died in 1758, was the wife of the rev. Owen Evans, of St. Martin's, Canterbury. Besides the books already mentioned, he published, 1. "Historiæ Animalium Angliæ tres Tractatus," &c. 1678. 2. "John Goedertius of Insects," &c. 1682, 4to. 3. The same book in Latin. 4. "De Fontibus medicalibus Angliæ," Ebor. 1682. There is an account of most of these in Phil. Trans. Nos. 139, 143, 144, and 166. 5. "Exercitatio anatomica, in qua de Cochleis agitur," &c. 1694, 8vo. 6. "Cochlearum & Limacum Exercitatio anatomica; accedit de Variolis Exercitatio," 1695, 2 vols. 8vo. 7. " Conchyliorum Bivalvium utriusque Aquæ Exercitatio anatom. tertia," &c. 1696, 4to. 8. "Exercitationes medicinales," &c. 1697, 8vo. In his medical writings he is rather too much attached to hypotheses, and preserves too great a reverence for ancient and now untenable doctrines; but his reputation is well founded on his researches in natural history and comparative anatomy.'

LITHGOW (WILLIAM), a Scotchman, born the latter < end of the fifteenth century, whose sufferings by imprisonment and torture at Malaga, and whose travels on foot over Europe, Asia, and Africa, seem to raise him almost to the rank of a martyr and a hero, published a well-known account of his peregrinations and adventures. The first edition of this was printed in 1614, 4to, and reprinted in the next reign, with additions, and a dedication to Charles I. Though the author deals much in the marvellous, the accounts of the strange cruelties, of which he tells us he was; the subject, have, however, an air of truth. Soon after his arrival in England from Malaga, he was carried to Theobalds on a feather-bed, that king James might be an eye-witness of his martyred anatomy, by which he means his wretched body, mangled and reduced to a skeleton. The whole court crowded to see him; and his majesty or dered him to be taken care of; and he was twice sent to Bath at his expence. By the king's command, he applied to Gondamor, the Spanish ambassador, for the recovery of money and other things of value which the governor of Malaga had taken from him, and for a thousand pounds for his support; but, although promised a full reparation for the damages he had sustained, that minister never performed his promise. When he was upon the point of

1 Ath. Ox. vol. I. and II.-Biog. Brit.-Granger, and Granger's Letters, p. 140, and 400,-Thomson's Hist. of the Royal Society.-Lysons's Environs, vol. I.

leaving England, Lithgow upbraided him with the breach of his word, in the presence-chamber, before several gentlemen of the court. This occasioned their fighting upon the spot; and the ambassador, as the traveller oddly expressed it, "had his fistula contrabanded with his fist;" but the unfortunate Lithgow, although generally commended for his spirited behaviour, was sent to the Marshalsea, where he continued a prisoner nine months. At the conclusion of the 8vo edition of his travels, he informs us, that "in his three voyages his painful feet have traced over, besides passages of seas and rivers, thirty-six thousand and odd miles, which draweth near to twice the circumference of the whole earth.” Here the marvellous seems to rise to the incredible; and to set him in point of veracity below Coryat, whom it is nevertheless certain that he far outwalked. His description of Ireland is whimsical and curious. This, together with the narrative of hist sufferings, is reprinted in Morgan's "Phoenix Britannicus." He published also an account of the siege of Breda, 1637, of which the reader will find a notice in the "Restituta."

LITTLETON (ADAM), a learned scholar, was descended from the Westcot family of Mounslow, in Worcestershire, and born Nov. 8, 1627, at Hales-Owen, in Shropshire, of which place his father, Thomas, was vicar. He was educated under Dr. Busby, at Westminster-school, and in 1644 was chosen student of Christ-church, Oxford, but was ejected by the parliament visitors in Nov. 1648. This ejection, however, does not seem to have extended so far as in other cases, for we find that, soon after, he became usher of Westminster-school; and in 1658 was made second master, having for some time in the interim taught school in other places. In July 1670, being then chaplain in ordinary to the king, he accumulated his degrees in divinity, which were conferred upon him without taking any in arts, as a mark of respect due to his extraordinary merit. This indeed had been amply attested to the university by letters from Henchman, bishop of London, recommending him as a man eminently learned, of singular humanity and sweetness of manners, blameless and religious life, and of genius and ready faculty in preaching. In Sept. 1674, he was inducted into the rectory of Chelsea, was made a pre

Granger. Restituta, No. II, p. 134,

In

bendary of Westminster, and afterwards sub-dean. 1685 he was licensed to the church of St. Botolph Aldersgate, which he held about four years, and then resigned it, possibly on account of some decay in his constitution.

He died June 30, 1694, aged sixty-seven years, and was buried on the north side of the chancel of Chelsea church, where there is a handsome monument, with an epitaph to his memory. He was an excellent philologist and grammarian, particularly in the Latin, as appears from his Dictionary of that language; he appears also to have studied the Greek with equal minuteness, a Lexicon of which he had long been compiling, and left unfinished at his death. He was also well skilled in the Oriental languages and in rabbinical learning; in prosecution of which he exhausted great part of his fortune in purchasing books and manuscripts from all parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. The consequence of this improvidence, we are sorry, however, to add, was his dying insolvent, and leav ing his widow in very distressed circumstances. Some time before his death, he made a small essay towards facilitating the knowledge of the Hebrew, Chaldee, and Arabic tongues, which he intended to have brought into a narrower compass. He was versed also in the abstruse parts of the mathematics, and wrote a great many pieces concerning mystical numeration, which came into the hands of his brother-in-law Dr. Hockin. In private life he was extremely charitable, easy of access, communica tive, affable, facetious in conversation, free from passion, of a strong constitution, and a venerable countenance. Besides his "Latin Dictionary," which appeared first in 1678, 4to, and was often reprinted, but is now superseded by Ainsworth's, he published, 1. "Tragicomœdia Oxoniensis," a Latin poem on the Parliament-Visitors," 1648, a single sheet, 4to, which, however, was afterwards attri buted to a Mr. John Carrick, a student of Christ-church.

