Manufactures.-In 1840, the value of home-made or family manufactures was 1,853,937 dollars; there were 130 woollen manufactories, and 206 fulling mills, producing goods to the value of 685,757 dollars, employing 935 persons, and a capital of 537,985 dollars; eight cotton manufactories, with 13,754 spindles, employing 246 persons, producing articles to the value of 139,378 dollars, and employing a capital of 113,500 dollars; seventy-two furnaces produced 35,236 tons of cast iron, and nineteen forges, &c., produced 7466 tons of bar iron, consuming 104,312 tons of fuel, employing 2268 persons, and a capital of 1,161,900 dollars; 434 persons produced 3,513,408 bushels of bituminous coal, with a capital of 45,525 dollars; fourteen paper manufactories, employing 305 persons, produced articles to the value of 270,202 dollars, with a capital of 208,200 dollars; thirty-one persons manufactured flax, producing the value of 11,737 dollars, with a capital of 242 dollars; hats and caps were manufactured to the value of 728,513 dollars, and straw bonnets to the value of 3028 dollars, the whole employing 963 persons, and a capital of 369,637 dollars; 812 tanneries employed 1790 persons, with a capital of 957,383 dollars; 1160 other manufactories of leather, as saddleries, &c., produced articles to the value of 1,986,146 dollars, with a capital of 917,245 dollars; 187 persons manufactured tobacco to the value of 212,818 dollars, with a capital of 68,810 dollars; ninety-nine potteries employed 199 persons, manufacturing to the value of 89,754 dollars, employing a capital of 43,450 dollars; 858 persons produced machinery to the value of 875,731 dollars; 289 persons produced hardware and cutlery to the value of 393,300 dollars; seventy persons persons produced three cannon, and 2450 small-arms; thirty-seven persons manufactured the precious metals to the value of 53,125 dollars; 589 persons manufactured other metals to the value of 782,901 dollars; seventy persons produced drugs and paints to the value of 101,880 dollars, with a capital of 126,335 dollars; 401 persons manufactured granite and marble to the value of 256,131 dollars; 1469 persons produced bricks and lime to the value of 712,697 dollars; thirteen persons, in two powder mills, produced 222,500 lbs. of powder, with a capital of 18,000 dollars; 105 persons manufactured 3,603,036 lbs. of soap, 2,318,456 lbs. of tallow candles, 151 lbs. of spermaceti and wax candles, employing a capital of 186,780 dollars; 390 distilleries produced 6,329,467 gallons, and fifty-nine breweries produced 1,422,584 gallons, the whole employing 798 persons, and a capital of 893,119 dollars; twenty-one rope-walks, employing sixty-six persons, produced articles to the value of 89,750 dollars, with a capital of 37,675 dollars; eleven persons produced musical instruments to the value of 8454 dollars, with a capital of 5000 dollars; 1490 persons manufactured carriages and waggons to the value of 701,228 dollars, with a capital of 290,540 dollars; 536 flouring mills produced 1,311,954 barrels of flour, and with other mills employed 4661 persons, producing articles to the value of 8,868,213 dollars, with a capital of 4,931,024 dollars; vessels were built to the value of 522,855 dollars; 1928 persons manufactured furniture to the value of 761,146 dollars, employing a capital of 534,317 dollars; 970 brick or stone houses, and 2764 wooden houses, employed 6060 persons, and cost 3,776,823 dollars; 159 printing-offices, forty-one binderies, nine daily, seven semi-weekly, and 107 weekly newspapers, and twenty periodicals, employed 1175 persons, and a capital of 446,720 dollars. The whole amount of capital employed in manufactures, was 16,905,257 dollars.-Official Returns.

Education. The principal literary institutions, are the University of Ohio, at Athens, founded in 1821; the Miami university, at Oxford, founded in 1809. These institutions have been endowed with large grants of lands. The Franklin college, at New Athens, founded in 1825; the Western Reserve college, at Hudson, founded in 1826; Kenyon college, at Gambier (Episcopal), was founded in 1826; Granville college, at Granville (Baptist), founded in 1832; Marietta college, at Marietta, founded in 1832; the Oberlin Collegiate institute, at Oberlin, founded in 1834; Cincinnati college, at Cincinnati, founded in 1819; as was also Woodward college, at the same place. Willoughby university, at Willoughby, is a medical institution, with a college charter. Lane Theological seminary, at Cincinnati, founded in 1829. There are also theological departments in Kenyon, Western Reserve, and Granville colleges, and in the Oberlin institute; a Lutheran theological school at Columbus; two medical and one law school at Cincinnati. At all these institutions, there were in 1840, 1717 students. There were in the state seventy-three academies, with 4310 students; 5186 common and primary schools, with 218,609 scho

lars. There were 35,394 white persons over twenty years of age, who could neither read nor write.-U. S. Gaz.

