and Agricultural Products.-In 1840, there were in this state 109,227 horses and mules; 623,197 neat cattle; 128,367 sheep; 1,001,209 swine; poultry to the value of 369,482 dollars. There were produced 196,626 bushels of wheat; 1654 bushels of barley; 668,624 bushels of oats; 11,444 bushels of rye; 13,161,237 bushels of Indian corn; 175,196 lbs. of wool; 6835 lbs. of wax; 1,630,100 bushels of potatoes; 83,471 lbs. of tobacco; 777,195 lbs. of rice; 193,401,577 lbs. of cotton. The produce of the dairy was valued at 359,585 dollars; of the orchard at 14,458 dollars; of lumber, 192,794 dollars; tar, pitch, &c., 2248 barrels.-Official Returns.

The climate is mild, but very variable. The extremes of heat and cold at Natchez, for 1840, were from 26 deg. to 94 deg. of Fahrenheit. The sugar cane and orange tree is not cultivated with success north of latitude 31 deg.

Rivers.-The Mississippi river flows along and bounds the whole western border of this state. The Yazoo is the largest river that has its whole course in the state. It rises in the north-west part, and, after a course of 250 miles, enters the Mississippi. The Pascagoula river, after a course of 250 miles, enters the Gulf of Mexico. At its mouth it widens into a bay, on which stands the town of Pascagoula. It is navigable for a considerable distance for small vessels. The Big Black river, after a course of 200 miles, enters the Mississippi just above Grand gulf. It has a boat navigation of fifty miles. Pearl river rises in the central part of this state and passes through it to the south, and in its lower part forms the boundary between this state and Louisiana, and enters the Rigolets between lakes Pontchartrain and Borgne. Its navigation is much impeded by shallows, sandbars, and obstructions of timber. Homochitto is a considerable river which enters the Mississippi. Besides these there are a few other small rivers and creeks. A chain of low sandy islands, six or seven miles from the shore, enclose several bays or sounds, the largest of which are Pascagoula sound and Lake Borne, which lies partly in Louisiana.-U. S. Gaz.

The coast, which extends along the Gulf of Mexico for about sixty miles, has no harbour but that of Mississippi city, which does not admit large vessels. The largest and most commercial town in the state is Natchez, on the east bank of the Mississippi, situated chiefly on a high bluff, 300 feet above the level of the river, and 300 miles above New Orleans. Vicksburg, 106 miles above Natchez, and twelve miles below the mouth of the Yazoo river, is a growing place and has an extensive trade. Its outlet is through New Orleans. The other principal places are Jackson, on Pearl river; Woodville, eighteen miles from the Mississippi, 'in the south-west part of the state; Port Gibson and Grand gulf, its port on the Mississippi; Columbus, on the Tombigbee; and Pontotoc and Hernando, in the north, and Mississippi city on the gulf shore.-U. S. Gaz.

Trade.-There were in this state, in 1840, seven commercial and sixty-seven commission houses engaged in foreign trade, with a capital of 673,900 dollars; 755 retail dry-goods and other stores, employing a capital of 5,004,420 dollars; 228 persons raged in the lumber trade,

employing a capital of 132,175 dollars; forty persons employed in internal transportation, and fifteen butchers, packers, &c., employing a capital of 4250 dollars.-Official Returns.

Manufactures.-The value of home-made or family articles was 682,945 dollars; there were fifty-three cotton manufactories, with 318 spindles, employing eighty-one persons, producing articles to the value of 1744 dollars, with a capital of 6420 dollars; hats and caps were produced to the value of 5140 dollars, employing thirteen persons, with a capital of 8100 dollars; 128 tanneries employed 149 persons, and a capital of 70,870 dollars; forty-two other manufactories of leather, as saddleries, &c., produced articles to the value of 118,167 dollars, and employed a capital of 41,945 dollars; one pottery, employing two persons, produced to the value of 1200 dollars, with a capital of 200 dollars; four persons produced drugs and paints to the value of 3125 dollars, with a capital of 500 dollars; two persons produced confectionary to the value of 10,500 dollars; 274 persons produced machinery to the value of 242,225 dollars; 693 persons produced bricks and lime to the value of 273,870 dollars, with a capital of 222,745 dollars; there were produced 312,084 lbs. of soap, 31,957 lbs. of tallow candles, and ninety-seven lbs. of spermaceti candles; 132 persons produced carriages and waggons to the value of 49,693 dollars, with a capital of 34,345 dollars; sixteen flouring mills produced 1809 barrels of flour, and with other mills employed 923 persons, and manufactured articles to the value of 486,864 dollars, with a capital of 1,219,845 dollars; vessels were built to the value of 13,925 dollars; furniture was manufactured by forty-one persons, to the value of 34,450 dollars, with a capital of 28,610 dollars; fourteen distilleries produced 3150 gallons, and two breweries produced 132 gallons, employing twelve persons, and a capital of 910 dollars; 144 stone or brick houses, and 2247 wooden houses, were built by 2487 persons, and cost 1,175,513 dollars; twenty-eight printing offices, and one bindery, two daily, one semi-weekly, and twenty-eight weekly newspapers, employed ninety-four persons, and a capital of 83,510 dollars. The whole amount of capital employed in manufactures, was 1,797,727 dollars.— Official Returns.