"Pasor metricus, sive voces omnes Nov. Test. primogeniæ hexametris versibus comprehense," 1658, 4to, Greek and Latin. 3. " Diatriba in octo Tractatus distributa," &c. printed with the former. 4. "Elementa Religionis, sive quatuor Capita catechetica totidem Linguis descripta, in usum Scholarum," 1658, 8vo, to which is added, 5. "Complicatio Radicum in primæva Hebræorum Lingua." 6. "Solomon's Gate, or an entrance into the Church," &c. 1662, 8vo. Perhaps this title was taken

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from the north gate of Westminster-abbey, so called. 7. "Sixty-one Sermons," 1680, fol. 8. "A Sermon at a solemn meeting of the natives of the city and county of Worcester, in Bow-church, London, 24th of June, 1680," 4to. 9. "Preface to Cicero's Works," Lond. 1681, 2 vols. fol. 10. "A Translation of Selden's Jani Anglorum Facies Altera,' with Notes," which for some unknown reason he published under the name of Redman Westcote, 1683, fol. With this were printed three other tracts of Selden, viz. his "Treatise of the Judicature of Parlia ments," &c. "Of the original of Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction of Testaments." "Of the Disposition of Intestates' Goods." 11. "The Life of Themistocles," from the Greek, in the first vol. of Plutarch's Lives, by several hands, 1687, 8vo. He also published "Dissertatio epistolaris de Juramento Medicorum qui ΟΡΚΟΣ ΙΠΠΟΚΡΑΤΟΥΣ dicitur," &c.; also A Latin Inscription, in prose and verse, intended for the monument of the fire of London, in Sept. 1666. This is printed at the end of his Dictionary; with an elegant epistle to Dr. Baldwin Hamey, M. D.'

LITTLETON (EDWARD), LL. D. an English divine and poet, was educated upon the royal foundation at Etonschool, where, under the care of that learned and excellent master, Dr. Snape, his school-exercises were much admired, and when his turn came, he was elected to King's college, Cambridge, in 1716, with equal applause. Here he took his degrees of A. B. 1720, A. M. 1724, and LL. D. 1728. Having some talent for poetry, he had not been long at the university, before he diverted a school-fellow, whom he had left at Eton, with a humourous poem on the subject of his various studies, and the progress he had made in academical learning, which was followed by his more celebrated one " on a spider." Dr. Morell, the editor of his "Discourses," and his biographer, procured a genuine copy of them, as transcribed by a gentleman then at Eton school from the author's own writing, with such remains as could be found of a Pastoral Elegy, written about the same time by Mr. Littleton, on the death of R. Banks, scholar of the same college. The two former are now correctly printed in the edition of Dodsley's Poems of 1782, edited by Isaac Reed. Dr. Morell found also a poetical

1 Ath. Ox. vol. II.-Biog. Brit. Preface to Ainsworth's Dictionary.-Lysons's Environs, vol. II.

epistle sent from school to Penyston Powney, esq.; but as this was scarcely intelligible to any but those who were then at Eton, he has not printed it. In 1720 Mr. Littleton was recalled to Eton as an assistant in the school; in which office he was honoured and beloved by his pupils, and so esteemed by the provost and fellows, that on the death of the rev. Mr. Malcher, in 1727, they elected him a fellow, and presented him to the living of Mapledurham, in Oxfordshire. He then married a very amiable woman, Frances, one of the daughters of Barnham Goode, who was under-master of Eton school. In June 1730, he was appointed chaplain in ordinary to their majesties. Though an admired preacher and an excellent scholar, he seems to have been little ambitious of appearing in print. He died of a fever in 1734, and was buried in his own parish church of Mapledurham, leaving behind him a widow and three daughters; for whose benefit, under the favour and encouragement of queen Caroline, his "Discourses" were first printed by Dr. Morell, with an account of the author, from which the above particulars are taken. Dr. Burton, Mr. Littleton's successor in the living of Mapledurham, afterwards married his widow, as we have noticed in his life.1

LITTLETON or LYTTLETON (THOMAS), a celebrated English judge, descended of an ancient family, was the eldest son of Thomas Westcote, of the county of Devon, esq. by Elizabeth, daughter and sole-heir of Thomas Littleton or Lyttleton, of Frankley in Worcestershire, in compliance with whom she consented that the issue, or at least the eldest son, of that marriage should take the name of Lyttleton, and bear the arms of that family. He was born about the beginning of the fifteenth century at Frankley. Having laid a proper foundation of learning at one of the universities, he removed to the Inner-Temple; and, applying himself to the law, became very eminent in that profession. The first notice we have of his distinguishing himself is from his learned lectures on the statute of Westminster, "de donis conditionalibus," "of conditional gifts." He was afterwards made, by Henry VI. steward or judge of the court of the palace, or marshalsea of the king's household, and, in May 1455, king's serjeant, in

1. Life by Morell, prefixed to the "Discourses," 1736, 2 vols. 8vo.-Life of Dr. John Burton, vol. VII. p. 424.-Dodsley's Poems, vol. VI.