Religion. In 1836, the Presbyterians had 247 ministers; the Methodists had 200 ministers; the Baptists had 170 ministers; the Lutherans had forty-seven ministers; the Episcopalians had one bishop and twenty-five ministers; the German Reformed had twentysix ministers. Besides these there are a considerable number of Friends and Catholics, and a few others.-U. S. Gaz.

Banks.-There were in this state, at the commencement of 1840, thirty-seven banks and branches, with an aggregate capital of 10,507,521 dollars, and a circulation of 4,607,127 dollars. The state debt, in September, 1840, was 991,954 dollars.- (See Banks of the United States hereafter.)

Public Works.—The Ohio canal extends from Cleveland, on Lake Erie, 307 miles to Portsmouth, on the Ohio. It has a navigable feeder of fourteen miles to Zanesville; one of ten miles to Columbus; and one of nine miles to Lancaster; one to Athens of fifty miles; the Walholding branch of twenty-three miles; the Eastport branch of four miles, and the Dresden of two miles. This great work was begun in 1825, and was finished in 1832, at a cost of 5,000,000 dollars. The Miami canal extends from Cincinnati, 178 miles, to Defiance, where it meets the Wabash and Erie canal. The cost was 3,750,000 dollars. The whole distance to Lake Erie is 265 miles. The Warren canal, a branch of the above, extends from Middletown, twenty miles to Lebanon. The Sandy and Beaver canal is to extend from the Ohio canal, at Bolivar, seventy-six miles, to Ohio river, at the mouth of Little Beaver creek. Cost estimated at 1,500,000 dollars. The Mahoning canal extends from the Ohio canal, at Akron, eighty-eight miles, eight miles of which are in Pennsylvania, to Beaver river, at a cost of 764,372 dollars. Milan canal extends from Huron, three miles, to Milan, to which steamboats now ascend. The Mad river and Sandusky city railroad extends from Tiffin, thirty-six miles, to Sandusky city. The Ohio railroad extends from Manhattan, forty miles, to Sandusky city.-U. S. Gaz., and American Almanac.

PRINCIPAL TOWNS.

CINCINNATI, the most populous city west of the Alleghany mountains, is situated on the Ohio river, 504 miles, by the windings of the river, above its confluence with the Mississippi. It lies in 39 deg. 6 min. 30 sec. north latitude, and 84 deg. 27 min. west longitude from Greenwich, and 7 deg. 24 min. 45 sec. west from Washington. It is 116 miles south-west from Columbus; 250 miles from Cleveland; 120 miles from Indianapolis; 270 miles from Nashville, Tennessee; 860 miles from New Orleans; 350 miles from St. Louis; 105 miles from Louisville; 518 miles from Baltimore; 298 miles from Pittsburg; 617 miles from Philadelphia; 492 miles from Washington; 900 miles from New York, by Lake Erie, and 600 miles from Charleston, South Carolina. In 1795, it contained 500 inhabitants; in 1800, 750 inhabitants; in 1810, 2540 inhabitants; in 1820, 9642 inhabitants; in 1830, 24,831 inhabitants; in 1840, 46,338 inhabitants; in 1845, the number of inhabitants may be estimated at about 55,000, probably, at nearly 60,000. Besides which, there is usually in the town a floating population of from 2000 to 3000. In 1840, there were engaged in commerce, 2226; in manufactures and trades, 10,866; learned professions, 434. This city is built on an elevated plain, on the north bank of the Ohio, 540 feet above the level of tide water at Albany, and twentyfive feet below the level of Lake Erie ; but low water mark is 432 feet above tide-water, and 133 feet below the level of Lake Erie. "The shore of the Ohio here forms a good landing for boats at all seasons of the year, the principal landing being paved to low water mark in a substantial manner, and supplied with floating wharfs, rendered necessary by the great rise and fall of the river at different times. The descent from the upper part of Cincinnati to low water mark on the Ohio, is 108 feet. The city is near the eastern extremity of a pleasant valley, about twelve miles in circumference, skirted to the north by a circular ridge of hills, the summits of which are not more than 300 feet above the plain, but of picturesque appearance. The ground on which the city stands consists of two plains, the rear one elevated fifty or sixty feet above the front, though the ascent, by grading, has been extensively

reduced to a gradual slope. The view of the city is beautiful from the hills in the rear ; but as approached by water it is neither extensive nor commanding.

