THE BATTLE OF PAVIA.

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THE BATTLE OF PAVIA (A.D. 1524).

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Never did armies engage1 with 2 greater ardour or with a higher opinion of the importance of the battle which they were going to fight; never were troops more strongly animated with emulation, national antipathy,7 mutual resentment, and all the passions which inspire obstinate bravery.

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On the one hand, a gallant young monarch, seconded by a generous nobility, and followed by subjects to whose natural impetuosity, indignation at 11 the opposition 12 which they had encountered, added new13 force, contended for victory and honour. On the other side, troops more completely 14 disciplined, and conducted by generals of greater abilities,15 fought from 16 necessity, with 17 courage heightened by despair. The Imperialists, however, were unable to resist the 18 first efforts of French valour, and their firmest battalions began to give way.1 But the fortune of the day was quickly changed; the Swiss in the 20 service of France, unmindful21 of the reputation of their country for fidelity and martial glory, abandoned their post in a cowardly manner.22

ROBERTSON, "History of Charles V."

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1 Never did armies engage, jamais armées (see note a, p. 85) n'en vinrent aux mains-2" with a (see note, p. 44)—3" nor”4 which they were going to fight, dans laquelle elles allaient s'engager -5"never troops were"- 6 with, de-7 "with (de) national antipathy" (see note ", p. 37)-8" of one side"- a gallant young, a young and brave"-10 by, de-11 indignation at, l'indignation soulevée par-12 opposition, résistance-13 "a new 14 perfectly" 15"of a greater talent"-16 from, par-17 "with a". 18 were unable to resist the, ne purent résister aux-19 to give way, à lâcher pied-20 in the, au-21 unmindful, oublieux-22 their post in a cowardly manner, lâchement leur poste.

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COAL.

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What so important in the actual condition of the world as this extraordinary mineral, coal ?-the staff and support of present civilization, the great instrument and means of future progress! The very familiarity and multiplicity of its uses disguise from observation the important part it bears 5 in the life of man, and the economy of nations. We have often thought, with something of fearful interest, what 8 would be the condition of the world, and of England in particular, were this subterranean treasure exhausted, or even much abridged in quantity. Yet such is the term to which, if the globe itself should 10 last, our posterity must eventually 11 come;12 and as respects 13 our own country, the period, at the present rate of consumption,14 can be defined with some exactness.15 The immense coal basins 16 of the Ohio and Mississippi will yet be yielding their richness to the then 17 innumerable people of the western world, when our stores are worked out and gone.18 Yet here 19 also time will fix its limit. Geology gives no indication whatever of natural processes going on by which 20 what is once 21 consumed

1 What so, quoi de si (see note ", p. 56)—2 the staff and support, le levier et le soutien-3 disguise, dérobent- see note, p. 305 the......part it bears, le rôle......qu'il joue-6 see note ", p. 37we have, etc.......interest, nous nous sommes souvent demandé, avec un intérêt mêlé d'un certain effroi-8 what, quelle-9 were, etc...... quantity, si ce trésor souterrain venait à s'épuiser, ou même à diminuer d'une manière sensible-10 should, doit-11 eventually, un jour ou l'autre 12 come, arriver-13 as respects, en ce qui regarde-14 at the present rate of consumption, à raison de la consomption actuelle 15 defined with some exactness, déterminée avec une certaine précision-16 coal basins, bassins houillers-17 then, devenu18 are worked out and gone, seront épuisées-19 here, là (see note ', p. 13) -20 of natural processes going on by which, de l'existence de lois naturelles en vertu desquelles-21 what is once, "what has already been."

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FRANCE IN THE 17TH CENTURY.

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may be recreated or repaired. The original materials of the formation may be said to be no longer present; the agencies and conditions necessary to the work are either wanting, or partial and deficient ir force.7 Whether human science, grasping at this time what seem almost as 10 new elements of power committed to man, may hereafter discover 11 a 12 substitute for this great mineral, is 13 a problem which it belongs to future generations to solve.

Quarterly Review.

INFLUENCE OF FRANCE IN THE 14 17TH CENTURY.

Even the Latin was giving way to 15 a younger rival. France united at that time almost every species 16 of ascendancy. Her military glory was at the height.17 She had vanquished mighty coalitions. She had dictated treaties. She had subjugated great cities and provinces. She had forced the Castilian pride to yield her the precedence.18 She had summoned 19 Italian princes to prostrate themselves at her footstool.20 Her authority was supreme in all matters of good breeding,21 from 22 a duel to a minuet. She 23 determined 24 how a

1 See note ", p. 2—2 repaired, reconstitué-3 may be said to be no longer present, peuvent être considérés comme n'existant plus4 agencies, forces motrices-5 the work, l'œuvre de reconstitution6 wanting, absentes-7 deficient in force, d'une force insuffisante8 whether, quant à la question de savoir si- grasping at this time, qui s'empare à l'heure qu'il est de (or: qui de nos jours s'est emparée de)-10 what seem almost as, ce qui semble presque constituer 11 may hereafter discover, découvrira un jour-12 a, "some "13 is, c'est là.