Education.-There are three colleges in this state. Jefferson college, at Washington, six miles east of Natchez, was founded in 1802, and has been liberally endowed; Oakland college, at Oakland, was founded in 1831, and is a flourishing institution; Mississippi college, at Clinton, was founded in 1830. In these institutions, there were, in 1840, about 250 students. There were in the state seventy-one academies, with 2553 students; and 382 primary and common schools, with 8236 scholars. There were 8360 white persons, over twenty years of age, who could neither read nor write.

Religion.-The Methodists and Baptists are the most numerous religious denominations in this state. In 1835, the Methodists had fifty-three travelling preachers, 9707 communicants; the Baptists had eighty-four churches, thirty-four ministers, and 3199 communicants; the Episcopalians had four ministers; the Presbyterians of different descriptions had thirty-two churches, and twenty-six ministers.-U. S. Gaz.

Banks.-In the beginning of 1840, there were thirty-eight banks and branches in this state, with an aggregate capital of 30,379,403 dollars, and a circulation of 15,171,639 dollars. At the close of 1840, the state debt amounted to 12,400,000 dollars.-(See Banks of the United States hereafter.)

Public Works.-The following works of internal improvement have been undertaken. West Feliciana railroad extends from St. Francisville, in Louisiana, on the Mississippi, twenty-seven miles and three quarters, to Woodville in Mississippi, and cost 500,000 dollars. Vicksburg and Clinton railroad extends from Vicksburg, forty-five miles, to Jackson, the capital of the state, with a branch to Raymond, six miles and a half. The New Orleans and Nashville railroad will extend through this state. The Mississippi railroad to extend from Natchez, 112 miles, to Jackson, is finished to Malcolm, a distance of forty miles. The Jackson and Brandon railroad is fourteen miles long and connects these places. The Grand Gulf and Port Gibson railroad is seven miles and a quarter long, connecting the two places. Several other railroads are proposed, which are those from Natchez to Woodville, forty-one miles; from Manchester to Benton, fourteen miles; from Princeton to Deer creek, twenty miles; from Brandon to Mobile, and from Columbus to Aberdeen.-U. S. Gaz.-American Almanac.

PRINCIPAL TOWNS.

COLUMBUS, 141 miles north-east of Jackson, 885 miles from Washington. Situated on the east bank of the Tombigbee, 120 feet above the river, and at the head of steamboat navigation. It has two banks, a United States' land office, a market house, five churches, and a bridge across the Tombigbee. Population, 4000.

NATCHEZ, 100 miles south-west of Jackson, 1110 miles from Washington, is situated on the east bank of the Mississippi river, on a bluff, elevated 150 feet above the level of the river, 155 miles from New Orleans by land, and 292 miles by the course of the river. A part of the town is built on the margin of the river. It is laid out in the form of a parallelogram, with streets intersecting each other at right angles, but the site is very irregular. The houses are mostly of wood, and only one story high. Almost every house has a piazza and a balcony, and many of them have gardens ornamented with shrubbery and fruit trees. It has a court house, a gaol, four churches,

three banks, two steam oil mills for manufacturing oil from cotton seed, and 4800 inhabitants. Three miles from the city is a race course. The country around consists of cotton fields, and Natchez has become a great cotton mart, and has an extensive and an increasing trade.

VICKSBURG, city and capital of Warren county, Mississippi, forty-one miles west by north of Jackson, and 1051 miles from Washington. Situated on the eastern side of the Mississippi river, 400 miles above New Orleans, and though of recent origin, it has become a large and flourishing place. It contains a court house, gaol, four churches-one Presbyterian, one Episcopal, one Methodist, and one Roman Catholic; three academies, two male and one female, fifty wholesale grocery and commission stores, fifty retail dry-good stores, a printing-office, and 3104 inhabitants. A number of boats are always lying in the harbour, and a great quantity of cotton is shipped here. The town is situated on the shelving declivity of high hills, and the houses are scattered in groups on the terraces. It is just below the Walnut hills. The country around is very fertile. Steamboats regularly ply between this place and New Orleans. A railroad extends from Vicksburg to Brandon, through Jackson.