"Excepting on the margin of the river, it is regularly laid out in streets and alleys, crossing each other at right angles. The streets running east and west, are denominated proceeding from the river, first, second, &c., while those running north and south, are named after the native trees, as walnut, sycamore, &c. Main-street extends from the steamboat landing on the river directly north, to the northern boundary of the city. Fourteen streets, seven in each direction, are sixty-six feet wide, and 396 feet apart. The central portion of the city is compactly built, with handsome houses and stores; but the extensive plan in its outer parts, is but partially built up, and the houses are irregularly scattered. Many of the streets are well paved, and extensively shaded by trees. The houses are generally of stone or brick. The climate is changeable, and subject to considerable extremes of heat and cold, but is on the whole healthy.

"The court house, on Main-street, is fifty-six feet by sixty feet, and 120 feet high to the top of the dome. The edifice of the Franklin and La Fayette banks of Cincinnati has a splendid portico of eight Doric columns, after the model of the Parthenon at Athens, but is in a confined situation. It is seventy-nine feet long, and sixty-nine feet deep exclusive of the portico. Several of the churches are fine specimens of architecture, and a number of the hotels are spacious and elegant. There are four market houses, a bazaar, a theatre, a college, an Athenæum, a medical college, a mechanics' institute, two museums, a lunatic asylum, a high school, and a number of large and commodious houses for public schools. Within the last year 800 buildings have been erected, among which are many large warehouses and stores, and several beautiful churches.

"Cincinnati college was founded in 1819, and had, in 1840, eight instructors, and eightyfour students. It has academical, medical, and law departments. The medical college of Ohio has trustees appointed by the legislature every three years, and it has eight professors and 130 students. The College of Professional Teachers was formed in 1832, and has for its object the improvement of schools in the western country, and holds an annual meeting in October. The Mechanics' institute is formed for the improvement of mechanics in scientific knowledge, by means of popular lectures and mutual instruction. It has a valuable philosophical apparatus, a respectable library, and a reading-room, much frequented by young men. The Cincinnati lyceum furnishes an instructive and fashionable place of resort to the citizens, by its popular lectures and debates through the winter season. It has a good library and a reading-room. The Athenæum is a respectable literary institution, under the direction of the Catholics, in which the mathematics, philosophy, and the classics, as well as the modern languages, are taught by competent professors. It has over seventy students, and a large and splendid edifice. The Lane seminary, at Walnut hills, two miles from the city, has three professors, sixty-one students, and a library of 10,300 volumes. It has a literary as well as theological department. Woodward High School, named after its founder, gives education, in part gratuitously, to a large number of students. It has four instructors, and a large and commodious building. There is a great number of respectable private schools, and twenty public schools for males and females, in which there are 2000 pupils. There are forty-three churches in Cincinnati, of which three are old school Presbyterian, four new school Presbyterian, two Scots Presbyterian, two Episcopal, three Baptist, seven Methodist, two Protestant Methodist, two Catholic, two Friends, and various others."-U. S. Gaz.

Cincinnati is an important manufacturing place. Its want of good water-power has been supplied by that of steam mills. In 1840, there were forty-two foreign commercial, and thirty-six commission houses, with a capital of 5,200,000 dollars; 1035 retail stores, with a capital of 12,877,000 dollars; nineteen lumber yards, capital 133,000 dollars; 245 persons were engaged in internal transportation, who, with 790 butchers, packers, &c., employed a capital of 4,071,930 dollars; fourteen furnaces, capital 478,000 dollars; value of machinery manufactured, 545,000 dollars; hardware, cutlery, &c., 289,000 dollars; precious metals 48,000 dollars; various other metals, 713,000 dollars; four woollen factories, capital 39,000 dollars; one cotton factory, capital 6000 dollars; tobacco manufactures, capital 61,000 dollars; thirteen tanneries, capital 156,000 dollars; manufactures of leather, as saddleries, &c., capital 552,000 dollars; two distilleries and six breweries, with a capital of