14 In the, au—15 was giving way to, faisait place à (or: s'effaçait devant)—16 every species, tous les genres (see note a, p. 82)—17 at the height, à son apogée-18 the precedence, le pas-19 summoned, forcé 20 at her footstool, à ses pieds-21 in all matters of good breeding, dans tout ce qui avait rapport aux bonnes manières22 from, depuis 23 "it was she who"24 determined, décidait.

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gentleman's coat must be cut,1 how long his peruke must be,2 whether his heels must be high or low, and whether the lace on his hat must be broad or narrow. In literature she gave law 5 to the world. The fame of her great writers filled Europe. No other country could produce a tragic poet equal to Racine, a comic poet equal to Molière, a trifler7 so agreeable as La Fontaine, a rhetorician so skilful as Bossuet.* The literary glory of Italy and of Spain had set; that of Germany had not yet dawned.10

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The genius, therefore, of the eminent men who adorned Paris shone forth with a splendour 11 which was set off to full advantage by contrast.12 France, indeed,13 had 14 at that time an empire over mankind,15 such as even the Roman Republic never attained.16 For when Rome was politically dominant, she was in arts and letters the humble pupil of Greece. France had, over the surrounding countries, at once 17 the ascendancy which Rome had 18 over Greece, and the ascendancy which Greece had over Rome. French was fast becoming the universal language, the language of fashionable society,19 the language of diplomacy. At 20 several courts princes

1 How, etc......cut, quelle coupe devait avoir l'habit d'un gentilhomme-2 how long......must be, de quelle longueur devait être...... 3 must, devaient-4 on, "of”—5 she gave law, elle faisait la loi6 produce, montrer-7 a trifler, un conteur-8 rhetorician, orateurhad set, était passée-10 had not yet dawned, n'avait pas encore surgi _11 shone, etc......splendour, brillait d'un éclat-12 which, etc......con. trast, que le contraste faisait ressortir avec avantage-13 France, indeed, le fait est que la France-14 had, "exercised"—15" over mankind an empire" (see note b, p. 4)-16 such as even the......never attained, auquel la..... elle-même n'atteignit jamais-17 at once, à la fois18had had❞—19 19 fashionable society, la bonne (or: la haute) société 20 at, "in."

* See the Biographical notices, Nos. 12, 13, 16, and 20, in the Appendix.

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A CROCODILE HUNT.

The first time a man fires at 3 a crocodile is an epoch1 in his life. We had only now arrived 5 in the waters where they abound, for it is a curious fact that none are ever seen below Mineyeh, though Herodotus speaks of them as fightings with the dolphins at the mouths" of the Nile. A prize had been offered for the first man9 who detected a crocodile, and the crew had now been for10 two days on the alert in search of them.11 Buoyed up with 12 the expectation of such 13 game, we had latterly reserved our fire for them exclusively ;14 and the wild

1 More, etc......, "in (of) a manner more correct and more elegant"-2 mother tongue, langue maternelle (or: propre langue).

3 The first time a man fires at, le premier coup de fusil qu'un homme tire sur is an epoch, fait époque-5 we had only now arrived, nous ne faisions que d'arriver-6 they, "those animals"7 none are ever seen, on n'en (see note a, p. 11) voit jamais aucun8 speaks of them as fighting, literally: "represents them fighting" -9 for the first man, au premier marin-10 had now been for, était depuis-11 in search of them, à leur recherche (or: à leur piste)— 12 buoyed up with, animés par-13 of such, d'un pareil-14 we had, etc., literally: we reserved (imperf.) since some time our fire for its exclusive benefit (avantage)."

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a The mouths of a river, in the plural, may be rendered by bouches, as: les bouches du Nil, du Gange, du Danube, du Rhône, etc.; but, in the singular, the right word is embouchure, as: l'embouchure de la Seine, de la Loire, de la Tamise, etc.

Who detected, translate," who should detect," qui découvrirait. This questionable construction of the preterite is not French, and the conditional, which is the tense implied, must be used." He told me he would do it next time he came," must be rendered: "il m'a dit qu'il le ferait la prochaine fois qu'il viendrait.”