Foreign Trade.-The Mississippi has scarcely any direct foreign trade. But imports and exports exclusively through New Orleans.-(Which see.-See also Internal Trade of the United States.)

FINANCES.

None of the United States have so boldly and disgracefully repudiated the payment of their public obligations as the state of Mississippi. No public document appears to us so disreputable, as the letter of Governor Mac Nuth, dated Jackson, 13th of July, 1841, to Messrs. Hope, of Amsterdam, in which he informs them that the state never will pay its bonds, and founding this declaration upon the mere quibble, that they were when sold made payable in London in sterling money, at the rate of 4s. 6d. per dollar, which he considers unconstitutional. He does not, however, give the option to pay them in the current money of the United States, either in the state of Mississippi or elsewhere, but he declares that the state never will pay them. The interest which this state pays is only, on the small, 615,049 dollars, being outstanding warrants and funded scrip which constitute little more floating paper within the state. The 5,000,000 of state bonds, due chiefly to foreigners, the state absolutely repudiates, on the ground of a constitutional flaw, or rather loophole, of which foreigners must have been entirely ignorant. There is also a debt acknowledged by the state of 2,000,000 of planters' bonds, with 615,049 dollars outstanding warrants and scrip, which makes the non-repudiated debt 2,615,049 dollars, a very small part of the interest of which has only been paid.

REVENUE and Expenditure during the Fiscal Year ending March 1, 1843.
dollars 311,179,99

Principal Items of Expenditure.

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Total amount received

Total amount expended

304,428,41

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LOUISIANA is bounded north by Arkansas and Mississippi; east by Mississippi, from which it is separated by the Mississippi river, to the 31 deg. north latitude, thence east on that parallel to Pearl river, and down that river to its mouth; east and south by the Gulf of Mexico; and west by Texas, from which it is separated by the Sabine river to 32 deg. north latitude, and thence due north to latitude 33 deg. north, the south boundary of Arkansas. It is 240 miles long from north to south, and 210 broad from east to west, comprising an area of about 45,350 square miles, or 29,024,000 British statute acres. The population, in 1810, was 76,556; in 1820, 153,407; in 1830,215,575; in 1840, 352,411, of which 168,452 were slaves. Of the free population 89,747 were white males; 68,710 white females; 11,526 coloured males; 13,976 coloured females. There were employed in agriculture, 79,289; in commerce, 8549; in manufactures and trades, 7565 navigating the ocean, 1322; canals, lakes, &c., 662; learned professions, 1018.

This state is divided into thirty-eight parishes, which, with their population, in 1840, and their capitals, were as follows: Eastern District-Ascension, 6951, C. Donaldsville; Assumption, 7141, C. Napoleonville; Baton Rouge, E., 8138, C. Baton Rouge; Baton Rouge, w., 4638, w., 3 B

VOL. II.

C. Baton Rouge C. H.; Carroll, 4237, C. Providence; Concordia, 9414, C. Vidalia; Feliciana, E., 11,893, C. Clinton; Feliciana, w., 10,910, C. St. Francisville; Iberville, 8495, C. Plaquemine; Jefferson, 10,470, C. La Fayette; Lafourche Interior, 7303, C. Thibodeauxville; Livingston, 2315, C. Springfield; Madison, 5142, G. Richmond; Orleans, 102, 193, C. New Orleans; Plaquemine, 5060, C. Fort Jackson; Point Coupée, 7898, C. Point Coupée; St. Bernard, 3237, C. St. Bernard C. H.; St. Charles, 4700, C. St. Charles C. H.; St. Helena, 3525, C. Greensburg; St. James, 8548, C. Bringiers; St. John Baptist, 5776, C. Bonnet Carré; St. Tammany, 4598, C. Covington; Terre Bonne, 4410, C. Houma; Washington, 2649, C. Franklinton. Western District-Avoyelles, 6616, C. Marksville; Caddo, 5282, C. Shreveport; Calcasieu, 2057, C. Lisbon; Caldwell, 2017, C. Columbia; Catahoola, 4955, C. Harisonburg; Claiborne, 6185, C. Overton; La Fayette, 7841, C. Vermilionville; Natchitoches, 14,350, C. Natchitoches; Rapides, 14,132, C. Alexandria; St. Landry, 15,233, C. Opelousas; St. Martin's, 8676, C. St. Martinsville; St. Mary's, 8950, C. Franklin; Union, 1838, C. Farmersville; Washita, 4640, C. Monroe.