152,000 dollars; paints, drugs, &c., capital 26,000 dollars; four rope walks, capital 34,000 dollars; carriages and waggons, capital 68,000 dollars; ten flouring mills, eight saw mills, two oil mills, total capital 367,000 dollars; vessels built, value 403,000 dollars; furniture amounted to 459,000 dollars; 264 brick and stone, and seventy-four wooden houses built, cost 1,196,000 dollars; thirty-two printing offices, thirteen binderies, produced 3800 daily newspapers, 33,100 weekly, 1800 semi-weekly, and 17,200 periodicals, with a capital 266,000 dollars. Total capital in manufactures, 7,469,912 dollars. Two colleges, eighty students, two academies, 120 students, fifty-one schools, 5445 scholars. There were five incorporated and two unincorporated banks, with an aggregate capital of nearly 6,000,000 dollars.— Official Returns.

Good roads, canals, and the river, bring the products of the surrounding country to this market. The Miami railroad extends from Cincinnati, eighty-five miles and a half to Springfield, and the Miami canal, from Cincinnati, 178 miles, to Defiance, where it joins the Wabash and Erie canals. The internal trade of Cincinnati is thus very extensive. The tonnage of the port, in 1840, was 12,052. There are seven daily papers, which are also issued weekly, or tri-weekly; eight weekly papers, a large number of magazines, issued semimonthly or monthly, and a number of religious magazines, published monthly.

The municipal government of the city consists of a president, recorder, and twenty-one councillors-three for each of the seven wards into which the city is divided.

Cincinnati was founded in 1789, by emigrants from New England and New Jersey, on the site of Fort Washington. It has grown with great rapidity, and now ranks as the sixth place in population in the United States; and, it being the great emporium of the West, it must continue to increase with the growth of the rapidly rising country with which it is connected.-U. S. Gaz.

CHILICOTHE, forty-five miles south of Columbus, 400 miles from Washington, is situated on the west bank of Scioto river. The Scioto washes its northern limit, and Paint creek its southern, here three-quarters of a mile apart. The principal streets follow the course of the river, and these are crossed by others at right angles, extending from the river to the creek. It has a court house and gaol, two market houses, a United States' land office, twenty-three stores, a banking house, four churches. Population, 3977. The Ohio canal passes through it.-U. S. Gaz.

The

CIRCLEVILLE, twenty-six miles south of Columbus, 396 miles from Washington, is situated on the site of an ancient fortification, on the east bank of the Scioto river. Ohio canal passes through the place, and crosses the large aqueduct. It has a brick octagonal court house, a gaol, market house, six public offices, four churches, thirteen stores, five canal warehouses, an academy, about 250 dwellings, and about 2000 inhabitants. The country around is very fertile, and a great water power is concentrated at this place, by several creeks, and by the canal. In 1840, there were in the township fifteen stores, capital 62,000 dollars; one fulling mill, one furnace, three tanneries, one distillery, one brewery, three printing offices, two binderies, two weekly and one semi-weekly newspapers, one flouring mill, five saw mills, one oil mill. Capital in manufactures, 37,050 dollars. Population, 2972.

DAYTON, sixty-eight miles west-by-south of Columbus, 461 miles from Washington. Population in 1810, 383; in 1820, 1139; in 1830, 2954; in 1840, 6067; and in the township, 10,335. Watered by Great Miami river and its tributaries, south-west branch of Mad river and Wolf creek. Mad river is here turned into a race, about a mile above its mouth, and, after being used as mill power, flows into the Miami, partly above and partly below the village. In and near the village are four cotton factories with 5000 spindles. There is a gun-barrel factory, with a capital of 15,000 dollars; a large iron foundry, four machine shops, producing articles to the value of 100,000 dollars annually; a clock factory, in which are annually made about 2500 clocks; an extensive paper factory, a carding and fulling mill, seven flouring mills, seven saw mills, five distilleries, and various other mills and manufactories. Capital in manufactures, about 100,000 dollars. The Miami canal passes through the place, and connects it with Cincinnati. — U. S. Gaz. Official Returns.

COLUMBUS, capital of the state, 139 miles south-west of Cleveland, 110 miles northeast of Cincinnati, 175 miles south of Detroit, Michigan, 184 miles south-west of Pitts

burg, Pennsylvania, 393 miles from Washington. It is in 39 deg. 47 min. north latitude, and 83 deg. 3 min. west longitude, and 6 deg. west longitude from Washington. It is situated on the east bank of Scioto river, immediately below the confluence of Whetstone river. When this place was selected for the seat of the legislature, in 1812, it was a wilderness. The land rises gradually from the river, and the streets cross each other at right angles. Broad-street extends from the bridge along the national road, a little south of east on the north side of the public square of ten acres, to the east limit of the city, and is 120 feet wide. High-street, 100 feet wide, crosses Broad-street at the north-west corner of the public square, at right angles, and passes through the city in that direction. This is the principal business street of the city. All the other streets are eighty-eight feet wide, and the alleys thirty-three feet wide. A convenient wharf, 1300 feet long, has been erected along the margin of the river. The public buildings are, a state house on the south-west corner of the public square, a brick edifice, seventy-five feet by fifty feet, of two lofty stories, with a steeple 106 feet high. Immediately north of the state house is a building for the public officers of the state, 150 feet by twenty-five feet. Still further north, in a line with the others, is the federal court house. There are five churches-one Presbyterian, one Baptist, one Methodist, one Episcopal, and one German Lutheran. Several of these churches are elegant buildings. The state penitentiary is a spacious edifice, on the bank of the Scioto, half a mile north of the centre of the city. The asylum for the deaf and dumb is a brick building, fifty feet by eighty feet, three stories high, half a mile east of the state house, with Doric porticoes. There is a lunatic asylum, an institution for the blind, a German Lutheran theological seminary, a fine banking house of stone, with a Doric portico of stone. The private houses are neat and substantial. The national road passes through the town, and a canal of eleven miles in length connects it with the Ohio canal. A bridge across the Scioto connects the place with Franklinton. There were, in 1840, in Columbus, and its township, three commission and four commercial houses in foreign trade, capital 63,000 dollars; fifty-eight retail stores, capital 319,750 dollars; three lumber yards, capital 12,000 dollars; five tanneries, two distilleries, three breweries, one pottery, four printing offices, three binderies, one daily, three weekly, one semi-weekly newspapers. Capital in manufactures, 257,850 dollars. Population, 6048.-U. S. Gaz. Official Returns.

CLEVELAND, port of entry, 146 miles north north-east of Columbus, 359 miles from Washington. Cleveland is the emporium of northern Ohio, and, next to Cincinnati, the most important town in the state. It stands in a commanding situation, on the southern shore of Lake Erie, at the mouth of the Cuyahoga river, and at the northern termination of the Ohio canal, by which it is connected with Ohio river; in 41 deg. 31 min. north latitude, and 81 deg. 46 min. west longitude from Greenwich, or 4 deg. 44 min. west from Washington. It is 130 miles north-west of Pittsburg, 146 miles north-east of Columbus, 200 miles by water from Buffalo, 130 miles from Detroit, 359 from Washington. The population, in 1799, consisted of one family; in 1825, about 500 inhabitants; in 1830, 1000; in 1834, 4300; in 1840, 6071.

Excepting a small portion of it immediately on the Cuyahoga river, the city is situated on a gravelly plain, elevated about eighty feet above the level of the lake, of which it has a very commanding prospect. The streets cross each other at right angles. The location is dry and healthy, and the view of the meanderings of the Cuyahoga river, and of the steamboats and shipping in the port, and leaving or entering it, and of the numerous vessels on the lake, presents a prospect exceedingly interesting, from the high shore.

"Near the centre of the place is a public square of ten acres, divided into four equal parts by intersecting streets, neatly enclosed, and shaded with trees. The court house and the first Presbyterian church front on this square.

"The harbour of Cleveland is one of the best on Lake Erie. It is formed by the mouth of the Cuyahoga river, and improved by a pier on each side, extending 425 yards into the lake, 200 feet apart, and faced with substantial stone masonry. Cleveland is the great mart of the greatest grain-growing state in the union, and it is the Ohio and Erie canals that have made it such, though it exports much by the way of the Welland canal to Canada. It has a ready connexion with Pittsburg, through the Pennsylvania and Ohio canal, which extends from the Ohio canal at Akron to Beaver creek, which enters the Ohio