Configuration and Soil.—The Mississippi, immediately parallel of 31 deg. north latitude, divides into several branches, which flow sluggishly into the Gulf of Mexico. "The western of these outlets is the Atchafalaya, which leaves the main stream three miles below the mouth of Red river, and, inclining eastward, flow into Atchafalaya bay, in the Gulf of Mexico. About 128 miles below the Atchafalaya, is the outlet of Plaquemine, the main stream of which unites with the Atchafalaya; but other portions of it intersect the country in different directions. Thirtyone miles below the Plaquemine, and eighty-one above New Orleans, is the outlet of Lafourche, which communicates with the Gulf of Mexico by two mouths. Below the Lafourche, numerous other smaller streams branch off from the river at various points. On the east side of the Mississippi the principal outlet is the Iberville, which communicates with the Gulf of Mexico through lakes Maurepas, Pontchartrain, and Borgne. The whole territory between the Atchafalaya on the west, and the Iberville, &c., on the east, is called the Delta of the Mississippi. A large extent of country in this state is annually overflowed by the Mississippi. From latitude 32 deg. to 31 deg., the average width of the land inundated is twenty miles; from the latitude 31 deg. to the outlet of Lafourche, a little above latitude 30 deg., the width is forty miles. Below the Lafourche, the country generally is overflowed. The lands thus overflowed, including those on the Red river, amount to 10,890 square miles; though the inundation is not complete, but consists of innumerable canals and lakes, which are interspersed everywhere. The country actually submerged would not, probably, exceed 4000 square miles. More earth is deposited by the Mississippi in its overflow on its immediate margin than further back; and, consequently, the land is higher adjoining the river than it is in the rear of its banks. This alluvial margin, of a breadth from 400 yards to a mile and a half, is a rich soil, and to prevent the river from inundating the valuable tract in the rear, and which could not be drained, an artificial embankment is raised on the margin of the river, called the Levee. On the east side of the river, this embankment commences sixty miles above New Orleans, and extends down the river for more than 130 miles. On the west shore, it commences at Point Coupée, 172 miles above New Orleans. Along this portion of the river, its sides present many beautiful and finely cultivated plantations, and a continued succession of pleasant residences. The south-western part of the state consists of swamps, on the margin of the gulf, but of prairies further inland, some parts of which are barren, but others fertile, and containing flourishing settlements. This country is elevated not more than from ten to fifty feet above high tide. The country between the Mississippi, Iberville, and Pearl rivers, in its southern parts, is generally level, and highly productive in cotton, sugar, rice, corn, and indigo. The northern part has an undulating surface, and has a heavy natural growth of white, red, and yellow oak, hickory, black walnut, sassafras, magnolia, and poplar. In the north-western part, the Red river, after entering the state by a single channel, and flowing about thirty miles, spreads out into a number of channels forming many lakes, and islands, and swamps, over a space of fifty miles long and six broad. The bottoms on the river are from one to ten miles wide, and are very fertile. The timber on them is willow, cotton-wood, honey locust, pawpaw, and buckeye; on the rich uplands, elm, ash, hickory, mulberry, black walnut, with a profusion of grape vines. On the less fertile and sandy uplands of the state are white, pitch, and yellow pines, and various kinds of oak.”U. S. Gaz.

Live Stock and Products.-The staple productions of the state are cotton, sugar, and rice. In 1840, there were in the state, 99,888 horses and mules; 381,248 neat cattle; 98,072 sheep; 323,220 swine; poultry to the value of 283,559 dollars. There were produced sixty bushels of wheat; 107,353 bushels of oats; 1812 bushels of rye; 5,952,912 bushels of Indian corn; 834,341 bushels of potatoes; 24,651 tons of hay; 49,283 lbs. of wool; 1012 lbs. of wax; 119,824 lbs. of tobacco; 3,604,534 lbs. of rice; 152,555,368 lbs. of cotton; 119,947,720 lbs. of sugar. products of the dairy were valued at 153,069 dollars; of the orchard at 11,769 dollars; of lumber at 66,106 dollars. There were made 2884 gallons of wine; and 2233 barrels of tar, pitch, &c.— Official Returns.

The

Climate. The winters in this state are mild; though more severe than in the same latitude on the Atlantic coast. The summers in the wet and marshy parts are unhealthy. New Orleans has frequently been visited by the yellow fever. But a considerable portion of the state is healthy.— U. S. Gaz.

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